分块法研究圆柱绕流升阻力

使用新的分块耦合方法，分别对单圆柱和串列双圆柱绕流进行了数值模拟．对于单圆柱绕流，低Re下计算所得到的定常涡尺寸与实验非常接近．对于串列双圆柱绕流，研究分析了改变双圆柱中心间距对上下游圆柱的升阻力系数和脉动频率所产生的影响，计算结果与实验非常吻合，为进一步研究涡致振动提供了依据．     

孤立波斜坡堤堤顶及后坡越浪流数值分析

孤立波往往被用来模拟海啸等浅水大波.运用基于RANS方程、VOF方法以及Goring造波方法建立了二维数值波浪水槽,进行了孤立波在简单斜坡堤上越浪过程的数值模拟.通过数值模拟,研究了不同相对堤顶宽及不同相对波高条件下对孤立波越堤流基本特征,包括堤顶前缘水层厚度及速度、堤顶末端水层厚度及速度、堤顶流厚度及速度沿程分布、后坡流厚度及速度沿程分布.依据数值实验结果,建立了堤顶流最大厚度分布及最大速度分布的经验公式.计算结果表明,堤顶流厚度沿程减小,而堤顶流速度则沿程增大;后坡流厚度先增大,随后再沿程缓慢减小;后坡流速度先减小,随后再沿程缓慢增大.     

超高雷诺数下矩形截面气动特性研究

为研究工程常见的超高雷诺数下矩形柱流场特性和气动特性,以常见的起重机单箱梁截面(梁高h=1m,雷诺数Re=6.85×105)为例,采用雷诺平均RANS Realizable k-ε方法,对中等湍流强度来流下矩形柱绕流进行数值模拟。首先进行网格无关性验证,然后选取宽高比为0.6、0.8、1.0、1.5、2.0共5组不同截面的矩形柱结构进行流场分析与研究。通过对比不同宽高比柱体截面周围的气动特性参数,以及尾流区的尾涡、回流参数等特征量表明:阻力系数、平均背压系数、升力系数均方根、斯托罗哈数等均随着宽高比增大而降低,尾涡宽度和距离随着宽高比增大而减小,回流长度和最大回流速度随宽高比增大而增大。同时,通过与相关雷诺数(Re=104～105)的风洞实验和仿真结果进行对比,发现其在数值上和参考值相差很小,说明高雷诺数对绕流参数的影响很小,可为相关工程设计提供参考。     

THE OSCILLATION MODE OF INCOMPRESSIBLE CAVITY FLOW

采用二维大涡模拟方法进行了空腔水流场的数值计算, 考察空腔前缘动量损失厚度及来流速度等因素如何影响空腔流的振荡, 同时考察了空腔长深比与空腔流振荡模式的关系. 用空腔水流场的粒子图像测速测量结果验证了数值计算的可信性.结果表明, 空腔水流是否发生振荡取决于壁面摩擦速度.瞬时涡结构和空腔阻力系数2个方面的特征显示空腔水流场有2种典型的振荡模式, 剪切层模式与尾流模式, 确定振荡模式的关键因素是空腔长深比.     

磁场对液态金属流的制动效应

研究在静磁场作用下；连铸坯中液态金属的流动，建立了二维数学模型并考虑了湍流的影响．采用数值分析方法分析了磁场对液态金属流股的制动效应．计算结果说明静磁场可以有效地减小流股速度并使其分散，同时使上升到液态金属液面的反转流减弱．随着哈特曼数增高和雷诺数的减小，磁场的制动效应增强．     

磁场对液态金属流的制动效应

研究在静磁场作用下；连铸坯中液态金属的流动，建立了二维数学模型并考虑了湍流的影响．采用数值分析方法分析了磁场对液态金属流股的制动效应．计算结果说明静磁场可以有效地减小流股速度并使其分散，同时使上升到液态金属液面的反转流减弱．随着哈特曼数增高和雷诺数的减小，磁场的制动效应增强．     

