High speed integrated RF–VLC data communication system: Performance constraints and capacity considerations

In this research paper, we propose a two-hop integrated radio frequency–visible light communication (RF–VLC) system which may provide a better option to transceive between the hospitals and some laboratory to transfer patient’s information. In the proposed system model, the data (such as patient’s lab test reports) is transmitted towards the amplify and forward (AF) relay mounted on the top of the hospital building via the RF channel. Further, the AF relay amplifies and converts the received information into corresponding optical signal using light emitting diodes (LED) and supporting circuitry. This optical signal is then forwarded towards the destination device (equipped with VLC transceiver), via the VLC channel. To analyse the performance of the system, we first derive the closed form analytical expressions for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end-to-end (e2e) signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the system by using the moment generating function (MGF) of the SNR of the individual RF and VLC channels. Further, we use these statistical expressions to obtain the outage probability, average bit error rate (BER) and the average capacity of the system. Moreover, the asymptotic performance of the proposed system is also analysed to study the system’s behaviour at high SNR regimes. Finally, we studied the impact of the variations in channel parameters on the proposed system model performance through numerically simulated plots.     

Analysis and performance of network decoding strategies for cooperative network coding

In this work, we present two new low-complexity network decoding strategies for cooperative network coding in a multiple-access relay channel scenario. For these two strategies, Selection and Soft Combining and Majority Vote Network Decoding, along with the optimal joint network decoding, we derive expressions for bit error probability performance as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the different Rayleigh fading links, and show the tightness of the derived bounds through simulation results. The two proposed schemes provide a similar bit error probability (BEP) performance compared to the optimal scheme, while having significantly lower complexity. Further, we study the effect of user pairing on the error performance by considering different SNRs on the user and relay links towards the destination. It is also shown that the error performance of the different schemes follows the same trend for a given user pairing strategy.     

Relay selection and nonlinear energy harvesting in full-duplex multi-relay cooperative network

Energy harvesting (EH) is a promising technique to extend the lifetime energy-constrained devices in wireless networks. This paper analyses the significance of relay selection and non-linear EH in evaluating the performance of Full-duplex (FD) decode-and-forward (DF) multi-relay cooperative network. The relay selection is considered under three scenarios based on channel state information (CSI) availability. We compare the EH performance of a hybrid power-time-splitting (PTS)-based non-linear energy harvester with time-spitting (TS) and power-splitting (PS) EH at the relay node. We derive the expression of outage probability (OP) of FD DF multi-relay cooperative network over independent and identically distributed Rayleigh fading channels. Numerical results show that the outage performance of the system is significantly enhanced by deploying an ideal relay selection scheme. This paper also gives insights about the combined effect of saturation threshold of non-linear EH and residual self-interference (RSI) on the system performance. Unlike linear EH systems, the non-linear EH causes the outage floor even when the RSI is significantly small. The response of the system is also analysed for the impact of TS and PS ratios. Furthermore, we also investigate the system’s performance in terms of other system parameters like the number of relays and data transfer rate. Monte Carlo simulations are used to verify the analytical expressions.     

Design and performance evaluation of successive interference cancellation based Slotted Aloha MAC protocol

As a result of densification, the performance of the wireless networks has become highly interference-limited and energy inefficient. To overcome this problem, interference mitigation techniques such as Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) can be used to decode multiple packets simultaneously at the receiver. In this context, we analyze a SIC-based Slotted Aloha (SIC-SA) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for wireless networks. We derive expressions for packets decoding probability and optimal transmission probability of the nodes of the SIC-SA MAC protocol. Our derivation is based on the order statistics of Independent and Identical/non-Identical exponentially distributed received-signal-powers from the nodes under the Rayleigh channel condition. Throughput, delay, and energy efficiency of the SIC-SA MAC protocol have been derived and validated against simulation. The effect of path loss exponent, SINR threshold, and the number of nodes on the performance of SIC-SA have been studied. The performance of SIC-SA in a network of nodes distributed randomly according to the Poisson Point Process has been analyzed. Extension of our analysis to Power Domain Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has been demonstrated. We also analyzed the impact of imperfect estimation of channel state information and imperfect SIC at the receiver. Results show an improvement in performance metrics of SIC-SA over the traditional Slotted Aloha.     

Performance analysis and optimization for UAV-based FSO communication systems

Recently, with the increasingly mature development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, free-space optical (FSO) communication with the UAV relay has gradually attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad. In this paper, a hovering UAV-based FSO dual-hop decode-and-forward system with multiple sources is investigated. In the system, channel attenuation coefficient is affected by atmospheric loss, atmospheric turbulence, pointing error and angle-of-arrival fluctuation. By analyzing the probability density functions (PDF) of these four factors, we derive a tractable expression for the PDF of the total channel gain. Then, closed-form expression of the end-to-end outage probability and asymptotic outage performance bounds are derived to evaluate the influence of different factors on the system performance. Based on the derived theoretical expressions, the location of UAV and the number of source nodes are jointly optimized to improve the overall system performance and reduce the system cost. Numerical results show that the derived theoretical expressions are accurate to evaluate the outage performance of the system. Moreover, the proposed optimization algorithm significantly improves the system performance and can provide the optimal parameter selection for UAV system design.     

