镉从农业土壤向人类食物链的迁移

综述了镉在环境中的行为，在土壤－植物－人类系统中的迁移，由于粮食作物是镉进入人类食物链的主要来源，因此土壤污染的危害是全球性的，对决定农业系统中镉迁移动力学的关键过程、粮食作物中的镉含量、影响镉植物有效性的各类因子作了综述了讨论。     

镉污染土壤的植物修复

Cd在土壤中有稳定、积累和不易消除的特点,且可通过食物链富集使人体产生慢性中毒。我国农村镉污染尤其严重。植物修复技术是优秀的土壤镉污染治理技术,近两年来成为研究热点。本文阐述了土壤镉污染植物修复技术的机理、具体做法和技术进展。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中重金属铅、镉的方法改进

土壤重金属污染是生态环境污染中最为常见也是最严重的一种污染,土壤中的重金属具有难降解、易积累和毒性大等特点,它在土壤中不断积累,进而通过食物链被植物和其他生物体吸收、富集,直接影响植物、动物甚至人类的健康[1-4]。     

镉及镉锌交互作用的植物效应

镉是植物生长的非必需元素，而锌是植物生长必需的微量元素。虽然它们对植物的作用截然相反，但它们之间存在着复杂的交互影响关系。总结了镉对植物的生物效应，镉锌交互作用对植物的影响，包括：对元素的吸收积累，酶活性，细胞分裂等，论述了其主要影响因素，并探讨了Cd—Zn拮抗和Cd—Zn协同作用的可能机理。     

锌从土壤向食物链的迁移

锌是生物必需微量元素，但过多时对动植物都有毒害。本文对锌在人类食物链中的行为及在土壤－－植物－－人类和动物系统中的迁移，决定农业系统中锌动力学的关键过程，锌在作物可食部位的丰度，影响锌生物有效性的土壤环境，植物因子及锌在食物中的需要量等作了综述了论述。     

La降低Pb,Cd在大豆植株内富集量的研究

植物具有富集重金属的特性，重金属在生态系统食物链中迁移、浓缩，对人类健康造成危害．因此，降低植物体内重金属含量，确保食用的安全性成为有待解决的问题．目前主要减灾手段有客土深翻的工程学方法；植物净化的生物学方法及提高植物自身抗性的生态学方法［１］．本文...     

碘从环境向人类食物链的迁移

综述了碘从环境向人类食物链的迁移，包括：碘在环境中的行为，在土壤-植物-人类系统中的迁移，碘在土壤中的化学形态及在自然界的循环，碘对动植物生长发育的影响，重点介绍了碘对人体的生理作用及对人类健康的的影响，最后对调控人体碘的水平提出了建议和对策。     

微塑料介导重金属在陆生植物中迁移及生物效应的影响

随着地膜在现代化农业中的广泛应用,微塑料在土壤中的残留问题日益严重。环境中释放的微塑料可能会与先前存在的重金属相互作用,导致生物效应(生物积累/毒性),并对人类健康和农产品安全构成威胁。目前,大多数研究集中于单一影响因素在土壤系统中的暴露和转化分析,有关微塑料和共存金属对环境联合影响的相当有限。本文综述了微塑料与重金属来源、相互作用机理与影响因素的研究现状,阐述了陆生植物对二者联合污染的生理响应。此外,未来的研究还应重点探讨微塑料与重金属共同在植物上暴露的具体分子机制、通过食物链对人类健康的影响、与其他混合污染物联合作用及微塑料老化过程对重金属迁移动态变化过程的影响。     

土壤-植物系统中的汞污染与农产品安全生产

对农产品的汞污染及其安全生产问题作了综述，内容包括：汞在土壤．植物系统中的循环，汞污染对农产品安全生产的威胁与对策措施，例如，可利用植物生物技术选育低积累汞的作物基因型、采取植物修复及相应的农艺措施，以进行有效的农产品安全生产与调控，减小环境中过量的汞对土壤．植物系统和食物链造成的危害，最终保障人体的健康。     

镉对植物光合作用的影响

从光合速率、叶绿体及叶绿素、光化学反应、电子传递、光合作用中CO2同化等方面概述了镉（Cd）对植物光合作用的影响，力图阐明Cd影响植物光合作用的生理机制。     

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for the determination of elements and elemental species in food: a review

