New aspects of experimental study of the pion-nucleon interaction in the resonance region

New experimental data that were obtained by the PNPI-ITEP Collaboration have resolved some discrete ambiguities in the partial-wave analysis (PWA). These results were used in the new FA02 PWA performed at George Washington University. At the same time, the FA02 PWA has revealed considerable fewer N* and Δ resonances than those listed in the RPP tables. This circumstance aggravated the known problem of so-called missing resonances. The program for further measurements of the spin rotation parameters in elastic πN scattering that are required to eliminate the remaining discrete PWA ambiguities is discussed.     

Polarised hot electron luminescence in p-GaAs: Electric field effects

Electrons photo-excited to high-energy conduction band states of GaAs exhibit complex energy and momentum distributions determined by the anisotropic valence band structure and the optical matrix elements. In p-type GaAs a fraction of these hot electrons combine with localised acceptor states, producing a hot electron luminescence (HEL) spectrum with a cascade of peaks corresponding to discrete energy losses resulting from LO-phonon emission. The highest peak involves unscattered electrons, and their energy distribution is due to warping of the initial heavy-hole (HH) bands. We report measurements of the line shape of this 0-HH peak, and its polarisation profile which identifies emission from electrons along particular directions. An applied electric field of 1 kV cm⁻¹ distorts the hot electron momentum distribution, and this is reflected in the polarisation profile. These line shapes and profiles, with and without field, are calculated using a computer model incorporating a band structure and optical matrix elements, the effect of electric field being included using a k-broadening model. The data and model are in good quantitative agreement assuming an electron lifetime of 100 fs, and confirm the expected differences in the profiles for different excitation polarisation states and applied field directions.     

Regge description of nucleon-nucleon polarisation

Recent polarisation data for pp and pn elastic scattering within the momentum range 6 to 45 GeV/c are economically described by a simple Regge model. A crucial feature of the model is the inclusion of a non-factorising pomeron which couples both to helicity flip and to non-flip. This allows an understanding of the observed t-dependent structure and rapid energy dependence of the pp polarisation. Predictions are made for pp and pn polarisation measurements at higher momenta. Fragmentary data on $\text{p}\text{p}$ elastic polarisation are compared to predictions.     

Die Polarisation der Fluoreszenz organischer Szintillationskristalle bei Anregung durchα-Strahlen

The polarisation of the fluorescence spectra of the organic scintillation crystals naphthalene, anthracene, terphenyl, quaterphenyl and stilbene is measured by excitation with α-particles. The measurements are carried out with thin crystal plates of different crystallographic orientation and for different angles of incidence of α-particles. Careful experiments showed that the polarisation values of anthracene do not depend on the angle of incidence of α-particles. A simple model is proposed for explaining the results and the polarisation values are discussed and compared with corresponding values of UV-investigations of other authors.     

What can be learnt about nuclear polarization from a consistency analysis ofe − cross sections and muonic X-rays for208Pb and the isotone pair209Bi/208Pb?

A joint analysis of recent electron scattering cross sections and muonic atom X-ray energies is performed for²⁰⁸Pb and the isotone pair²⁰⁹Bi/²⁰⁸Pb. From the compatibility of the experimental data one can learn about the nuclear polarisation correction. However, we find this information not to be as accurate as other authors claimed when we take into consideration the ambiguities in the treatment of the corrections of the higher levels.     

Optical-model analysis of 7Li + 25Mg and 7Li + 27Al elastic scattering at 89 MeV

The elastic scattering angular distributions for ⁷Li + ²⁵Mg and ⁷Li + ²⁷Al were measured at $\text{E(}{}^7\text{Li}\text{) = 89}\text{MeV}$ over angular ranges of 8–55° c.m. and 8–64° c.m. Previously published measurements for ^{24, 26}Mg at 89 MeV and ²⁴Mg at 34 MeV are reanalyzed. The cross sections were analysed using a 6-parameter phenomenological Saxon-Woods potential. No discrete ambiguities were found but the usual continuous ambiguities exist. The data were also analysed with double folded real potentials generated using the M3Y effective interaction. The folded potential must be multiplied by about 0.6 to fit the data. The extent to which ⁷Li optical-model potentials are determined and suggestions for further work on the normalization of the folded potential are discussed.     