三维圆柱水滴撞击特性分析

发展了三维欧拉法水滴撞击程序,通过分析其中扩散系数值对结果的影响得出:扩散系数取值为0.001时本文计算结果与文献结果和实验值最接近。通过文献中2个算例进行了验证:三维圆柱算例中本文计算结果与文献中最大水滴收集系数相差3%,撞击极限相差7%;三维圆球算例中最大水滴收集系数相差1%,撞击极限相差6.5%。这表明此方法与文献中结果和实验结果吻合良好。利用欧拉法对三维圆柱的水滴撞击特性进行了数值模拟,分析了圆柱直径、来流速度、水滴直径对三维圆柱水滴撞击的影响。结果表明:相同条件下撞击极限随着圆柱直径增大而增大,最大水滴收集系数随着圆柱直径的增大而减小;撞击极限和最大水滴收集系数随着来流速度的增大而增大;来流速度越大,最大水滴收集系数增加幅度减小;撞击极限和最大水滴收集系数随着水滴直径的增大而增大;水滴直径越大,最大水滴收集系数增加幅度减小。     

改善平板风致静力的定常吸气方法

采用基于CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)的数值方法研究了定常吸气方法对平板风致静力的影响。研究对象选为一处于均匀来流风场中的平板模型,在该平板靠近来流端设置定常吸气入口,通过改变定常吸气系数和吸气模式计算该平板模型的风致静力三分力,进而获取定常吸气对平板风致静力作用的影响。风场数值模拟采用RSM(Reynolds Stress Equation Model)湍流模型。计算结果表明,在定常吸气作用下平板的阻力系数显著降低,扭矩系数增大;平板迎风端面的压力随着吸气能量的增强而减小,背风端面的压力基本不变。数值结果表明:定常吸气可以有效地改善平板绕流边界层结构,降低风致阻力。     

凹坑形表面在空气介质中的减阻性能研究

采用标准k-ε湍流模型对一种新型的非光滑表面———凹坑形表面在空气介质中不同条件下的流动进行了数值模拟,可以得到光滑表面和半径0.4mm的半球状凹坑分布的非光滑表面在4~48m/s范围内的来流速度下的阻力系数.计算结果表明该凹坑形非光滑表面在这个速度区间内均能产生一定的减阻效果.在速度为24m/s时,它的减阻率达到最大的7.2%.最后本文对该非光滑表面的减阻机理进行了研究.     

不同壁面绕流特性的格子Boltzmann模拟研究

为了探讨不同壁面的绕流特性,针对粘性流场中,不同壁面诱导的涡脱落现象以及升阻力系数等流场特性进行了格子Boltzmann数值研究。利用基于分子动理论的格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)求解Navier-Stokes方程,实现对流体运动的描述,针对不同的壁面条件,分别采用不同的格子Boltzmann流-固壁面处理方法。采用Half-way反弹边界条件来处理平直壁面,而曲壁面则采用LBM与有限差分法相结合的形式进行处理,计入了壁面与标准网格不重合对结果造成的影响。开发相应的计算程序,计算结果与已发表文献结果吻合良好,验证了数值模型的正确性。同时,探讨了进出口边界与钝体中心的距离对结果的影响。对比分析了不同壁面的绕流模型中升阻力系数、斯托罗哈数和涡量云图等,并进一步研究了雷诺数条件的影响。结果表明,不同壁面的绕流特性具有明显差异,且同时受雷诺数的显著影响;一般地,平直壁面对于来流作出的响应更迅速。     

Drag of a rotating sphere

We consider the problem of steady incompressible viscous fluid flow about a rotating sphere, with the flow specified on a sphere of finite radius, which reduces to the solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equations.The dimensionless stream functions and circulai velocity are sought in the form of series in powers of the Reynolds numbers, which converge for small values of this number. Recurrence formulas are derived for determining the coefficients of these series. The pressure, rotational resistance torque, and drag are determined. It is established that the rotating sphere has higher drag than a stationary sphere. The leading term of the series in powers of the Reynolds number for the drag and resistive torque is calculated.     