Decode-and-forward with quadrature spatial modulation in the presence of imperfect channel estimation

The performance of quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with cooperative decode and forward (DF) relays is analyzed in this paper. QSM is a new MIMO transmission technique that enhances the overall performance of conventional spatial modulation through exploiting quadrature spatial dimension. A practical scenario is considered where the channel is estimated at the relays and the destination and the impact of channel estimation error is investigated. Two cooperative systems are considered in the study. In the first system, multiple single-antenna DF relays are assumed, whereas, in the second system, single multiple-antennas DF relay is considered. For both systems, an analytical expression for the pair wise error probability (PEP) is obtained. As well, an asymptotic expression for the PEP at high and pragmatic signal to noise ratio is derived. Derived expressions are used to provide an upper bound on the average bit error ratio. The derived analysis is corroborated through Monte Carlo simulations and results demonstrate a close-match for a wide range of SNR values.     

Cooperative communication with imperfect channel information: Performance analysis and optimum power allocation

In this paper, symbol-error-rate (SER) performance analysis is provided for decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperation schemes in wireless networks with imperfect channel information. We derive closed-form SER formulations for a single relay system with square MQAM signals in a flat Rayleigh fading channel. Moreover, closed-form and high SNR tight SER approximations are established to show the asymptotic performance of the cooperation protocols. Simulations and comparisons verify that these approximations lead to similar results to those from the exact SER formulations for different power allocation methods. Furthermore, based on these SER performance analyses, we determine the optimum power allocation for the AF and DF cooperation scenarios.     

Closed-form MSE and achievable rate for indirect learning DPD

The digital pre-distortion (DPD) signal processing is an effective way to mitigate the power amplifier (PA) nonlinearity effect. For communication systems containing DPD and PA, it is difficult to acquire performance metrics closed-forms for any DPD architecture since there was no mathematical expression for each DPD coefficient. Usually, researchers look for more efficient DPD algorithms for DPD coefficients (compared to the existing ones) in terms of computational complexity, delay, power consumption, etc. Consequently, the performance is evaluated through intensive simulation. In this paper, we show how one can exploit the results of our recent work to mathematically model the indirect learning architecture (ILA) DPD and efficiently derive important measures in communication systems, e.g. normalized mean square error (NMSE), achievable rate, and signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR). The author would like to clarify that this work might be the first one to provide closed-form analysis for DPD systems. We think the provided framework/analysis will open the door to other researchers/engineers to plug their own assumptions and derive the performance metrics. The derived expressions of the performance metrics (NMSE, SNDR, and achievable rate) are validated through Monte Carlo simulations. We also derive a closed-form expression for the achievable rate bound for the transmit chain. Moreover, we analytically study the effect of the thermal noise and the quantization noise, in the analog-digital conversion (ADC) process, on the NMSE and achievable rate. The analytical expressions are validated through numerical simulations.     

Physical layer secrecy of a cognitive radio with spatially correlated Alamouti OSTBC system

In this paper, an underlay spectrum-sharing system with Alamouti orthogonal space–time block coding (OSTBC) is considered to analyze and evaluate the physical layer security (PLS) performance of the cognitive radio system under a practical scenario with spatially correlated transmit antennas. It is assumed that there exists a passive eavesdropper and the cognitive channel and the wiretap channel follow Rayleigh fading distribution. To investigate and study the PLS performance of the cognitive system, first closed-form expressions are derived for three PLS metrics, namely: the probability of strictly-positive secrecy capacity (PSPSC), the secrecy outage probability (SOP), and the average secrecy capacity (ASC). Then numerical results obtained from the derived closed-form expressions are presented and validated by the computer simulations, to study the effects of spatial correlation on the PLS performance of the considered cognitive radio system under different parameters. It is shown that increasing the SNR of the cognitive system (Alice-to-Bob) channel yields an improvement in the PLS of the cognitive system. Moreover, a smaller value of the eavesdropping (Alice-to-Eve) channel SNR always leads to a better PLS for the cognitive system. It is also observed that the spatial correlation related to Alice-to-Bob channel degrades the PLS, and the spatial correlation related to Alice-to-Eve channel has less impact on the PLS performance.     