Concentration quenching of fluorescence in solutions

The paper describes the result of the measurements of the intensity and polarisation of fluorescence of dyestuffs in solution and their conductivities at different concentrations. From the nature of the variation of the intensity, polarisation and conductivity with concentration it has been suggested that the quenching of fluorescence of dyes in solution is due to the collision of the second kind.     

On the reflection and polarisation properties of ice cloud

A number of cirrus ice crystal scattering models are tested using measurements of total reflectance and polarised reflectance obtained from the space-based polarisation and directionality of Earth's reflectances (POLDER) instrument. In this paper, 1 day of global POLDER data is utilised taken from the 25 June 2003 to test the assumed ice crystal models. The POLDER instrument is able to test the validity of various ice crystal models since it can measure the total reflectance and polarised reflectance at up to 14 different viewing directions almost simultaneously between the scattering angles of about 60–180°. It is found that ice crystal models that are randomised (in this case the randomisation element is through distortion) from some pristine ice crystal geometry best fit simultaneous measurements of total and polarised reflectance. The optimal distortion parameter that best describes the POLDER measurements is found to be 0.40, which has been applied to a randomly oriented six-branched bullet-rosette and randomly oriented chain-like aggregate. Moreover, distorted ice crystals that have undergone significant distortions beyond 0.40 may fit the total reflectance measurements but not the polarisation measurements. Therefore, total reflectance measurements by themselves do not provide sufficient information to constrain assumed complex/distorted ice crystal models.     

On the polarisation sensitivity and performance optimisation of a dual pump four wave mixing based wavelength converter

This paper presents a detailed investigation of the performance of a wavelength conversion scheme. The converter is based on four wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers using two parallel polarised pumps. Measurements of the conversion efficiency and the signal to background noise ratio of the two replicas of the signal, for the cases of the signal polarisation being either parallel or orthogonal relative to the pump waves have been carried out. These measurements will reveal the polarisation sensitivity of this scheme which appears to be less than 1 dB when the wavelength spacing between the signal and its closest spaced pump is larger than 12 nm. The experimental results are supported in a satisfactory way by theoretical considerations. A simple theoretical expression describing the polarisation sensitivity have been derived and the theoretical results are in good agreement with those experimentally obtained. A performance comparison of the conversion scheme using semiconductor optical amplifiers with different lengths but the same structure is also performed. Through the following study the optimum operational conditions for this wavelength conversion scheme will be determined.     

The ’t Hooft vertex revisited

In 1976 ’t Hooft introduced an elegant approach towards understanding the physical consequences of the topological structures that appear in non-Abelian gauge theories. These effects are concisely summarized in terms of an effective multi-fermion interaction. These old arguments provide a link between a variety of recent and sometimes controversial ideas including discrete chiral symmetries appearing in some models for unification, ambiguities in the definition of quark masses, and flaws with some simulation algorithms in lattice gauge theory.     

Some polarisation effects in photoemission from a cubic crystal

The energy distribution spectra of photoelectrons emitted normal to the (100) face of tungsten were investigated with respect to their polarisation dependence. The results are compatible with the assumption that surface photoemission vanishes if the exciting light is polarised parallel to the emitting surface. This is demonstrated for the examples of emission from a high density of states at the surface, a surface resonance, and an adsorbate induced level. The measurements also show that emission following direct optical excitation in the bulk is polarisation sensitive, supporting the idea of an anisotropic excitation along a star of k-vectors in the bulk. Some indication is also given of emission in ‘secondary cones’.     

