沙棘颗粒治疗铅高儿童95例

沙棘颗粒是由鲜沙棘果提取有效成分精制而成，含有维生素C，维生素B1，维生素E，氨基酸，多种微量元素等。本文用沙棘颗粒治疗经发铅检查铅高的儿童95例，疗程2－3个月，显效率63．2％，总有效率93．7％，临床疗效比较理想。     

维生素C与铅

铅中毒可引起维生素C缺乏及其代谢改变 ,因此 ,无论单独补充维生素C或与螯合剂合用均会起到双重功能 :不仅可缓解铅致维生素C缺乏及其代谢紊乱 ,又可作为中枢神经系统铅的补充性螯合剂 (FoxMRS,1 975 ;RudrapalD ,1 975 ;GoyerRA ,1 979;DallyTW ,1 990 )。据报道 ,接触铅工人服用维生素C和锌可以降低血铅水平 (PapaioannouR ,1 978) ,饲料中补充维生素C和铁可预防染铅大鼠生长受抑、食欲下降、贫血和降低组织中的铅蓄积 (SuzukiT ,1 979)。同时给予维生素C或与维生素B1合用可大大增加CaNa2 EDTA、MFA或DMSA的驱铅效果 ,即可…     

维生素B与铅

1978年 ,Tokarski和Reio发现 ,铅暴露使实验动物 (大鼠 )组织中的硫胺 (维生素B1)和核黄素 (维生素B2 )含量降低 ,并降低血和尿中烟酸浓度。随后发现 ,饲料中缺乏维生素B增强铅的毒性 (TandonSK ,1 984) ,而补充维生素B则可预防铅的毒性 (FloraSJS,1 984)。饲料中缺乏尼克酸可使脑中儿茶酚胺水平改变 ,铅中毒症状加重 (FloraSJS ,1 981 ) ,给予维生素B1则可预防牛、大鼠、鱼等实验动物血、肾和脑中的铅蓄积 ,降低铅致生物化学变化 ,加快组织中的铅排泄 ,并可降低铅中毒动物的死亡率 (BrattonGR ,1 981 ;FloraSJS ,1 986;GhazalyK…     

富锌排铅咀嚼片临床排铅效果研究

采用自身对照及组间对照法,对富锌排铅咀嚼片(RZLR)进行了临床排铅效果研究。将60例高血铅试食者随机分成试食组和对照组,每组3 0例,试食组口服RZLR片,对照组口服安慰剂。口服一个月后,试食者乏力、头晕、失眠、关节痛等主要症状有较好的改善,血红蛋白、红细胞、白细胞、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、尿素氮、肌酐及尿常规等各项临床检验指标均在正常范围,血铅下降81 5 μg/L ,尿铅排出增加1 6 0 μg/L ,两组比较有显著性差异(P <0 0 0 1 ) ,说明RZLR片对试食者身体健康无不良影响,有促进人体排铅作用     

维生素E与铅

维生素E参与血红素或血红素蛋白质的合成 ,并能同时影响ALS和ALAD活性。在实验中观察到 ,维生素E缺乏的大鼠发生铅中毒时 ,可出现贫血、脾大和红细胞脆性增加 ,通过饲料补充维生素E则可预防由铅引起的红细胞变形 (LevanderOA ,1 975 ,1 979)。Dhawan也发出 ,在接触铅的同时 ,补充维生素E可预防血ALAD活性下降、尿中ALA升高及铅在血和肝中的蓄积。维生素E对铅的这种预防作用可能与其抗氧化特性和影响药物代谢酶系有关。Trivedi ( 1 998)最近观察到 ,用维生素E预处理可降低肝、心LPO含量 ,增加肝、肾过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。维生素…     

富锌排铅咀嚼片对铅染毒大鼠的排铅作用

研究了富锌排铅咀嚼片 (RZLR)对实验性铅染毒大鼠的排铅作用。将 48只 1 0 0～ 1 40g雄性大鼠 ,按质量随机分成空白对照组、阳性药物组、模型对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组 ,每组 8只。空白对照组自由饮水 ,其它五组饮用 2 0 0mg/L的醋酸铅水溶液染毒。 3 0d后 ,剂量组以人体摄入量 (按人体质量计 0 1g/kg)的 5、 1 0、 3 0倍经口灌胃 ,阳性药物组灌胃二巯基丁二酸 (DMSA) ,空白对照组和模型对照组每天灌水。一个月后测定血、肝脏及胫骨中的铅含量。结果表明 ,RZLE组与模型对照组相比 ,大鼠血铅、胫骨中铅明显降低 (P <0 0 5 )。按照《保健食品功能学评价程序和检验方法规范》标准判定 ,富锌排铅咀嚼片有促进动物排铅的作用。     