Bit error rate evaluation of relay-aided cooperative NOMA with energy harvesting under imperfect SIC and CSI

In this paper, we investigate a decode-and-forward relay-assisted cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme, where the relay implements a time-switching (TS) based energy harvesting (EH). The impacts of the imperfect channel state information (CSI), inter-cell interference (ICI) and imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) are taken into account. We derive the end-to-end bit error rate (BER) expressions under imperfect CSI and ICI for both users. The effect of the EH parameters under the imperfect CSI on users’ BER performance is also examined. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of ICI on BER performance. Computer simulations are used for numerical analysis validation. The results reveal that the CSI deterioration reduces the SIC performance in each node despite the increase in EH parameters and causes an error floor at the higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, the BER performance of the users increases by increasing the EH parameters. Also, the ICI affects the SIC and degrades the BER of users.     

Performance Analysis and Relay Location Research of OFDM Free-Space Optical Communication Systems Under Moderate and Strong Turbulence

In this paper, based on the Gamma–Gamma channel model for describing moderate and strong atmospheric turbulence, we study the relay location of serial decode-and-forward relay systems and parallel decode-and-forward relay systems in free-space optical (FSO) communication. According to the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing modulation (OFDM) and coherent detection demodulation technology, we develop a novel statistical fading channel model for relay FSO systems by incorporating the atmospheric turbulence, pointing errors, and path loss effects. Based on this channel model, we derive the closed-form expression of the outage probability in the FSO serial relay system and parallel relay system, using the Meijer G-function. The serial decode-and-forward relay system with different relay locations and parallel decode-and-forward relay system, which consider different number of links and different relay locations, are simulation analyzed under moderate and strong atmospheric turbulence. The performance of serial relay systems and parallel relay systems in free-space optical communication can be improved by optimizing the relay location.     

High SNR approximation for performance analysis of two-way multiple relay networks

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is the key parameter in the performance evaluation of Two-Way, Amplify-and-Forward, Multiple-Relaying (TAF-MR) networks. This paper introduces new methods that use high SNR (HSNR) level approximations to analyze accurately the Bit Error Rate (BER), optimize the Relay Location (RL), and balance the energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) of such networks. We consider a flat-fading channel and a strategy for selecting a relay with the highest SNR. Standardized BER expressions are obtained for a wide range of SNRs (low, high, and optimal) to yield more accurate predictions of the BER performance. Thus, by using HSNR, a unified analysis for calculating the Asymptotic BER (ABER) and the exact BER (EBER) performance is developed. The optimal SNR level is obtained by optimizing the power of network sources, which include the relay and user powers. Further, we propose a method for integrating the RL with the balancing of the EE and SE optimally to achieve the best EE improvement. The derived expressions for the methods are validated by simulation.     

Low-Resolution ADCs for Two-Hop Massive MIMO Relay System under Rician Channels

This paper works on building an effective massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) relay system by increasing the achievable sum rate and energy efficiency. First, we design a two-hop massive MIMO relay system instead of a one-hop system to shorten the distance and create a Line-of-Sight (LOS) path between relays. Second, we apply Rician channels between relays in this system. Third, we apply low-resolution Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) at both relays to quantize signals, and apply Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) to the processed signal at relay R1 and relay R2 correspondingly. Fourth, we use higher-order statistics to derive the closed-form expression of the achievable sum rate. Fifth, we derive the power scaling law and achieve the asymptotic expressions under different power scales. Last, we validate the correctness of theoretical analysis with numerical simulation results and show the superiority of the two-hop relay system over the one-hop relay system. From both closed-form expressions and simulation results, we discover that the two-hop system has a higher achievable sum rate than the one-hop system. Besides, the energy efficiency in the two-hop system is higher than the one-hop system. Moreover, in the two-hop system, when quantization bits q = 4, the achievable sum rate converges. Therefore, deploying low-resolution ADCs can improve the energy efficiency and achieve a fairly considerable achievable sum rate.     

Multichannel Power Constraints-Based SNR Estimation for the non-cooperative and cooperative scenarios of multi-user Wireless Network

Cooperative communication holds a significant task in Wireless Networks (WNs) by enhancing communication reliability, power, efficiency, and network connectivity. In addition, cooperative communication also enables the progression of a well-organized method for improving the WN quality. Moreover, it facilitates the exploitation of communicating resources by permitting the pathways and nodes in a network to assist in the transmission of data. In this research, a Multi-Channel Power Constraints-Based SNR Estimation (MCPC-SNR Estimation) is considered with source node to destination node and relay node to destination node. Also, three probabilistic models like joint entropy, mutual information, and correlation are considered for SNR parameters. Rather than considering the signals with the current information of signal and channel, we consider signal-to-noise ratio combining the method with static and dynamic Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation for the non-cooperative and cooperative scenarios. Finally, an assessment of the Multi-Channel Power Constraints-Based SNR Estimation (MCPC-SNR) model shows that the power allocations at the source, as well as relay nodes for transmissions, and the destination and relay nodes, have a notable effect on the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance for power-constrained cooperative communications. The analysis proves that the proposed work ensures a much lower Bit Error Rate (BER) for almost all timing error variations, which probably reaches 0.005.     