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has definitely emerged as a powerful technique for total element determination and as a sensitive and selective detector in hyphenated methods for speciation analyses of elements in foods. In this review, the analytical challenges of elemental analysis of food and agricultural matrixes are discussed and several applications are examined. Selected examples illustrate the analytical approaches being used so far to address specific issues in various areas of food and nutrition research. The applications discussed include studies on dietary intake, element metabolism in man, transfer of elements through the food chain, effects of food processing and domestic preparation, and authenticity and origin assessment. The use of ICP-MS in the field of analytical quality assurance, food control, evaluation of food contact materials, and radionuclide contamination is also examined. Finally, the hyphenated techniques with ICP-MS detection used for elemental speciation in food are reviewed, and an overview of the main applications currently in the literature is presented. Throughout, recent trends and analytical developments likely to have a major impact on food-related areas are highlighted.     

Distribution of Cd and Pb in a wetland ecosystem

Cadmium and lead contents in sediments, dominant species of plants (Phargmites aus-tralis and Scripus mariquter), benthos (Helice tridens tientsinensis, llyoplax deschampsi, and Bul-lacta exarata), and waders (Calidris ruficollis) on the Eastern End of Chongming Island were measured. The results showed that, for cadmium, there are clear stratification in the sediment of reclaimed area and bio-amplification in food chain. However, for lead, a phenomenon was different. The amplification factors (AFs) for cadmium of primary producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers were 2.59-12.38, 0.09-8.44, and 51.1, respectively. For lead, AFs of primary producers, primary consumers and the top trophic layer were 0.29-2.62, 0.06-5.62, and 7.31, respectively. Each species of macrobenthos showed different strategies to cadmium and lead. Large-sized crabs accumulated more lead, while small-sized crabs and snails accumulated more cadmium. Waders had significantly highest AFs for cadmium and lead in the study. Tha     

Transfer of Metals from Soil to Crops in an Area near a Coal Gangue Pile in the Guqiao Coal Mine,China

A field survey was conducted to investigate the metal contamination in coal gangue, soils, and crops (rice and soybeans), and to evaluate the possible health risks to the local population through food chain transfer near a coal gangue pile in the Guqiao Coal Mine, China. Contamination levels of zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper in coal gangue, soils, and crops were measured, and bio-accumulation factors from soil to crops were determined; the health risks were calculated accordingly. Results showed that both coal gangue and soil contained high levels of cadmium (0.15 mg kg^?1and 0.20 mg kg^?1) exceeding the background value of the soil. The lead soil concentration was low (9.99 mg kg^?1), but lead in rice (0.38 mg kg^?1) exceeded the maximal permissible limit of 0.2 mg kg^?1. For some tissues of crops studied, there was a significant correlation between the bio-accumulation factor values and the corresponding soil metal concentrations that were best described by a power equation. Oral intake of zinc, cadmium, and copper through crops posed no health risk to local residents, although hazard indices for rice (0.87–2.88) and soybeans (0.06–0.09) suggested that ingestion of rice grains was unsafe for human health. Therefore, rice was inappropriate to be planted in the soil surrounding this coal mine.     

Distribution of Cd and Pb in a wetland ecosystem

Cadmium and lead contents in sediments, dominant species of plants (Phargmites aus-tralis andScripus mariquter), benthos (Helice tridens tientsinensis,Ilyoplax deschampsi, andBul-lacta exarata), and waders (Calidris ruficollis) on the Eastern End of Chongming Island were measured. The results showed that, for cadmium, there are clear stratification in the sediment of reclaimed area and bio-amplification in food chain. However, for lead, a phenomenon was different. The amplification factors (AFs) for cadmium of primary producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers were 2.59–12.38, 0.09–8.44, and 51.1, respectively. For lead, AFs of primary producers, primary consumers and the top trophic layer were 0.29–2.62, 0.06–5.62, and 7.31, respectively. Each species of macrobenthos showed different strategies to cadmium and lead. Large-sized crabs accumulated more lead, while small-sized crabs and snails accumulated more cadmium. Waders had significantly highest AFs for cadmium and lead in the study. That is to say, bio-amplification of the food chain took place for cadmium and lead on the tidal flat with different AFs, and showed that different species have different strategies to a varies of heavy metal elements.

