Numerical calculation of the use of a concave–convex lens for shaping axisymmetric laser beams

Based on transformation matrices in meridian plane and sagittal plane, a geometrical lens design method is presented with the aim of obtaining an improved spot. A concave–convex convergent lens (CCCL) is employed as a shaping lens to focus a group of oblique laser beams from a CO₂ laser with axially symmetrical fold combination (ASFC) resonator. The cases including interference, noninterference, different wavelength, and misalignment have been analyzed. Through theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, a smaller beam radius in a specific reference plane and a smaller far-field divergence angle can be obtained.     

Estimation of coupling efficiency of optical fiber by far-field method

Coupling efficiency to a single-mode optical fiber can be estimated with the field amplitudes at far-field of an incident beam and optical fiber mode. We call it the calculation by far-field method (FFM) in this paper. The coupling efficiency by FFM is formulated including effects of optical aberrations, vignetting of the incident beam, and misalignments of the optical fiber such as defocus, lateral displacements, and angle deviation in arrangement of the fiber. As the results, it is shown the coupling efficiency is proportional to the central intensity of the focused spot, i.e., Strehl intensity of a virtual beam determined by the incident beam and mode of the optical fiber. Using the FFM, a typical optics in which a laser beam is coupled to an optical fiber with a lens of finite numerical aperture (NA) is analyzed for several cases of amplitude distributions of the incident light.     

高斯光束斜入射窄带滤光片的透射光强分布

基于多光束干涉原理,推导了高斯光束斜入射角度调谐窄带滤光片后的透射光强表达式.在此基础上研究了入射角对高斯光束的透射特性的影响.计算和实验结果表明：随着入射角的增大,透射光强的光斑会出现一定程度的展宽现象|当入射角度较小时,输出为单一光斑,但其光强峰值位置产生了一定的偏移,并不在呈现高斯分布|当入射角度较大时,输出则为一系列的离散光斑.     

Numerical simulations of laser light guiding and focusing using an open hollow cone

An open hollow cone that can optically guide and focus a laser light into a small beam spot is proposed. The shaping and focusing effects are numerically demonstrated by finite-difference time-domain simulations. The results reveal that the cone-focused laser originates from the multi-beam interference and squeeze of two cone side walls acting like oblique targets. Moreover, the influences of oblique incident angle of laser light, cone angle and cone tip size on the focusing properties are discussed and the optimum cone geometry with cone angle of 16° and tip size of 4.5 wavelengths to achieve high energy concentration at the cone tip is also presented. It is shown that with an open hollow cone a laser light can be focused into a tiny highly localized beam spot of 1 µm diameter and keeps propagating forward for a distance of about 8 wavelengths with a tiny spot diameter remaining almost unchanged. The intensity almost increases up to twentyfold in a 1 µm focal spot.     

Focusing properties of an off-axis gaussian beam

Focusing properties of an off-axis gaussian beam passing through the optical system with primary spherical aberration are investigated. The position of focus and the structure of the intensity distribution near the focus in the image space are clarified for an off-axis gaussian beam as a function of its incident position over the pupil, its beam size, and the amount of primary spherical aberration in the optical system.     

ICF系统全光路像差测量与校正方法

 介绍一种新的像差探测方法,该方法能够探测整个惯性约束聚变（ICF）光学系统的像差。驱动变形镜调制各种不同的像差加入ICF光学系统,从而导致远场的焦斑变化,此时将CCD放置到远场探测焦斑强度,同时采用哈特曼-夏克波前传感器在近场探测系统像差变化量。根据不同的系统像差变化量以及与其对应的远场强度,利用改进的相位反演算法可以计算出整个光学系统的像差。数值模拟表明,该方法可以测量并校正整个ICF系统的光学像差。     

Ce∶KNSBN晶体中光扇效应的响应时间特性研究

以单束光入射Ce∶KNSBN晶体,系统研究了不同入射光波长下,Ce∶KNSBN晶体中光扇效应的响应时间随入射光强度及光入射角的变化情况.结果显示,相同的入射光强度及光入射角下,入射光波长较短时,光扇效应到达稳态的时间较短.相同的入射光强度下,随光入射角的增大,响应时间先减小后增大,但不同波长入射光下,最小值对应的光入射角不同,入射光波长为532 nm时,响应时间最小值对应的θ为15°;入射光波长为632.8 nm时,对应的θ为15.5°.同时研究发现,入射光强度逐渐增大的过程中,响应时间在逐渐减小.     

