多超声协同的溴化锂溶液空化气泡动力学特性

超声空化有助于强化盐溶液沸腾传热过程.为改善溴化锂水溶液在真空条件下的发生效率,提出了多超声协同强化吸收式制冷系统的溴化锂水溶液发生过程方法.构建了多超声协同的气泡动力学数学模型,探讨了不同因素对溶液空化特性的影响.通过搭建超声波强化发生器内溶液传热过程的试验台,对理论结果进行了可行性验证.研究结果表明:多超声协同相比单振子对真空发生器内溶液空化特性的影响,具有更明显的强化作用;频率为25 kHz,总超声功率为60 W时,双超声振子和单超声振子的系统发生率较无超声时分别提高了10.26％和5.69％,超声强化传热效率随着溶液浓度的增加而减弱.     

超声波降解溴苯:操作参数与环境因素的影响

本文考察了用超声波降解水中溴苯的动力学与脱卤效应,并研究了重要的操作参数如强度与饱和气体,以及环境干扰因素如悬浮物、地表水其他杂质的影响。结果表明,超声波可以有效地处理溴苯,在20kHz,7.5W／cm2下一级反应常数达0.044／min,脱卤效率达58％。本研究范围内,声强度越高,反应越快。氧气和氩气下降解速率高于空气下。超声降解不受地表水中杂质、纳米级微粒、无机颗粒的影响,但有机悬浮物能在一定程度上干扰溴苯的超声降解。     

超声波降解有机物溶液的气泡动力学研究

在超声波降解有机物溶液过程中,超声空化产生的高温高压以及空化泡振荡产生的激波在有机物溶液的降解中发挥重要作用.本文通过对超声波作用下气泡动力学的研究,讨论了超声波声压、频率、气泡初始半径等参量对有机物溶液降解效率的影响.研究发现,存在使降解效率极大的声压和频率。在空化稳定的情况下,存在一个使降解效率极大的气泡初始半径,降解效率随着黏滞系数的增大而减小。研究还发现,双频超声作用的空化效果比单频超声作用时强,与双频超声作用下有机物溶液降解率较大这一实验结果一致。      

农药残留动态的原位衰减全反射红外光谱表征

原位衰减全反射红外光谱用于农药残留动态研究。通过对果蔬(西红柿)表面敌敌畏和乙酰甲胺磷两种农药的原位表征,发现敌敌畏具有显著的挥发性,喷淋20min后降解达80%,同时,表征CO的1 734cm-1吸收峰在20min转为负峰,结合3 073cm-1吸收峰显著减弱,1 277cm-1吸收峰在减弱的同时发生了显著的红移(30cm-1),表明敌敌畏可能存在一定程度的水解;而喷淋乙酰甲胺磷后120min无明显变化,表明乙酰甲胺磷相对稳定。     

超声波与光协同降解对氯苯酚水溶液的机理研究

为阐明超声波与光协同作用机理,以对氯苯酚为研究对象,研究了对氯苯酚水溶液在超声波与光(紫外光,可见光)单独及共同辐照下的降解现象,研究发现对氯苯酚水溶液在超声波及紫外光单独辐照下均发牛降解,降解过程符合一级反应动力学规律.在超声波和紫外光共同辐照下,降解过程也符合一级反应动力学规律,同时对氯苯酚水溶液降解呈现显著的声光协同效应,即同一辐照时间内超声波和紫外光共同辐照下对氯苯酚的降解率大于超声波和紫外光单独辐照下各自降解率之和.另一方面,超声波和可见光共同辐照没有呈现出明显的卢光协同效应.超声波和紫外光共同辐照下的声光协同效应被归因于紫外光对超声空化过程中产生的过氧化氢的裂解作用.     

超声方法对于海藻酸钠的降解反应研究

用超声方法对海藻酸钠溶液进行了降解研究,研究了各种因素对降解效果的影响,得出了聚合物溶液特性粘度与降解时间的经验公式。     

壳聚糖混合膜酶降解的FTIR分析

生物可降解性是壳聚糖的重要性质之一,但利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究降解过程中壳聚糖的变化则较少。文章制备了由高脱乙酰度壳聚糖(HDC)和中脱乙酰度壳聚糖(MDC)组成的混合膜。运用FTIR分析了壳聚糖混合膜组分变化对其红外谱图和脱乙酰度(DD)的影响,并研究了该混合膜在溶菌酶的降解作用下红外谱图和脱乙酰度的变化。发现壳聚糖混合膜材料的脱乙酰度与膜中MDC组分的比例呈线性关系;随降解的进行,混合膜的脱乙酰度增加。结果证实了溶菌酶对较低脱乙酰度壳聚糖的选择性降解作用,而且表明FTIR可用于分析壳聚糖混合膜降解过程中的化学变化。     

