Direct modulation and optical confinement factor modulation of semiconductor lasers

A method for modulation of semiconductor lasers is demonstrated. The method is based on the modulation of the optical confinement factor. Using this method an enhanced—3-dB bandwidth is observed in agreement with the small signal rate equation analysis. A modulation response that drops at high frequencies slower than the conventional direct current modulation response is achieved. This supports the theoretical predictions, showing an intrinsic 1/f decay rate for the optical confinement factor modulation scheme versus an intrinsic 1/f² decay for direct modulation.     

注入半导体激光器混沌调制性能与内部相位键控编码方法研究

研究注入半导体激光混沌调制解调及其性能特性，提出外部光注入半导体激光器混沌内部相位编码方法. 小信号调制分析了系统混沌调制响应函数和解调响应函数以及解调因子，系统的调制解调响应函数以及解调因子在60MHz有一个峰值，系统在高频调制时，响应函数和解调因子明显下降. 理论推导出混沌调制解调方程，给出了小信号调制时的信息信号的解，数值分析出系统在低频有一个调制解调峰值，高频调制解调效果下降，但系统仍可以进行10⁹Hz频率调制解调. 数值模拟并证明了系统在较大的参数范围内都能实现同步，模拟了混沌调制速率200Mb/s和调制频率1.4GHz的保密通信应用. 还通过键控调制注入光的相位相移对激光混沌态进行了编码，通过同步与非同步进行混沌解码，数值模拟了具有调制速率10Mb/s的混沌相位键控编码通信应用. 关键词： 混沌 同步 激光器 相位     

Analysis and minimization of cross phase modulation in semiconductor optical amplifiers for multichannel WDM optical communication systems

A theoretical model for crosstalk in multichannel wavelength division multiplexing communication systems due to cross phase saturation in semiconductor optical amplifier structure is developed. This theoretical model is used to analyze the impact of the cross phase noise on the performance of semiconductor optical amplifiers in saturation region for WDM communication system by using differential phase shift modulation format. It is shown that by increasing the carrier life time, width and thickness while reducing the confinement factor, differential gain and bias current in the SOA structure mitigates the cross talk due to cross phase saturation. The impact of penalty and cross phase noise imposed on multichannel WDM links have been investigated for different parameters of the SOA with the variation in transmission distance. With the slight increase in differential gain of 200.2 × 10⁻¹⁸ cm² and confinement factor 0.41, the maximum transmission distance observed is 5220 km with good quality and nil power penalty for 10 × 40 Gb/s soliton RZ-DPSK WDM signals for the first time.     

Electrooptical modulation in the Stark-ladder regime

A direct measurement of the in-plane birefringence below the absorption edge of a GaAs/AlAs superlattice (SL) under electric fields shows a unique type of electrooptical modulation. The SL is sandwiched between two doped AlGaAs alloy layers, which play the simultaneous role of positive (p ⁺) and negative (n ^?) contacts, as well as clad layers, to achieve optical waveguiding. The p-(SL)-n structure is chosen so that, as a function of the externally applied bias, it displays Stark-ladder localization and the quantum confined Stark effect at low and high fields, respectively. We show that this results in an electrooptical modulation, in which the built-in birefringence of the SL initially decreases and shows a crossover to a quadratic increase for larger fields.     

All‐optical modulation based on silicon quantum dot doped SiOx:Si‐QD waveguide

All‐optical modulation based on silicon quantum dot doped SiO_x:Si‐QD waveguide is demonstrated. By shrinking the Si‐QD size from 4.3 nm to 1.7 nm in SiO_x matrix (SiO_x:Si‐QD) waveguide, the free‐carrier absorption (FCA) cross section of the Si‐QD is decreased to 8 × 10⁻¹⁸ cm² by enlarging the electron/hole effective masses, which shortens the PL and Auger lifetime to 83 ns and 16.5 ps, respectively. The FCA loss is conversely increased from 0.03 cm⁻¹ to 1.5 cm⁻¹ with the Si‐QD size enlarged from 1.7 nm to 4.3 nm due to the enhanced FCA cross section and the increased free‐carrier density in large Si‐QDs. Both the FCA and free‐carrier relaxation processes of Si‐QDs are shortened as the radiative recombination rate is enlarged by electron–hole momentum overlapping under strong quantum confinement effect. The all‐optical return‐to‐zero on‐off keying (RZ‐OOK) modulation is performed by using the SiO_x:Si‐QD waveguides, providing the transmission bit rate of the inversed RZ‐OOK data stream conversion from 0.2 to 2 Mbit/s by shrinking the Si‐QD size from 4.3 to 1.7 nm.     