     

Bioaccumulative and conchological assessment of heavy metal transfer in a soil-plant-snail food chain

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) can pose serious threats to environmental health because they tend to bioaccumulate in terrestrial ecosystems. We investigated under field conditions the transfer of these heavy metals in a soil-plant-snail food chain in Banat area, Romania. The main goal of this paper was to assess the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) usefulness in environmental monitoring as bioindicator of heavy metal accumulation. Eight sampling sites, selected by different history of heavy metal (HM) exposure, were chosen to be sampled for soil, nettle leaves, and newly matured snails. This study also aimed to identify the putative effects of HM accumulation in the environment on phenotypic variability in selected shell features, which included shell height (SH), relative shell height (RSH), and whorl number (WN). RESULTS: Significantly higher amounts of HMs were accumulated in snail hepatopancreas and not in foot. Cu, Zn, and Cd have biomagnified in the snail body, particularly in the hepatopancreas. In contrast, Pb decreased when going up into the food chain. Zn, Cd, and Pb correlated highly with each other at all levels of the investigated food chain. Zn and Pb exhibited an effective soil-plant transfer, whereas in the snail body only foot Cu concentration was correlated with that in soil. There were significant differences among sampling sites for WN, SH, and RSH when compared with reference snails. WN was strongly correlated with Cd and Pb concentrations in nettle leaves but not with Cu and Zn. SH was independent of HM concentrations in soil, snail hepatopancreas, and foot. However, SH correlated negatively with nettle leaves concentrations for each HM except Cu. In contrast, RSH correlated significantly only with Pb concentration in hepatopancreas. CONCLUSIONS: The snail hepatopancreas accumulates high amounts of HMs, and therefore, this organ can function as a reliable biomarker for tracking HM bioavailability in soil. Long-term exposure to HMs via contaminated food might influence the variability of shell traits in snail populations. Therefore, our results highlight the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) potential to be used in environmental monitoring studies as bioindicator of HM pollution.     

Focus on quantum dots as potential fluorescent probes for monitoring food toxicants and foodborne pathogens

Water-soluble quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles with narrow, very specific, stable emission spectra. Therefore, the bioconjugation of these QDs for biological fluorescent labeling may be of interest due to their unique physical and optical properties as compared to organic fluorescent dyes. These intrinsic properties of QDs have been used for the sensitive detection of target analytes. From the viewpoint of ensuring food safety, there is a need to develop rapid, sensitive and specific detection techniques to monitor food toxicants in food and environmental samples. Even trace levels of these toxicants can inadvertently enter the food chain, creating severe health hazards. The present review emphasizes the application of water-soluble bioconjugated QDs for the detection of food contaminants such as pesticides, pathogenic bacterial toxins such as botulinum toxin, enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and for the development of oligonucleotide-based microarrays. This review also emphasizes the application of a possible resonance energy transfer phenomenon resulting from nanobiomolecular interactions obtained through the bioconjugation of QDs with biomolecules. Furthermore, the utilization of significant changes in the spectral behavior of QDs (attributed to resonance energy transfer in the bioconjugate) in future nanobiosensor development is also emphasized.     

Contamination by human fingers: The Midas touch

Anthropogenic activity is one of the causes of contamination in the human environment: contamination of air, water, top soils, plants and food products has complex effects on human health problems. Wear and abrasion of various surfaces are constant processes in daily life, and commonly include interaction between human fingers and surfaces of every conceivable material. New methods for investigation of trace transfer processes by human fingers are described. Results of transfer for commonly used metals such as gold, silver, zinc, cadmium, tin, cobalt, nickel, chromium and iron are presented. Relationship between transfer of metals by touch and the general problem of purity in analytical activities is briefly discussed.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测量小麦粉中铅、镉、砷和铬

在我国局部都存在不同程度的铅、镉、砷和铬的土壤和水资源污染,土壤和水域中的有毒有害元素经食物链累积在人体,对人们的身体造成极大的危害,因此对食品中这些限量元素进行准确高效定量非常必要。本文建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对小麦粉中的Pb、Cd、As和Cr进行测量,测量方法采用内标法,内标元素选择Rh、In和Bi。另外对微波消解前处理方法和ICP-MS使用参数进行了优化,测量方法简单高效。工作标准曲线呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9999。该方法采用GBW(E)100493小麦粉标准物质和NIST 1567b Wheat Flour对本实验所采用的方法进行验证,结果显示测量值和标准值一致,表明本实验中小麦粉中Pb、Cd、As和Cr的测定方法是准确可靠的。