Effects of excimer laser illumination on microdrilling into an oblique polymer surface

In this work, we present the experimental results of micromachining into polymethy-methacrylate exposed to oblique KrF excimer laser beams. The results of low-aspect-ratio ablations show that the ablation rate decreases monotonously with the increase of incident angle for various fluences. The ablation rate of high-aspect-ratio drilling with opening center on the focal plane is almost independent of incident angles and is less than that of low-aspect-ratio ablation. The results of high-aspect-ratio ablations show that the openings of the holes at a distance from the focal plane are enlarged and their edges are blurred. Besides, the depth of a hole in the samples oblique to the laser beam at a distance from the focal plane decreases with the increase of the distance from the focal plane. The number of deep holes generated by oblique laser beams through a matrix of apertures decreases with the increase of incident angle. Those phenomena reveal the influence of the local light intensity on microdrilling into an oblique surface.     

Generation and characterization of the highest laser intensities (10(22) W/cm2)

We generated a record peak intensity of 0.7 x 10(22) W/cm2 by focusing a 45-TW laser beam with an f/0.6 off-axis paraboloid. The aberrations of the paraboloid and the low-energy reference laser beam were measured and corrected, and a focal spot size of 0.8 microm was achieved. It is shown that the peak intensity can be increased to 1.0 x 10(22) W/cm2 by correction of the wave front of a 45-TW beam relative to the reference beam. The phase and amplitude measurement provides for an efficient full characterization of the focal field.     

Hyperbolic-cosine-Gaussian beam with sine-azimuthal variation wavefront

Intensity distribution in focal plane plays an important role in many optical systems and has attracted much attention. In this paper, focusing properties of hyperbolic-cosine-Gaussian (cosh-Gaussian) beam with sine-azimuthal variation wavefront is investigated. Wavefront distribution is the sine function of the azimuthal angle. Results show that the sine parameter in the sine part of the cosh-Gaussian and decentered parameter associated with the cosh parts affect focal pattern considerably. Many novel focal patterns may occur, including cross-shape focal pattern with four intensity peak, intensity peak array, intensity peak wheel, and swallowtail multiple-peak focal pattern. The focal pattern evolution principle on increasing decentered parameter differs remarkably for different sine parameter. In addition, some focal spots are smaller than focal spot with incident Gaussian beam, which means super resolution effect appears under condition of certain sine parameter and decentered parameter.     

不同2×2集束聚焦方式下高功率激光靶面光强分布特性

大口径高功率激光装置为提高激光靶面的光强强度, 通常采用2×2集束聚焦的模式进行打靶. 大口径楔形透镜是组成2×2集束聚焦系统的核心元件, 可分为二维离轴楔形透镜、一维离轴楔形透镜和非离轴楔形透镜3类. 为了获得理想靶面光强分布, 基于这3 类楔形透镜, 对比研究相应2×2集束聚焦系统下的靶面光强分布特性. 研究结果表明: 相比离轴楔形透镜, 采用基于非离轴楔形透镜的2×2集束聚焦系统时, 容易在激光靶面获得更窄的主瓣宽度、更强的峰值强度、更高的能量集中度. 研究结果对高功率激光靶场聚焦系统的配置选择有重要参考价值.     

光学薄膜诱导偏振像差对大数值孔径光学系统聚焦特性的影响

大数值孔径光学系统表面光线的入射角较大, 会导致薄膜的偏振分离, 诱发偏振像差, 影响光学系统的聚焦特性. 本文利用矢量光衍射理论, 建立了光学薄膜各参量与光学系统聚焦光场的模型. 利用该模型分析了线偏振光入射时, 光学薄膜对光学系统聚焦光斑的扰动. 在此基础上, 探讨了应用了不同约束条件下得到的光学薄膜对最终聚焦光场的影响, 确定了减小薄膜扰动光学系统光斑的设计方法, 即额外添加透射率差和位相差的约束条件, 并且适当增加位相差约束的权重. 利用该方法优化设计的薄膜, 相比于普通减反膜而言, 对系统聚焦光场中心强度的提升可达约12.5%.     

空间插值在功率谱密度计算中的应用

为了提高光学元件波前中频PSD计算的精度和有效频谱宽度,提出了填补波前无效数据的双线性插值法和抑制欠采样噪声的六采样点插值法。模拟计算和实验结果表明:双线性插值法有效地保证了填充数据与真实数据的一致性,抑制了零填充方法引入的虚假中高频信息,使得填补后的PSD与原始PSD较好地吻合;六采样点插值法有效地分离了信号和欠采样噪声,使得有效PSD频谱上限从1/2 Nyquist频率提高到Nyquist频率。     

The Effect of the Spin Angular Momentum on the Tight-Focusing Vortex Hollow Gaussian Beams

The propagation properties of a hollow Gaussian beam (HGB) carrying on-axis and off-axis vortices through a high numerical aperture lens are investigated. The intensity of the focused beam in the focal plane can be controlled by choosing the different topological charges, the beam order, and the semi-aperture angle. As intrinsic properties, vortex beams possess both spin and orbital angular momenta. The spin angular momenta (SAM) density can be treated as a vector in 3D since it exists in arbitrary orientation during the beam propagation. The vectors of SAM density orientation of the focused beam in 3D rotate around the central axis whose locations mainly rely on the vortices. The magnitude of the SAM density near the focus plane abruptly varies by altering the focal length of the lens. Under tightly focusing condition, two new pairs of vortices generate alternately on x and y axes in the vectorial electric fields, while the topological charges increase by one.     