Obtaining the apex of the unitarity triangle from B-->piK decays

We present a method of obtaining the apex of the unitarity triangle from measurements of B-->piK decay rates alone. Electroweak penguin amplitudes are included, and are related to tree operators. Discrete ambiguities are removed by comparing solutions with independent experimental data. The theoretical uncertainty in this method is about 10%.     

Three to six ambiguities in immittance spectroscopy data fitting

Several important ambiguities in immittance spectroscopy (IS) model data-fitting results are identified and illustrated by means of complex-nonlinear-least-squares (CNLS) fits of experimental and synthetic frequency response data. A well-known intrinsic ambiguity, following from Maxwell's electromagnetic equations, arises from the indistinguishability in external measurements of conduction and displacement currents. Usual fit models for either dielectric or conductive-system situations, such as the Davidson-Cole one, only involve a strength parameter, a dielectric constant, a characteristic relaxation time, and a fractional exponent and lead to no additional ambiguities. But the situation is different for more powerful and useful general models, such as ordinary or anomalous diffusion Poisson-Nernst-Planck ones: PNP and PNPA, used here, whose historical background, current status, and applicability are described and discussed herein. They apply to two different kinds of experimental IS situations and involve several additional, potentially free fit parameters, such as the mobilities of positive and negative charge carriers, and generation-recombination parameters that determine the partial or complete dissociation of a neutral entity of concentration N(0) into positive and negative charge carriers of equal concentration, c(0). Then, several additional ambiguities appear that may require information about the material system involved for their adequate resolution.     

Thermoreflectance of GaTe near room temperature

Thermoreflectance measurements on GaTe near 300 K are reported between 1.6–4.75 eV. Strong polarisation effects have been found to depend on the orientation of the electric vector with respect to the b-axis. Correlations between the present results and previously reported work are given in addition to the enumeration of hitherto unobserved features.     

Dispersion-induced nonlinearities in semiconductors

A dispersive and saturable medium is shown, under very general conditions, to possess ultrafast dynamic behaviour due to non-adiabatic polarisation dynamics. Simple analytical expressions relating the effect to the refractive index dispersion of a semiconductor are derived and the magnitude of the equivalent Kerr coefficient is shown to be in qualitative agreement with measurements on active semiconductor waveguides.     

Corrosion inhibition of steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 by [(2-pyridin-4-ylethyl)thio]acetic acid

The influence of [(2-pyridin-4-ylethyl)thio]acetic acid (P1) and pyridine (P2) on the corrosion inhibition of steel in sulphuric acid solution is studied using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarisation and linear polarisation resistance (R_p) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Results obtained show that P1 is the best inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency (E%) increases with the increase of concentration. The highest E% of 82% is observed at 5 × 10⁻³ M. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies clearly reveal that P1 acts as a mixed inhibitor. The inhibitor studied reduces the corrosion rates. E% values obtained from various methods used are in good agreement. Adsorption of P1 on steel surface obeys to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Effect of temperature indicates that E% decreases with temperature between 298 and 353 K.     

Atomic scale study of the anti-vortex domain structure in polycrystalline ferroelectric

A modified first-principles-based atomistic method incorporating the anisotropic shell model is developed for the simulation of the vortex-type polarisation in polycrystalline ferroelectric. Based on the modified model, a series of distinct vortex and anti-vortex polarisation configurations are obtained at atomic scale simulation in which the anti-vortex polarisation configuration in polycrystalline ferroelectric has never been reported in the open literature. In this study, a standard definition is given to the polarised anti-vortex in mathematics and polarisation topology. The accurate distribution has been obtained from the simulation and validated by analogy of the vortex field using the Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire theory. The properties of the anti-vortex are studied to establish the relationship among the polarisation value of the vector, the radius and the streamlines curvature of the anti-vortex. Based on the polarisation mechanism, a method is proposed for experimenters to observe clearly and position accurately the polarisation anti-vortex and vortex, which could combine as novel domain structure.