Full-Duplex Link Providing Alternative Wired and Wireless Broadband Access for the Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network with a Uniform Converged Signal Format

Abstract

A full-duplex link implementing alternative wired and wireless access for wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical network is proposed with the uniformed three-tone converged optical signal, which provides a wired or wireless downlink access signal alternatively and an uplink optical carrier. The uplink optical carrier reversed by the converged optical signal makes the hybrid optical node unit free from the optical source. The simulation results show that the full-duplex link with a 10-Gb/s 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) downstream and 5 Gb/s binary upstream can provide both wired access with a bit-error rate below 10^?9 and radio-over-fiber-based wireless access with a bit-error rate below 10^?7 over 40 km of fiber without an optical source and optical amplifier in the hybrid optical node unit.     

Crossover from strong to weak exciton confinement and third-harmonic generation on one-dimensional quantum dots

We study the effects of exciton confinement on the nonlinear optical susceptibility of one-dimensional quantum dots. We use a direct numerical diagonalization to obtain the eigenenergies and eigenstates of the discretized Hamiltonian representing an electron–hole pair confined by a semiparabolic potential and interacting with each other via a Coulomb potential. Density matrix perturbation theory is used to compute the nonlinear optical susceptibilities due to third-harmonic generation and the corresponding nonlinear corrections to the refractive index and absorption coefficient. These quantities are analyzed as a function of ratio between the confinement length L and the exciton Bohr radius a₀. The Coulomb potential degrades the uniformity of the level separation. We show that this effect promotes the emergence of multiple resonance peaks in the third-harmonic generation spectrum. In the weak confinement regime β = L/a₀ ? 1, the third-order susceptibility is shown to decay as 1/β⁸ due to the prevalence of the hydrogenoid character of the exciton eigenstates.     

Radio-frequency modulation of the reflection of light in semiconductor heterostructures

A contact-free method of modulation spectroscopy of semiconductor heterostructures is developed. The method employs the effect of an intensity-modulated rf or microwave field on the reflection of the probe light and makes it possible to investigate electron-hole interaction effects in different layers of a heterostructure. A model is proposed which explains the characteristic features of the rf-modulated optical reflection spectra observed on selectively doped GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures is proposed. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 67, No. 3, 217–221 (10 February 1998)     

Asymmetrically Apodized Linearly Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings for Efficient Pulse Compression

Abstract

A simple and stable technique of optical short pulse generation for soliton transmission based on external modulation is reviewe.By using nonlinearity of absorption characteristics of an electroabsorption modulator, ultra-short optical pulse trains having a shape close to sech² shape can be generated just with sinusoidal modulation, without ultra-short driving pulses and ultra-broad bandwidth of the modulator. The pulse width and the repetition rate can be varied by changing the electrical driving conditions. Quasi-transform-limited optical pulseswith time-bandwidth product of 0.32 were successfully generated by the sinusoidally driven InGaAsP electroabsorption modulator with up to 20 GHz repetition rate. An application of a λ/4-shifted DFB laser-electroabsorption modulator integrated light source to a single-chip soliton source is also described. The high quality of the modulator-generator pulses has been proven by long-distance soliton transmission over 6400 km at 2.5 Gb/s using a recirculating fiber loop.     

Characterisation of the potential of frequency modulation and optical feedback locking for cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy

A combination of optical feedback self-locking of a continuous-wave distributed feedback diode laser to a V-shaped high finesse cavity, laser phase modulation at a frequency equal to the free spectral range of the V-cavity and detection of the transmitted laser beam at this high modulation frequency is described for the possible application in cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. In order to estimate the noise level of an absorbance baseline, the triplet of frequency modulated light, i.e. the central laser frequency and the two sidebands, were transmitted through both the V-cavity in open air and a 1.5-cm long optical cell placed behind the cavity output mirror and filled with acetylene (C₂H₂) at low pressure. The performance of the setup was evaluated from the measured relative intensity noise on the cavity output (normalised by the bandwidth) and the frequency modulation absorption signals induced by C₂H₂ absorption in the 1.5-cm cell. From these data, we estimate that the noise-equivalent absorption sensitivity of 2.1 × 10^?11 cm^?1 Hz^?1/2—by a factor of 11.7 above the shot-noise limit—can be achieved for C₂H₂ absorption spectra extracted from the heterodyne beat signals recorded at the transmission maxima intensity peaks of the successive TEM₀₀ resonances.     