铅作业人员的饮食

长期接触铅及铅化合物的人 ,膳食中应多吃瘦肉、鱼、奶、蛋类以及蔬菜、水果等 ,以增加蛋白质和维生素Ｃ的来源 ,因为蛋白质可与铅结合成不溶性的化合物 ,维生素Ｃ也可与铅形成抗坏酸铅 ,它也不溶于水和脂肪 ,故随粪便排出体外 ,阻了人体对铅的吸收。此外 ,水果中的果胶也有抑制吸收铅的作用。另外 ,还要增加维生素Ｂ1、Ｂ12 和叶酸的供给量 ,以保护神经系统和造血系统。膳食中脂肪量应降低 ,糖量可适当增加 ,这样可抑制铅在肠道中的吸收 ,并且可保护肝脏的正常解毒功能。铅作业人员的饮食     

维生素与铅

在驱铅治疗中 ,常用螯合药物有DMSA (二巯基丁二酸 )、DMPS (二巯基丙醇磺酸盐 )、DPA (二甲基半胱氨酸 )、MFA [α -巯基 -P ( 2 -呋喃基 )丙烯酸 ]、CaNa2 EDTA (依地酸二钠钙 )等。这些巯基螯合物虽有良好的驱铅效果 ,但它们均不易穿透细胞膜驱除细胞内的铅 ,而且还有一定的副作用。在利用螯合剂进行驱铅治疗的同时 ,给予某些营养素则有加强药效和减轻副作用的双重功能 ,后者单独使用也有一定的驱铅效果。因此 ,有人提出用治疗剂量的维生素B1、叶酸 (维生素B10 )和氰钴胺 (维生素B12 )治疗和预防铅中毒的建议。动物实验研究表…     

铅对骨骼的毒性作用

(1 )铅通过改变循环激素水平 ,特别是 1 ,2 5 二羟维生素D3水平 ,间接变更骨细胞功能 ;(2 )铅通过干扰骨细胞对激素的调节能力直接变更骨细胞功能 ,例如 ,低水平铅抑制 1 ,2 5 二羟维生素D3刺激骨钙素的合成 ;(3 )铅损伤细胞合成或分泌骨基质其他成分 (例如 ,胶原和骨唾蛋白 )的能力 ;(4 )铅直接影响或替代钙信使系统活性部位中的钙 ,导致生理调节功能损伤。可见 ,铅对骨骼的毒性作用是由两个基本过程产生的 ,一是通过损伤内分泌器官而间接影响激素合成或对骨功能和骨矿物代谢的调节功能 ;二是通过毒化细胞、干扰基本细胞过程和酶功能、…     

儿童铅损伤干预性制剂研究的进展

综述了儿童铅损伤干预性制剂研究的进展,包括:儿童铅损伤与职业性铅中毒的临床特征、诊断标准及处理措施中的不同,铅损伤干预性制剂中的化学性驱铅药(重金属螯合剂)、中草药、功能食品和保健制剂,以及生物性制剂的优缺点,并概述了有排铅功能的食品、中草药中的功能成分及其作用特点,以及使用儿童铅损伤干预性制剂的注意事项。     

和美口服液治疗小儿上呼吸道感染

和美口服液是由各种中药制成的具有抗菌，消炎，抗病毒的口服液。用该口服液治疗了小儿上呼吸道感染１００例，总有效率达９５％，效果明显。     

Analysis of bioactive components and multi‐component pharmacokinetics of saponins from the leaves of Panax notoginseng in rat plasma after oral administration by LC–MS/MS

In this study, simple ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass tandem mass spectrometry is used to characterize the absorbed components in rat plasma after the oral administration of saponins from the leaves of Panax notoginseng. Seventeen prototype compounds are structurally characterized. Furthermore, a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method is also used for the simultaneous determination of notoginsenoside Fc, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rb3, ginsenoside Rd, and notoginsenoside Fe in rat plasma within 5 min. After n‐butanol mediated liquid–liquid extraction, all analytes were separated on a C₁₈ column and monitored in negative ion mode. Linearity, sensitivity, intra‐ and inter‐assay precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and stability were all within acceptable ranges. The validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method is successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of saponins from the leaves of Panax notoginseng in rats after oral administration. The results suggest that notoginsenoside Fc and ginsenoside Rb3 showed relatively higher exposure compared with other saponins. All saponins showed a long duration in plasma with a t_1/2 longer than 15 h, except notoginsenoside Fe (t_1/2 = 2.78 h). This study provides important information about the metabolism of saponins from the leaves of Panax notoginseng, which is useful for completely understanding its mechanism of action.     