强吸气旋转圆筒壁面湍流边界层建模及计算

提出了湍流边界层的一种简单、快速计算方法, 用以求解强吸气作用下旋转圆筒表面边界层流动. 首先, 理论分析了同心圆筒间的旋转流体运动, 外筒静止、内筒旋转且为多孔吸气条件. 强吸气情况下旋转流动主要表现为内筒壁面附近的边界层流动, 基于这一事实得到了周向速度分布的解析表达式. 其次, 通过引入新参数扩展Cebeci-Smith代数湍流模型, 使其能考虑流线曲率、壁面吸气、低Reynolds数效应等因素. 针对这些因素的综合影响, 采用解析修正和经验参数对模型进行调整. 同时, 基于Reynolds应力湍流模型的仿真结果, 校准代数湍流模型中的经验参数. 最后, 给出基于广义Cebeci-Smith湍流模型的旋转壁面边界层流动的迭代算法, 该算法适用于需要特殊迭代过程的轴向及周向流动均匀情况. 计算了不同旋转速度和吸气强度组合工况下的边界层流动, 其周向速度和湍流强度分布与基于Reynolds应力湍流模型的计算结果非常接近. 并且表明, 当Reynolds应力湍流模型数值模拟预测内筒边界层为稳定层流时, 该方法也再现了相同初始条件下的层流边界层.      

MODELLING AND CALCULATION OF THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER ON A ROTATING CYLINDER SURFACE WITH STRONG SUCTION 1)

提出了湍流边界层的一种简单、快速计算方法, 用以求解强吸气作用下旋转圆筒表面边界层流动. 首先, 理论分析了同心圆筒间的旋转流体运动, 外筒静止、内筒旋转且为多孔吸气条件. 强吸气情况下旋转流动主要表现为内筒壁面附近的边界层流动, 基于这一事实得到了周向速度分布的解析表达式. 其次, 通过引入新参数扩展Cebeci-Smith代数湍流模型, 使其能考虑流线曲率、壁面吸气、低Reynolds数效应等因素. 针对这些因素的综合影响, 采用解析修正和经验参数对模型进行调整. 同时, 基于Reynolds应力湍流模型的仿真结果, 校准代数湍流模型中的经验参数. 最后, 给出基于广义Cebeci-Smith湍流模型的旋转壁面边界层流动的迭代算法, 该算法适用于需要特殊迭代过程的轴向及周向流动均匀情况. 计算了不同旋转速度和吸气强度组合工况下的边界层流动, 其周向速度和湍流强度分布与基于Reynolds应力湍流模型的计算结果非常接近. 并且表明, 当Reynolds应力湍流模型数值模拟预测内筒边界层为稳定层流时, 该方法也再现了相同初始条件下的层流边界层.     

The lifetime of an artificial satellite moving in nonuniform rotating atmosphere and instantaneous circle orbit

The lifetime of an artificial satellite moving in the circular orbit under the action ofnonuniform rotating atmospheric drag is studied from an energy point of view in this paper.The angular velocity of atmospheric rotation decreases with height according tohydrodynamics.The atmospheric density decreases with height according to theexponential formula.The expression for the lifetime of a satellite in the instantaneouscircular orbit in the above-mentioned rotating atmospheric model is derived,and thenumerical estimation for the lifetime of a concrete satellite has been made.The result showsclearly that the satellite lifetime calculated by this paper is shorter than that calculated bythe uniform rotating atmospheric model.     

Large Eddy Simulation of Flow Control Around a Cube Subjected to Momentum Injection

The concept of Momentum Injection (MI) through Moving Surface Boundary layer Control (MSBC) applied to a cubic structure is numerically studied using Large Eddy Simulation at a Reynolds number of 6.7×10⁴. Two small rotating cylinders are used to add the momentum at the front vertical edges of the cube. Two configurations are studied with the yaw angle of 0° and 30°, respectively, with ratio of the rotation velocity of cylinders and the freestream velocity of 2. The results suggest that MI delays the boundary layer separation and reattachment, and thus reduces the drag. A drag reduction of about 6.2 % is observed in the 0° yaw angle case and about 44.1 % reduction in the 30° yaw angle case. In the case of 0° yaw angle, the main change of the flow field is the disappearance of the separation regions near the rotating cylinders and the wake region is slightly changed due to MI. In the 30° yaw angle case, the flow field is changed a lot. Large flow separations near one rotating cylinder and in the wake is significantly reduced, which results in the large drag reduction. Meanwhile, the yaw moment is increased about 50.5 %.     