Transverse or off-axis localization of electromagnetic waves in random one- and two-dimensional dielectric systems which are periodic on average

We study the transverse or off-axis localization of electromagnetic waves for several different random dielectric systems which are periodic on average. Unlike previous scalar wave treatments of transverse localization, in the present work we present results based on a full vector treatment of the electromagnetic fields based on Maxwell's equations. In a first system, we consider a random semi-infinite array of slabs with plane waves or finite beams of electromagnetic waves obliquely incident on the slab surfaces. The localization of the fields in a region near the surface of illumination is studied as a function of the oblique angle of incidence. In a second system, an array of semi-infinite slabs with random thickness is considered with an incident finite beam of electromagnetic waves initially directed parallel to the slab surfaces. The spreading of the beam width is computed as it propagates through the array of semi-infinite slabs. In a final system, we consider a semi-infinite array of random dielectric rods (2D system) with obliquely incident plane waves. The localization length of the plane-wave fields is computed as a function of the oblique angle of incidence and as a function of the strength of the disorder of the dielectric medium. All the random media we consider, when averaged over their randomness, are periodic on average. The above systems are studied for both p- and s-polarizations of incident electromagnetic waves, and the difference in the transverse localization of the electromagnetic field for these two polarizations is determined.     

Ce:KNSBN晶体光扇效应的入射光强度阈值特性研究

采用非同时读出条件下的两波耦合实验装置,以单束光入射Ce:KNSBN光折变晶体,系统研究了Ce:KNSBN晶体中光扇效应随入射光偏振态、入射光强度、光入射角的变化情况.结果表明异常偏振光入射晶体时光扇效应明显,且存在明显的入射光强度阈值特性,入射光强度阈值为38.2 mW/cm2;相同光入射角下,稳态光扇强度随入射光强度的增强而明显变大;对应相同的入射光强度,稳态光扇强度随光入射角θ的增大而增大,当θ为15°时到达峰值,而后随θ的增大而逐渐减小.同时对光扇效应的入射光强度阈值特性以及稳态光扇强度随入射光偏振态、入射光强度、光入射角的变化作出了相应的物理解释.     

双压电片变形镜像差校正能力

利用实测影响函数,通过数值仿真分析了有效孔径、光束入射角度对于20单元双压电片变形镜像差校正能力的影响。仿真结果表明:有效孔径为16 mm时,变形镜对于各阶像差的校正能力较好;而随着光束入射到变形镜角度的增大,变形镜对于像差的校正精度与校正幅度都会出现下降,但是如果能够将入射角控制在25以内,入射角度对变形镜的像差校正能力影响不大。     

Beam focusing from double subwavelength metallic slits filled with nonlinear material surrounded by dielectric surface gratings

Based on the radiation properties of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can be controlled by adjusting the refractive indexes of dielectric materials in the metallic slits, a novel plasmonic focusing structure formed by two subwavelength metal apertures filled with Kerr nonlinear material surrounded by surface dielectric gratings is proposed and demonstrated numerically. Directions of radiation fields are determined by the phase difference of the surface waves at the exit interface and resonance property of each surface grating. Numerical simulations using two-dimensional (2D) Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method verify that the deflection angle and focal length can be controlled easily by changing the intensity of incident light, dynamically tunable on-axis and off-axis focusing effects can be achieved.     

Interferometry of a single nanoparticle using the Gouy phase of a focused laser beam

We provide a quantitative explanation of the mechanism of the far-field intensity modulation induced by a nanoparticle in a focused Gaussian laser beam, as was demonstrated in several recent direct detection studies. Most approaches take advantage of interference between the incident light and the scattered light from a nanoparticle to facilitate a linear dependence of the signal on the nanoparticle volume. The phase relation between the incoming field and the scattered field by the nanoparticle is elucidated by the concept of Gouy phase. This phase relation is used to analyze the far-field signal-to-noise ratio as a function of exact nanoparticle position with respect to the beam focus. The calculation suggests that a purely dispersive nanoparticle should be displaced from the Gaussian beam focus to generate a far-field intensity change.     

高斯光束斜入射法布里—珀罗干涉仪的透射光强分布

基于多光束干涉原理,研究了高斯光束斜入射法布里—珀罗干涉仪的透射光强分布。结果表明,当以较大角度入射时,输出为一系列空间分离的光斑;当以较小角度入射时,输出尽管为单一光斑,但是与输入相比,其峰值强度位置发生了偏移,且光斑变大。