A three-component reaction between benzynes, the enolate of acetaldehyde, and unsaturated esters and dihydroisoquinolines

A three-component one-pot coupling between benzynes, the enolate of acetaldehyde and various electrophiles led to bicyclic and tetracyclic ring systems.     

Diastereoselective multicomponent cyclizations of Fischer carbene complexes, lithium enolates, and allylmagnesium bromide leading to highly substituted five- and six-membered carbocycles

The one-pot sequential reaction of a chromium alkoxycarbene complex, a ketone or ester lithium enolate, and allylmagnesium bromide enabled the selective synthesis of novel diastereomerically pure pentasubstituted cyclopentanols or tetrasubstituted 1,4-cyclohexanediols, depending on the degree of substitution at the Cbeta position of the enolate anion. A few exceptions have been encountered in which tetrasubstituted cyclopentanols or pentasubstituted 1,4-cyclohexanediols were selectively formed. The use of 2-iodoethoxycarbene complexes gave access to 1,2,4-cyclohexanetriols. These multicomponent-coupling reactions involved the formation of lithium alkylpentacarbonylchromates as key intermediates, which further evolved through intramolecular processes, such as insertion of an alkene, CO insertion or addition to a carbonyl group, and, moreover, could be trapped in intermolecular reactions with different electrophiles and styrene. The substitution pattern of the alkylchromate carbon chain has been proposed to control the nature of the annulation process.     

One-pot synthesis of γ-hydroxy-γ-oxaphosphonates using pentacovalent oxaphosphorane chemistry

P(V)-2,2,2-triethoxy-2,2-dihydro-5-methoxy-1,2λ⁵-oxaphospholene was synthesized as a new type of enolate which was hydrolyzed to give a series of phosphonates. In addition, aldol reaction of the oxaphospholene intermediate with several aldehydes as electrophiles under mild and neutral conditions produced phosphonate-containing aldol compounds through a two-step one-pot reaction.     

两价钯催化下烯醇钯中间体和亲电试剂的反应研究

根据在两价钯催化的亲核试剂－炔烃－α,β-不饱和羰基化合物的串联加成反应中所假设的烯醇钯中间体的机理,研究了炔酸烯丙酯化合物1和亲电试剂在两价钯催化下的反应。使用乙酰氮作为亲电试剂得到了β－乙酰氧基烯基－γ－丁丙酯3,这一结果为烯醇钯中间体的机理提供了一个实验证据。     

Development of catalytic asymmetric reactions via chiral palladium enolates

This article describes the generation of chiral palladium enolates and their application to several kinds of catalytic asymmetric reactions. Two methods to generate chiral enolates were developed using novel cationic palladium complexes 1 and 2 . In these processes, water or a hydroxo ligand on palladium metal plays an important role as a nucleophile to promote the transmetallation or as a Brønsted base to abstract an acidic α‐proton of the carbonyl group. These enolates showed sufficient reactivity with various electrophiles. Using a chiral Pd enolate as a key intermediate, highly enantioselective reactions such as catalytic aldol reactions, Mannich‐type reactions, Michael reactions, and fluorination reactions were developed. The unique structures of the palladium enolate complexes were elucidated and reaction mechanisms are proposed. © 2004 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 4: 231–242; 2004: Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20017     

Carbocyclisation of zinc enolates onto unactivated double bonds: a mechanistic point of view

The recent results concerning the carbocyclisation reaction of zinc enolates onto an unactivated double bond are summarized, particularly on the stereochemical point of view. The implications of the observed stereochemistries on the mechanism of the reaction (O-centred zinc enolate vs C-centred zinc enolate) are discussed. Some new results leading stereoselectively to 1-amino-1-carbomethoxy-2-methyl cyclopentanes are reported, as well as the consequences of the observed stereochemistry as a strong evidence for a C-centred zinc enolate intermediate. To cite this article: É. Sliwinski et al., C. R. Chimie 6 (2003) 000–000.     

Ionic nucleophilic catalysis of chiral ammonium betaines for highly stereoselective aldol reaction from oxindole-derived vinylic carbonates

A new strategy for developing stereoselective bond-forming reactions is introduced; it takes advantage of the ionic nucleophilic catalysis of chiral ammonium betaines to utilize vinylic esters simultaneously as the enolate precursor and the acylating agent for coupling with electrophiles. Its synthetic utility is clearly demonstrated by the realization of a highly diastereo- and enantioselective aldol reaction from oxindole-derived vinylic carbonates.     