Optical beamforming networks employing phase modulation and direct detection

We propose a novel dispersion-based optical beamforming network scheme employing phase modulation and direct detection. Optical phase modulators have the advantages of simple-structure, low loss and absence of bias. Dispersion-induced phase-to-intensity conversion is utilized to facilitate direct detection. A structure of wideband dispersive device (WDD) cascaded with periodic dispersive device (PDD) is introduced to enhance the system flexibility, so that the delay adjustability and RF response can be properly designed respectively by choosing appropriate dispersions of the WDD and PDD. A concept-proof system with a wideband chirped fiber grating (CFG) as the WDD and two multiband CFGs (MCFG1 and MCFG2) as the PDD separately is built to demonstrate the basic idea. The delay tuning range is 0-1.8 ns with increment of 164.2 ps. The passband center is 30 GHz for MCFG1 and 20 GHz for MCFG2, and the fractional bandwidth is 51.8%. The shot-noise-limited spurious-free dynamic range is also analyzed and measured to be 105.7 dB ⋅ Hz^2/3 when the average photocurrent is 2.7 mA.     

Optical receiver with large-area photodiode for multilevel modulation

A large-diameter PIN photodiode (400 μm) with antireflection coating optimized for wavelength 650 nm was integrated with an automatic gain control transimpedance amplifier, linear post amplifier and 50Ω linear driver. The presented optical receiver shows a high linearity in receiving multilevel signals. A sensitivity of ?29.5dBm (BER = 10^?9) at 200 Mb/s with binary signal was achieved. By using four-level pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) a data rate of 400 Mb/s and a sensitivity of ?21.5 dBm (SER = 10^?9) was achieved.     

Performance enhancement of the power penalty in DWDM FSO communication using DPPM and OOK modulation

This paper presents the design and performance enhancement of the power penalty (PP) in a dense wavelength division multiplexing based on free space optical communication (FSOC) link using digital pulse position modulation (DPPM) and on–off keying (OOK) modulation. Such a system has a high performance, low cost, robust and power efficient, reliable, excessive flexibility, and higher data rate for access networks. The system performance is evaluated for an 8-channel wavelength-division-multiplexing for hybrid fiber FSOC system at 2.5 Gbps on widely accepted modulation schemes under various atmospheric turbulence (AT) regimes conditions. The performance of system is introduced in terms of PP, bit-error rate (BER), transmission distance and the average received optical power. The numerical results shows that the improvement of the PP using DPPM modulation of 0.2–3.0 dB for weak turbulence (WT) regimes for BER of 10^?6 and above 20, 25 dB for strong turbulence (ST) regimes are reported for BER of 10^?6 and 10^?9, as respectively (depending on the AT level). Further, we develop of improvement the PP caused by multiple-access interference about 6.686 dB which is predicted for target BER of 10^?9 in WT and 1 dB at target BER of 10^?6 in ST when the 8 user are active on the system of optical network units. Additionally, the optical power budget and margin losses of a system are calculated with different link length. The proposed approach of DPPM merges superiority with higher enhancement of PP about 0.8 dB for BER equal 10^?9 at FSO link length l_fso?=?2000 m compared to OOK at 1 dB for WT. An improvement of 2 dB is observed using the DPPM scheme over an OOK due to capability of detect pulses under background noise conditions with increased receiver sensitivity.     

Optical activity of incommensurate crystals with plane-wave modulation

A phenomenological approach is used to discuss the propagation of polarized light in the incommensurately modulated phases of crystals of the family A₂BX₄ with spatially averaged inversion symmetry. The Jones-matrix technique for an anisotropic inhomogeneous medium is used to calculate the optical parameters of a crystal with sinusoidally modulated dielectric parameters. It is demonstrated that these crystals can exhibit a weak optical activity, i.e., weaker than that of crystals without inversion symmetry. Also discussed are boundary conditions on the phase of the modulation wave at the surface of a crystal plate. Results are obtained suggesting that the optical properties of an incommensurately modulated crystal need not depend on the shape of the modulation wave. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 1360–1365 (August 1996)     

High-pressure Mössbauer spectroscopy with nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation

Abstract

Using a diamond anvil cell, high-pressure ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy has been performed with the nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation. A pressure-induced magnetic hyperfine interaction at ⁵⁷Fe in SrFeO_{2, 97} has been detected at 44 GPa and 300 K for a first time by a quantum-beat modulation of the decay rate after collective nuclear excitation by the synchrotron pulse. The basic concept and method used to detect nuclear forward scattering with synchrotron radiation are discussed.     