超声空化状态对苯酚降解的影响

给出不同空化状态下超声波降解苯酚溶液的实验结果,比较了相应的声压级频谱和合成声强。研究了苯酚溶液的浓度,二阶铁盐,超声辐射时间对苯酚降解率的影响,讨论了不同空化状态下的声压级频谱特征。     

超声空化状态对苯酚降解的影晌

给出不同空化状态下超声波降解苯酚溶液的实验结果,比较了相应的声压级频谱和合成声强。研究了苯酚溶液的浓度、二阶铁盐、超声辐照时间对苯酚降解率的影响,讨论了不同空化状态下的声压级频谱特征。     

双频超声交替强化超临界流体萃取装置的设计与应用

本文针对超临界流体萃取（SFE）系统设备的特点，设计丁可用于强化SFE过程的双频超声波交替强化装置。以香椿叶中黄酮类化合物为提取对象，对超声强化USFE过程的影响因素及强化效果进行了实验研究，结果表明；低频超声利于提取，频率为20kHz的超声强化的萃取率最大，38kHz的超声最小，两者交替的居于中间。     

Mechanistic insight into sono-enzymatic degradation of organic pollutants with kinetic and thermodynamic analysis

In this paper, we have attempted to get a physical insight into process of sono-enzymatic treatment for degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants. Decolourization of an azo dye has been used as model reaction with different experimental protocols that alter characteristics of ultrasound and cavitation phenomena in the system. Experimental data is analyzed to determine kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of decolorization process. The trends observed in kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of decolourization are essentially manifestations of the dominating mechanism of the decolorization of the textile dye (or nature of prevalent chemical reaction in the system), viz. either molecular reaction due to enzyme or radical reaction due to transient cavitation. The activation energy for sonochemical protocol is negative, which indicates instantaneity of the radical reactions. The frequency factor is also low, which is attributed to high instability of radicals. For enzymatic and sono-enzymatic protocols, activation energy is positive with higher frequency factor. Enthalpy change for sonochemical protocol is negative, while that for enzymatic and sono-enzymatic protocols is positive. The net entropy change for sonochemical protocol is more negative than enzymatic or sono-enzymatic protocol due to differences in prevalent chemical mechanism of dye decolorization. Due to inverse variations of frequency factor and activation energy, marginal rise in reaction kinetics is seen for sono-enzymatic protocol, as compared to enzymatic treatment alone. Due to inverse variations of enthalpy and entropy change, net Gibbs energy change in all experimental protocols shows little variation indicating synergism of the mechanism of ultrasound and enzyme.     

Effective ultrasound electrochemical degradation of methylene blue wastewater using a nanocoated electrode

A novel sonoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation-driven process using a nanocoated electrode to treat methylene blue (MB) wastewater was developed. The nano-scale (nanocoated) electrode generated more hydroxyl radicals than non-nano-scale (non-nanocoated) electrodes did. However, hydroxyl radicals were easily adsorbed by the nanomaterial and thus were not able to enter the solution. Supersonic waves were found to enhance the mass-transfer effect on the nanocoated electrode surface, resulting in rapid diffusion of the generated hydroxyl radicals into the solution. In solution, the hydroxyl radicals then reacted with organic pollutants in the presence of ultrasonic waves. The effect of the nanocoated electrode on the MB wastewater treatment process was enhanced by ultrasound when compared to the non-nanocoated electrode used under the same conditions. The synergy of the nanocoated electrode and ultrasonic waves towards MB degradation was then studied. The optimum operating conditions resulted in a 92% removal efficiency for TOC and consisted of a current of 600 mA, an ultrasound frequency of 45 kHz, and a supersonic power of 250 W. The mechanism of ultrasound enhancement of the nanocoated electrode activity with respect to MB treatment is discussed. The reaction intermediates of the sonoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation process were monitored, and degradation pathways were proposed. The sonoelectrochemical catalytic oxidation-driven process using nanocoated electrodes was found to be a very efficient method for the treatment of non-biodegradable wastewater.     