原子吸收光谱法测定益寿回春口服液中砷铅镉铬汞的含量

采用原子吸收光谱法测定了益寿回春口服液中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞的含量，并参照食品中重金属的限量规定进行了比较。结果表明，益寿回春口服液中的砷、铅、镉、铬和汞均低于限量标准，为该产品的质量控制提供了依据。     

Determination of baicalin, chlorogenic acid and forsythin in Chinese medicinal preparation by capillary electrophoresis

Summary The determination of baicalin, chlorogenic acid and forsythin in a traditional Chinese medicinal preparation, Shuanghuanglian oral liquid, has been investigated by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis using borate buffer, SDS and acetonitrile as background electrolyte, 15 kV applied voltage and UV detection, the three active compounds were completely separated within 15 min. The effect of buffer pH, concentration of borate and SDS are discussed. Regression equations reveal linear relationships between the peak-area of each component and content. In addition, the levels of three active compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal preparation, Shuanghuanglian oral liquid, were easily determined with recoveries of 95.20–105.73%.     

青果锌口服液疗效观察

观察了青果锌口服液的疗效。结果表明,该口服液经铅过高的婴幼儿166例试食,总有效率95.8%,疗效显著;用于铅、镉、铝偏高,钙、镁、锌偏低的秃顶或脱发成年人5例,全部有效。提示本品有排毒、生发、改善胃肠功能、改善睡眠等作用。     

金菇儿童口服液氨基酸和微量元素的分析

测定了金菇儿童口服液中氨基酸及微量元素的含量，并探讨了它们与金菇儿童口服液功效的关系。     

Warfarin Sodium Stability in Oral Formulations

Warfarin sodium is a low-dose pharmaceutical blood thinner that exists in two forms: the clathrate form and the amorphous form. In commercially available warfarin sodium oral suspension, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is added in the amorphous state. This study investigates the apparent instability of the commercially available warfarin liquid oral formulation using Raman and IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, UV spectroscopy, and optical microscopy. Warfarin, not its sodium salt, was identified as the undissolved solid existing in the suspension. This was found to be due to the dissociation of sodium salt and the protonation of the warfarin ion in the liquid phase, which triggered the crystallization of the sparingly soluble unsalted form. The coexistence of protonated and unprotonated warfarin ions in the supernatant, as detected by Raman and UV spectroscopy, confirmed this assumption. Study of the dissolution of warfarin sodium amorphous salt and crystalline sodium clathrate in the placebo and pure water verified the results. The effect of pH and temperature on warfarin precipitation was also explored.     

Sensitive liquid chromatographic method for physostigmine in biological fluids using dual-electrode electrochemical detection

A liquid chromatographic method using dual-electrode detection has been developed for determination of physostigmine in biological fluids. The limit of detection is in the order of 25-50 pg mol-1 of plasma. A high sample throughput is obtained by a single solvent extraction step and autoinjection into the chromatograph. Data following oral doses of physostigmine are presented.     

Development of a novel method combining HPLC fingerprint and multi-ingredients quantitative analysis for quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine preparation

A novel method combining high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint and simultanous quantitative analysis of multiple acitve components was developed and validated for quality evaluation of one type of traditional Chinese medicine preparations: Shuang-huang-lian (SHL) oral liquid formulation. For fingerprint analysis, 45 peaks were selected as the common peaks to evaluate the similarities among several different SHL oral liquid preparations collected from manufacturers. Additionally, simultanous quantification of eleven markers, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, forsythiaside, scutellarin, baicalin, forsythin, luteoloside, apigenin, baicalein and wogonin, was performed. Statistical analysis of the obtained data demonstrated that our method has achieved desired linearity, precision and accuracy. Finally, concentrations of these eleven markers in SHL oral liquid prepared by different manufacturers in China were determined. These results demonstrated that the combination of HPLC chromatographic fingerprint and simultaneous quantification of multi-ingredients offers an efficient and reliable approach for quality evaluation of SHL oral liquid preparations.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of arecoline in human saliva

Arecoline (methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl nicotinate) is an alkaloid found in the areca catechu nut which is a major component of the 'betel quid' chewed by a large proporation of the population in India, South Asia and the South Pacific islands. It is commonly associated with the development of oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. We have developed a new ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of arecoline in saliva, using arecaidine (1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylnicotinic acid) as an internal standard. The optimal wavelength was established using UV absorbance scans. It was showed that 215 nm is the optimal wavelength to maximise the signal in detecting arecoline in the mobile phase. Arecoline was extracted from saliva with hexane-isoamyl alcohol (1%) and reconstituted with mobile phase for HPLC analysis. The developed method is an easy and reliable method of determining arecoline concentrations in saliva. Sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy and reproducibility of the method were demonstrated to be satisfactory for measuring the arecoline level.