The first example of γ-chloromagnesio γ-lactones: their generation from γ-tolylsulfinyl γ-lactones with isopropylmagnesium chloride, stability, and reaction with electrophiles

The treatment of γ-lactones having a sulfinyl group at the γ-position, which were synthesized from 1-chlorovinyl p-tolyl sulfoxides with lithium enolate of carboxylic esters, with isopropyl magnesium chloride in THF at −78 °C gave γ-chloromagnesio γ-lactones by the sulfoxide-magnesium exchange reaction in high yields. The generated γ-chloromagnesio γ-lactones were found to be stable at below −50 °C for at least 2 h. The reaction of these γ-chloromagnesio γ-lactones with electrophiles and the stereochemistry of the reactions were investigated.     

Zinc carbenoid-mediated chain extension: preparation of alpha,beta-unsaturated-gamma-keto esters and amides

An efficient one-pot preparation of alpha,beta-unsaturated-gamma-keto esters and amides has been developed. A zinc carbenoid-mediated chain extension of a beta-dicarbonyl substrate provides access to an intermediate zinc enolate, which is treated sequentially with a halogen and amine base. This method has been applied to a variety of ester and amide starting materials, as well as to amino acid-derived substrates and to a formal synthesis of (R,R)-(-)-pyrenophorin.     

Highly diastereoselective synthetic route to enantiopure beta(2)-amino acids and gamma-amino alcohols using a fluorinated oxazolidine (Fox) as chiral auxiliary

The alkylation reactions of an amide enolate derived from a trifluoromethylated oxazolidine (Fox) chiral auxiliary occur with a complete diastereoselectivity and in good yields with various electrophiles. This reaction provides a versatile and straightforward strategy for the synthesis of beta(2)-amino acids and gamma-amino alcohols in enantiopure form.     

Unique Structural Properties of 2,4,6‐Tri‐tert‐butylanilide: Isomerization and Switching between Separable Amide Rotamers through the Reaction of Anilide Enolates

Herein, we report a unique structural property of 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylanilide, which can be separated into its amide rotamers at room temperature. Interconversion between the rotamers of anilide enolates occurs readily at room temperature and their reaction with electrophiles gives mixtures of the rotamers in a ratio that depends on the reactivity of the corresponding electrophile. That is, the reaction of the 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylacetanilide enolate with reactive electrophiles, such as allyl bromide or protic acids, gives mixtures of the anilide rotamers in which the E rotamer is the major component, whereas less‐reactive electrophiles, such as 1‐bromopropane and 2‐iodopropane, yield mixtures of the rotamers in which the Z rotamer is the major component. The rotameric ratio of the product is also strongly dependent on the reactivity of the anilide enolate. Switching between the anilide rotamers can be achieved through protonation of a less‐reactive enolate by a less‐reactive protic acid and thermal isomerization of the anilide.     

Reaction of the zinc enolate derived from 1,1-dibromo-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one with 3-aryl-2-cyanopropenoic acid amides and esters and 2-oxochromene-3-carboxamides

Zinc enolate derived from 1,1-dibromo-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one reacts with 3-aryl-2-cyanoprop-2-enamides and aryl 3-aryl-2-cyanoprop-2-enoates to give the corresponding derivatives of 3-aryl-2-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)-1-cyanocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as a single stereoisomer with cis arrangement of the hydrogen atoms at the cyclopropane ring. The reactions of the same zinc enolate with 3-morpholinocarbonyl-2H-chromen-2-one and 2-morpholinocarbonyl-3H-benzo[f]chromen-3-one lead to formation of 1-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)-1a-morpholinocarbonyl-1a,7b-dihydrocyclopropa[c]chromen-2-one and 1-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)-1a-morpholinocarbonyl-1a,9c-dihydrobenzo[f]cyclopropa[c]chromen-2-one, respectively as a single stereoisomer.     

A new synthesis of α,α-disubstituted carbonyl compounds from carbonyl compounds with one-carbon homologation

Lithium α-sulfinyl carbanions of 1-chloroalkyl p-tolyl sulfoxides were reacted with carbonyl compounds to afford adducts in high to quantitative yields. The adducts were treated with t-BuMgCl or LDA to give magnesium or lithium alkoxides, which were treated with i-PrMgCl or t-BuLi to afford the enolate with one-carbon elongation through β-oxido carbenoids. The enolate intermediates were found to be able to be trapped with electrophiles to give α,α-disubstituted carbonyl compounds in moderate to good yields. As a whole, this procedure offers a new and good method for synthesis of α,α-disubstituted carbonyl compounds from carbonyl compounds with one-carbon homologation in only two synthetic steps.     