The influence of frequency on the mechanical and radical effects for the ultrasonic degradation of dextranes

The ratio of mechanical and radical effects for the ultrasonic degradation of dextranes in aqueous solutions was studied in dependence of frequency and molecular weight of the dextranes. For low ultrasound frequency (35 kHz) a stronger increase of the polymer degradation with increasing molecular weight was found as expected on the basis of the radicals present. This is due to the mechanical effects of ultrasound. Applying higher frequencies (>500 kHz) only radical reactions are responsible for the degradation. Below a molecular weight limit of 40000 the mechanical effects vanish.     

Oxidative degradation of phenol in aqueous media using ultrasound

The degradation of phenol with ultrasound and the influence of several parameters - hydrostatic pressure, nature of the dissolved gas, frequency of the ultrasound - have been studied. Primary degradation products are dihydroxy benzenes and quinones. These products are further degraded upon time into low molecular carboxylic acids. COD reduction can be increased by the addition of Raney nickel. Based on the determination of the degradation products by HPLC and HPICE, a reaction scheme can be suggested.     

Exploring the effects of pulsed ultrasound at 205 and 616 kHz on the sonochemical degradation of octylbenzene sulfonate

Compared to continuous wave (CW) ultrasound, pulsed wave (PW) ultrasound has been shown to result in enhanced sonochemical degradation of octylbenzene sulfonate (OBS). However, pulsed ultrasound was investigated under limited pulsing conditions. In this study, pulse-enhanced degradation of OBS was investigated over a broad range of pulsing conditions and at two ultrasonic frequencies (616 and 205 kHz). The rate of OBS degradation was compared to the rate of formation of 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid (HTA) following sonolysis of aqueous terephthalic acid (TA) solutions. This study shows that sonication mode and ultrasound frequency affect both OBS degradation and HTA formation rates, but not necessarily in the same way. Unlike TA, OBS, being a surface active solute, alters the cavitation bubble field by adsorbing to the gas/solution interface of cavitation bubbles. Enhanced OBS degradation rates during pulsing are attributed to this adsorption process. However, negative or smaller pulse enhancements compared to enhanced HTA formation rates are attributed to a decrease in the high-energy stable bubble population and a corresponding increase in the transient bubble population. Therefore, sonochemical activity as determined from TA sonolysis cannot be used as a measure of the effect of pulsing on the rate of degradation of surfactants in water. Over relatively long sonolysis times, a decrease in the rate of OBS degradation was observed under CW, but not under PW conditions. We propose that the generation and accumulation of surface active and volatile byproducts on the surface and inside of cavitation bubbles, respectively, during CW sonolysis is a contributing factor to this effect. This result suggests that there are practical applications to the use of pulsed ultrasound as a method to degrade surface active contaminants in water.     

Sonochemical and sonocatalytic degradation of monolinuron in water

The degradation of the phenylurea monolinuron (MLN) by ultrasound irradiation alone and in the presence of TiO(2) was investigated in aqueous solution. The experiments were carried out at low and high frequency (20 and 800 kHz) in complete darkness. The degradation of MLN by ultrasounds occurred mainly by a radical pathway, as shown the inhibitory effect of adding tert-butanol and bicarbonate ions to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. However, CO(3)(-) radicals were formed with bicarbonate and reacted in turn with MLN. In this study, the degradation rate of MLN and the rate constant of H(2)O(2) formation were used to evaluate the oxidative sonochemical efficiency. It was shown that ultrasound efficiency was improved in the presence of nanoparticles of TiO(2) and SiO(2) only at 20 kHz. These particles provide nucleation sites for cavitation bubbles at their surface, leading to an increase in the number of bubbles when the liquid is irradiated by ultrasound, thereby enhancing sonochemical reaction yield. In the case of TiO(2), sonochemical efficiency was found to be greater than with SiO(2) for the same mass introduced. In addition to the increase in the number of cavitation bubbles, activated species may be formed at the TiO(2) surface that promote the formation of H(2)O(2) and the decomposition of MLN.     