Cooperative diversity performance of selection relaying over correlated shadowing

The study of relaying systems has found renewed interest in the context of cooperative diversity for communication channels suffering from fading. In particular, dual-hop relaying with diversity combining of the relayed and direct path at the receiver has practical importance and can be considered as a building block for forming larger communication systems. This paper presents novel analytical expressions and numerical results on cooperative diversity performance using selection relaying over correlated lognormal channels for both SC and MRC techniques at the receiver. In addition, an exact framework for comparing the performance and efficiency of the medium access protocol and relay capabilities (TDMA/half-duplex, SDMA/full-duplex) is proposed. Finally, based on the analysis and novel mathematical expressions for the outage probability, we investigate the impact of the lognormal parameters (including correlation) on the cooperative system performance and its efficiency.     

Cache-assisted relay selection algorithm based on incentive cooperation

An unrealistic preset condition exists in the cache-assisted relay system, namely that the social attributes of all nodes are highly overlapping and similar. In practice, however, this prerequisite is frequently not fulfilled because nodes exhibit a certain degree of selfishness. This paper, therefore, proposes a cache-assisted relay selection algorithm based on incentive cooperation to resolve the problem of system performance degradation precipitated by differences in the social attributes of nodes in cache-assisted networks. By incorporating the contribution of nodes to the system, nodes with poor social attributes are encouraged to participate in optimizing feedback effects actively. Nodes with high competition function values have a higher priority for information storage and transmission, improve the participation of low-attribute nodes, and attenuate the impact of channel changes, thereby enhancing network sustainability and system efficiency.     

On the capacity of the multiple-hop relay channel with linear relaying

The relay nodes with linear relaying transmit linear combination of their past received signals. The capacity of the multiple-hop Gaussian relay channel with linear relaying is derived, assuming that each node in the channel only communicates with its nearest neighbor nodes. The capacity is formulated as an optimization problem over the relaying matrices and the covariance matrix of the signals transmitted from the source. It is proved that the solution to this optimization problem is equivalent to a “single-letter” optimization problem when some certain conditions are satisfied. We also show that the solution to the “single-letter” optimization problem has the same form as the expression of the rate achieved by time-sharing amplify-and-forward (TSAF). In order to solve this equivalent problem, we give an iterative algorithm. Simulation results show that the achievable rate with TSAF is close to the capacity, if channel gain of one certain hop is smaller than that of all the other hops relatively.     

Outage probability of multiple-IRS-assisted SISO wireless communications over Rician fading

Outage probability (OP) performance of multiple-intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted is presented for a practically important single-input-single-output (SISO) wireless communication system over Rician fading channels where the IRS panel selection is considered. We investigate the SISO wireless communication scenario in which a single antenna transmitting node is sending its message to the receiving node with the aid of the best IRS panel selection. This wireless communication scenario model is a typical application of the uplink scenarios for future cellular wireless systems. We derive approximate OP expressions in the closed form using both the central limit theorem and the Laguerre series expansion. Further, we also derive a simple asymptotic OP to get diversity order and coding gain. The influence of each system parameter on OP performance is thoroughly investigated. In addition, the analytical OP results are corroborated with simulated OP results to confirm the accuracy of our presented analytical results.     

On the ergodic sum rate for multiuser satellite–aerial–terrestrial networks

In this paper, we investigate the ergodic sum rate (ESR) for the downlink of a multi-user satellite–aerial–terrestrial network (SATN) with decode-and-forward (DF) protocol, where a multi-antenna unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) acts as an aerial relay to assist the signal convey from satellite to multiple terrestrial users, which is also corrupted by co-channel interference. To maximize the ESR of the considered system, a beamforming (BF) scheme based on statistical channel state information is proposed to conduct space division multiple access (SDMA) in the UAV–terrestrial links. Then, by assuming that the satellite–UAV link and the UAV–terrestrial links undergo correlated Shadowed-Rician fading and correlated Rayleigh fading, respectively, we derive the analytical expression of ESR for our considered system with proposed BF scheme. Finally, numerical results are provided to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the superiority of our proposed BF scheme.     

基于纠缠态的量子通信网络的量子信道建立速率模型

针对基于纠缠态的量子通信网络, 提出了网络模型. 基于网络模型, 首先分析了基础链路的量子信道建立速率. 然后根据基础链路的量子信道建立速率, 针对不同的量子信道建立方法, 对中继长链路上的量子信道建立速率进行分析, 得到在逐点方法和分段方法下所对应的量子信道建立速率. 最后, 利用逾渗模型, 对大规模纠缠态量子通信网络中任意两点间的量子信道建立速率进行分析, 推导出n个节点量子通信网络中, 量子信道建立速率为Ω (1/n).