Self-induced high-speed modulation in microchip solid-state lasers with asymmetric end pumping

We applied laser-diode sheetlike end pumping to a multimode Nd:YVO(4) laser and observed high-speed (>400-MHz) modulation of the intensity of chaotic pulsation near 1 MHz. The frequencies of modulation were the beat frequencies for pairs of closely spaced lasing modes. Asymmetric optical confinement and the resultant modal interference are shown to lead to oval-hollow-mode operation in which modal beat notes induce high-speed modulation, the frequency range of which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the intrinsic relaxation oscillation frequency. Good numerical reproduction of the observed chaotic pulsations and their high-speed modulation was obtained with model equations in which such effects as nonlinear gain coupling among modes and field interference between pairs of modes were included. High-speed pulsations in nonchaotic lasers were also demonstrated.     

Metal-insulator transition in the low-dimensional organic conductor (TMTSF)<Subscript>2</Subscript>FSO<Subscript>3</Subscript> probed by infrared microspectroscopy

We present measurements of the infrared response of the quasi-one-dimensional organic conductor (TMTSF)₂FSO₃ along (E ) and perpendicular (E ) to the stacking axis as a function of temperature. Above the metal-insulator transition related to the anion ordering the optical conductivity spectra show a Drude-like response. Below the transition an energy gap of about 1500 cm^-1 (185 meV) opens, leading to the corresponding charge transfer band in the optical conductivity spectra. The analysis of the infrared-active vibrations gives evidence for the long-range crystal structure modulation below the transition temperature and for the short-range order fluctuations of the lattice modulation above the transition temperature. We also report about a new infrared mode at around 710 cm-1 with a peculiar temperature behavior, which has so far not been observed in any other (TMTSF)₂X salt showing a metal-insulator transition. A qualitative model based on the coupling between the TMTSF molecule vibration and the reorientation of electrical dipole moment of the FSO₃ anion is proposed, in order to explain the anomalous behavior of this new mode.     

An optical continuous phase FSK modulation scheme with an arbitrary modulation index over long-haul transmission fiber link

This paper presents an optical continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) modulation scheme with an arbitrary modulation index. The detailed principle on the optical CPFSK generation is derived and analyzed, which includes the special case of the minimum-shift keying (MSK) with a modulation index h = 1/2. The differential detection and the coherent detection of CPFSK are also depicted. The performances of the four kinds of the optical CPFSK modulated system with a 40 Gb/s modulation rate whose modulation index are h = 1/2, h = 2/3, h = 3/4 and h = 1 are simulated via the spectral efficiency and the receiver sensitivity over fiber link respectively. In addition, comparison with the differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is taken. Through the calculation of the spectral efficiency of each modulation formats, CPFSK has higher spectral efficiency than DPSK with the same optical devices. The transmission performances of our CPFSK over the fiber link change better as the modulation index increases under the condition of the first order dispersion of the fiber link is completely compensated. Through simulations, a 1200 km transmission distance can be achieved with a modulation index h = 1.     

Performance limitations of an optical heterodyne CPFSK transmission system due to self-phase modulation

A detailed theoretical analysis is presented to evaluate the combined influence of self-phase modulation (SPM) and group velocity dispersion (GVD) of optical fiber on the bit error rate (BER) performance of a heterodyne optical CPFSK system. The power penalty suffered by the system due to the combined influence of GVD and SPM is evaluated from the BER performance results. It is found that the penalty due to SPM at a BER of 10⁻⁹ is significant when the input power exceeds 7 dBm. Further, the CPFSK system with modulation index of 0.5 is less sensitive to the effects of GVD and SPM compared to the system with a modulation index of 1. The theoretical results are in conformity with the experimental results reported earlier.     

Dynamics and distribution of intensity fluctuations in the modes of an injection laser with strong high-frequency modulation of the pump current

The dynamical behavior and spectral density of the intensity fluctuations of optical radiation in the modes of an injection laser with strong high-frequency modulation of the pump current have been investigated by numerical methods. A method for transforming the Einstein-Fokker-Planck equation was used to analyze the effect of random fluctuations of the carrier and photon generation-recombination rate on the dynamics and spectral characteristics of an injection laser. The distribution of the time-averaged continuous and discrete components of the radiation intensity in the modes of an injection laser was studied as a function of the parameters of the laser and the characteristics of the modulation. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 78–82 (April 1997)