PIV measurement of the flow past a generic car body with wheels at LES applicable Reynolds number

Experiments by using 2D–2C Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were carried out and reported concerning the flow field past a generic car body (modified Ahmed body) which is equipped with wheels and wheel-arches. The Reynolds number was chosen to not exceed 2E+5 based on the height of the Ahmed body which makes it possible to investigate the same configuration by means of Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The wheels were rotating but the ground was stationary. The wheel-ground contact was realized by means of small rectangular openings below the wheels in the ground plane in which the wheels were immersed. The transition contour of the immersed wheels and the ground, as well as the rectangular openings below the wheels were properly sealed to prevent parasite flow and to provide well defined boundary conditions for an upcoming LES investigation.The flow field was measured in several planes with normal vectors pointing towards the directions normal to the free stream. Statistical characteristics of the flow are provided and discussed.     

Upper bound analysis of thick wall tubes extrusion process through rotating curved dies

In this study, extrusion process of thick wall tubes through rotating curved dies is investigated by the method of upper bound. Total deformation region is divided into four deformation zones and a velocity field is developed for each deformation zone. The twist moments generated on container and mandrel surfaces are calculated and by equating them with the twist moment exerted by rotating die, the twisting length of tube inside the container is determined. Then, the internal powers, the powers dissipated on frictional and velocity discontinuity surfaces for a rigid-perfectly plastic material are evaluated and they are used in upper bound model. By optimizing the total power with respect to the slippage parameter between die and the tube material, the required relative extrusion pressure for a given process conditions and die angular velocity is determined. The results of finite element simulations are also presented and satisfactory agreement between the calculated and FEM results are demonstrated.     

Slow motions of a circular cylinder experiencing slip near a plane wall

A theoretical study is presented for the two-dimensional creeping flow caused by a long circular cylindrical particle translating and rotating in a viscous fluid near a large plane wall parallel to its axis. The fluid is allowed to slip at the surface of the particle. The Stokes equations for the fluid velocity field are solved in the quasi-steady limit using cylindrical bipolar coordinates. Semi-analytical solutions for the drag force and torque acting on the particle by the fluid are obtained for various values of the slip coefficient associated with the particle surface and of the relative separation distance between the particle and the wall. The results indicate that the translation and rotation of the confined cylinder are not coupled with each other. For the motion of a no-slip cylinder near a plane wall, our hydrodynamic drag force and torque results reduce to the closed-form solutions available in the literature. The boundary-corrected drag force and torque acting on the particle decrease with an increase in the slip coefficient for an otherwise specified condition. The plane wall exerts the greatest drag on the particle when its migration occurs normal to it, and the least in the case of motion parallel to it. The enhancement in the hydrodynamic drag force and torque on a translating and rotating particle caused by a nearby plane wall is much more significant for a cylinder than for a sphere.     

Physical and mathematical modeling of a supersonic flow around a cylinder with a porous insert

Results of numerical and experimental modeling of a supersonic flow (M_∞ = 4.85) around a model of a streamwise-aligned cylinder with a cellular-porous insert permeable for the gas on the frontal face of the cylinder are described. Experimental data on the influence of the pore structure and the length of the porous cylindrical insert on the model drag, pressure on the frontal face of the cylinder, and flow pattern are obtained. Numerical modeling includes solving Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the motion of a viscous compressible heat-conducting gas. The system is supplemented with a source term taking into account the drag of the porous body within the framework of the continuum model of filtration. Data on pressure and velocity fields inside the porous body are obtained in calculations, and the shape of an effective pointed body whose drag is equal to the drag of the model considered is determined. The calculated results are compared with the measured data and schlieren visualization of the flow field.     

The two-dimensional velocity shift caused by the use of a rotating mirror in PIV flow field measurements

A theoretical analysis of the two-dimensional velocity shift by the use of a rotating mirror in PIV flow field measurements has been carried out by the application of ray optics. The velocity shift has been calculated directly in the flow field co-ordinates. In dimensionless form the results are also available in the image plane. It is shown that the distribution of the velocity shift over the entire observation field may not usually be assumed to be uniform (and may vary by up to 20%). The effect of the layout and arrangement of the rotating mirror on the velocity shift and its distribution has been analysed. In addition, the sensitivity of the velocity shift to the design tolerances and imperfections of the rotating mirror is given.