Sonochemical and photosonochemical degradation of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous media

The degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in aqueous media by 516 kHz ultrasonic irradiation was investigated in order to clarify the degradation mechanism. The degradation of concentrated 4-CP solution by means of ultrasound, UV irradiation and their combined application was also studied. The obtained results indicate that *OH radical are the primary reactive species responsible for 4-CP ultrasonic degradation. Very little 4-CP degradation occurs if the sonolysis is carried out in the presence of the *OH radical scavenger tert-butyl alcohol, also indicating that little or no pyrolysis of the compound occurs. The dominant degradation mechanism is the reaction of substrate with *OH radicals at the gas bubble-liquid interface rather than high temperature direct pyrolysis in ultrasonic cavities. This mechanism can explain the lower degradation rate of the ionic form of 4-CP that is partly due to the rapid dissociation of *OH radicals in alkaline solutions. The sonochemical destruction of concentrated 4-CP aqueous solution is obtained with low rate. Coupling photolysis with ultrasound irradiation results in increased efficiency compared to the individual processes operating at common conditions. Interestingly, the photosonochemical decomposition rate constant is greater than the additive rate constants of the two processes. This may be the result of three different oxidative processes direct photochemical action, high frequency sonochemistry and reaction with ozone produced by UV irradiation of air, dissolved in liquid phase because of the geyser effect of ultrasound streaming. Additionally, the photodecomposition, at 254 nm, of hydrogen peroxide produced by ultrasound generating *OH radical can partly explain the destruction enhancement.     

A review on hybrid techniques for the degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous environment

The creation of the modern world requires many industrial sectors, however, sustainability needs to be considered while developing industries. In particular, organic pollutants generated by many of these industries contaminate the environment leading to health and other issues. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been introduced to remove organic pollutants present in wastewater. Sonolytic degradation of organic pollutants is considered as one of the AOPs, however, this process has its limitations. In order to overcome the limitations, hybrid techniques involving ultrasound and other AOPs have been developed. That is, ultrasound combined with heterogeneous AOPs (ultrasound/metal ions, ultrasound/metal oxides, and ultrasound/photocatalysis) and homogeneous AOPs (ultrasound/ozone, ultrasound/H₂O₂, and ultrasound/persulfate) for the degradation/mineralization of organic pollutants. This review highlights the advantages of using hybrid techniques involving ultrasound for the degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions.     

Ultrasonic degradation of polymers: effect of operating parameters and intensification using additives for carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

Use of ultrasound can yield polymer degradation as reflected by a significant reduction in the intrinsic viscosity or the molecular weight. The ultrasonic degradation of two water soluble polymers viz. carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been studied in the present work. The effect of different operating parameters such as time of irradiation, immersion depth of horn and solution concentration has been investigated initially using laboratory scale operation followed by intensification studies using different additives such as air, sodium chloride and surfactant. Effect of scale of operation has been investigated with experiments in the available different capacity reactors with an objective of recommending a suitable type of configuration for large scale operation. The experimental results show that the viscosity of polymer solution decreased with an increase in the ultrasonic irradiation time and approached a limiting value. Use of additives such as air, sodium chloride and surfactant helps in increasing the extent of viscosity reduction. At higher frequency operation the viscosity reduction has been found to be negligible possibly attributed to less contribution of the physical effects. The viscosity reduction in the case of ultrasonic horn has been observed to be more as compared to other large capacity reactors. Kinetic analysis of the polymer degradation process has also been performed. The present work has enabled us to understand the role of the different operating parameters in deciding the extent of viscosity reduction in polymer systems and also the controlling effects of low frequency high power ultrasound with experiments on different scales of operation.     

Effect of irradiation distance on degradation of phenol using indirect ultrasonic irradiation method

Ultrasound is used as degradation of hazardous organic compounds. In this study, indirect ultrasonic irradiation method was applied to the degradation process of phenol, the model hazardous organic compound, and the effects of irradiation distance on radical generation and ultrasonic power were investigated. The chemical effect estimated by KI oxidation dosimetry and ultrasonic power measured by calorimetry fluctuated for the irradiation distance, and there was a relationship between the period of the fluctuation of ultrasonic effect and the wavelength of ultrasound. The degradation of phenol was considered to progress in the zero-order kinetics, before the decomposition conversion was less than 25%. Therefore, the simple kinetic model on degradation of phenol was proposed, and there was a linear relation in the degradation rate constant of phenol and the ultrasonic power inside the reactor. In addition, the kinetic model proposed in this study was applied to the former study. There was a linear relation in the degradation rate constant of phenol and ultrasonic energy in the range of frequency of 20-30 kHz in spite of the difference of equipment and sample volume. On the other hand, the degradation rate constant in the range of frequency of 200-800 kHz was much larger than that of 20-30 kHz in the same ultrasonic energy, and this behaviour was agreed with the former investigation about the dependence of ultrasonic frequency on chemical effect.