Amine-catalyzed coupling of allenic esters to alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyls

Nucleophilic amines catalyze the 1,4-addition of allenic esters to alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The reactions proceed under mild conditions. In addition, Baylis-Hillman products serve as appropriate electrophiles for the process such that a one-pot, three-component coupling of aldehydes, acrylates, and allenic esters may be achieved.     

Enantioselective decarboxylative alkylation reactions: catalyst development, substrate scope, and mechanistic studies

α-Quaternary ketones are accessed through novel enantioselective alkylations of allyl and propargyl electrophiles by unstabilized prochiral enolate nucleophiles in the presence of palladium complexes with various phosphinooxazoline (PHOX) ligands. Excellent yields and high enantiomeric excesses are obtained from three classes of enolate precursor: enol carbonates, enol silanes, and racemic β-ketoesters. Each of these substrate classes functions with nearly identical efficiency in terms of yield and enantioselectivity. Catalyst discovery and development, the optimization of reaction conditions, the exploration of reaction scope, and applications in target-directed synthesis are reported. Experimental observations suggest that these alkylation reactions occur through an unusual inner-sphere mechanism involving binding of the prochiral enolate nucleophile directly to the palladium center.     

Aggregation and Cooperative Effects in the Aldol Reactions of Lithium Enolates

Density functional theory and Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for model aldol reactions involving aggregates of lithium enolates derived from acetaldehyde and acetone. Formaldehyde and acetone have been used as electrophiles. It is found that the geometries of the enolate aggregates are in general determined by the most favorable arrangements of the point charges within the respective Li_nO_n clusters. The reactivity of the enolates follows the sequence monomer?dimer>tetramer. In lithium aggregates, the initially formed aldol adducts must rearrange to form more stable structures in which the enolate and alkoxide oxygen atoms are within the respective Li_nO_n clusters. Positive cooperative effects, similar to allosteric effects found in several proteins, are found for the successive aldol reactions in aggregates. The corresponding transition structures show in general sofa geometries.     

Generation of ketone dilithio α,β-dianions and their reactions with electrophiles

Ketone dilithio α,β- and α,β′-dianions can be generated by a tin-lithium exchange reaction of the lithium enolate of β-tributyltin substituted ketones. A chelation-aided approach, which employs β-dichlorobutyltin substituted ketones and n-BuLi, is also useful for the generation of ketone α,β-dianions having the Z-geometry at the alkene. The generated dianions can be transformed into substituted ketones by reaction with various carbon electrophiles.     

Stereochemical investigation on the construction of poly-functionalized bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenones by successive Michael reactions of 2-cyclohexenones

A method for the practical construction of poly-functionalized bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenones by successive Michael reactions of cyclohexenones with acrylates using K2CO3 and TBAB (n-Bu4N+ Br-) was developed. The construction could be carried out in both stepwise and one-pot reactions with similar tendencies in regioselectivity. The alpha-regioselectivity in the intramolecular Michael reaction agreed with that stereoelectronically expected in intermolecular reactions based upon consideration of the HOMO orbital profile of the enolate I, the precursor to ring-closure, although the reaction site was trisubstituted and prone to steric hindrance in most of the examples presented. For the acetoxymethylacrylates substituted at either the alpha or gamma position, steric hindrance of the substituents (R2 and R3) served as a controlling factor to induce high regiocontrol. Facial selection in the protonation of enolate II, formed upon ring-closure, was also affected by these substituents. In both the intramolecular Michael reaction and the protonation of enolate II, the ammonium counter cation played an important role.     

Über ein neues prinzip für die synthese unsymmetrisch substituierter diphosphanliganden für übergangsmetalle (1)

Bidentate and tridentate ligands for transition metals are accessible in one-pot reactions (yield 62–88%) by ring opening of cyclic diphos=phanes with organolithium compounds and subsequent reaction with electrophiles.     

Enantioselective Synthesis of 3-Substituted Cyclobutenes by Catalytic Conjugate Addition/Trapping Strategies

A copper-catalyzed tandem process to generate chiral cyclobutene derivatives has been developed. It is based on an enantioselective conjugate addition or reduction of a cyclobutenone and sequential trapping with a chlorophosphate in a one-pot process. These phosphates are stable under mildly acidic conditions and serve as good electrophiles in Negishi coupling reactions.