Electrochemical determination of maltol in beverages with glassy carbon electrode and its silica sol-gel modified electrode

The electrochemical behavior of maltol on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode was investigated. The results were applied to differential pulse voltammetric determination of maltol in beverages pretreated by ultrafiltration. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linear range is 1×10⁻⁵ to 6×10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ maltol and the relative standard deviation for 0.4 mmol l⁻¹ maltol is 0.6% (n=9). The detection limit was 5 μmol l⁻¹. Furthermore, silica sol-gel film on GC electrode could be used as suitable selective membrane, which integrated selective membrane on the electrode and substituted for the pretreatment of ultrafiltration. Under the above conditions, maltol was determined by semi-differential linear sweep voltammetry at a silica sol-gel modified GC electrode in the concentration range of 5×10⁻⁶ to 5×10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹. The detection limit was 2 μmol l⁻¹ and the relative standard deviation for 0.1 mmol l⁻¹ maltol was 0.7% (n=7). The proposed method is of sensitivity, simplicity, rapidness and no contamination. It had been applied to the direct determination of maltol in beverages such as grape wines, drinks and beers without any pretreatment. The results obtained with the present method were satisfactory with those obtained by spectrophotometry. It could be used as a simple and practical method for the determination of the flavor enhancer maltol in beverages.     

Lithium ions determination by selective pre-concentration and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using a carbon paste electrode modified with a spinel-type manganese oxide

The use of selective pre-concentration and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) using a carbon paste electrode modified (CPEM) with spinel-type manganese oxide has been proposed for the determination of lithium ions content in natural waters. The new procedure is based on the effective pre-concentration of lithium ions on the electrode surface containing spinel-type Mn(IV) oxide with the reduction of Mn(IV) to Mn(III) and consequently the lithium ions intercalation (insertion) into the spinel structure. The best DPASV response was reached for an electrode composition of 25% (m/m) spinel-type MnO₂ in the paste, 0.1 mol l⁻¹ tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) buffer solution of pH 8.3, scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹, accumulation potential of 0.3 V versus saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE), pre-concentration time of 30 s and potential pulse amplitude of 50 mV. In these experimental conditions, the proposed methodology responds to lithium ions in the concentration range of 2.8×10⁻⁶ to 2.0×10⁻³ mol l⁻¹ with a detection limit of 5.6×10⁻⁷ mol l⁻¹. The determination of the lithium ions content in different samples of natural waters samples using the proposed methodology and atomic absorption spectrophotometry are in agreement at the 95% confidence level and within an acceptable range of error.     

Voltammetric study on the complex of thiram-copper(II) and its application

Based on the formation of tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram)-copper(II) complex by square-wave voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode, a new method is proposed for determination of thiram. There is a good linear relationship between peak current and concentration of thiram in the range of  mol l⁻¹ (r=0.999). The method is applied to the determination of thiram residue in plant with satisfactory results, compared with results achieved by using HPLC. Two oxidation peaks and two reduction peaks are obtained by cyclic voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode in 0.2 mol l⁻¹ HAc-NaAc (pH 4.0) solution containing thiram-copper(II) complex. The electrode reaction process is quasi-reversible with adsorptive characteristics. The mechanism of electrode reaction is discussed.     

Electrochemical determination of iodide on a vanadium oxide-polypropylene carbonate coated glassy carbon electrode

A vanadium oxide-modified glassy carbon electrode was simply and conveniently fabricated by casting vanadium tri(isoproxide) oxide (VO(OC₃H₇)₃) and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) onto the glassy carbon electrode surface. The electrochemical properties of iodide at the VO(OC₃H₇)₃-PPC film-modified glassy carbon electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and an anodic peak was observed at approximately +0.71 V (vs. SCE). Based on this, a sensitive and convenient electrochemical method was proposed for the determination of iodide. Flow injection amperometry (FIA) exhibited a good linear relationship with the concentration of iodide in the range of 5 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ and 1 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹, and the detection limit was 1 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹. Quantitative recovery of iodide in synthetic samples has been obtained and the interferences from different cations and anions have been studied. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of iodide in dry edible seaweed. The concentrations of iodide measured by this method are in good agreement with those obtained by spectrophotometric method.     

Voltammetric performance and application of a sensor for sodium ions constructed with layered birnessite-type manganese oxide

The preparation and electrochemical characterization of a carbon paste electrode modified with layered birnessite-type manganese oxide for use as a sodium sensor is described. The effects of powder synthesis process (sol-gel and redox precipitation) for birnessite on the electrochemical activity of the sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The carbon paste electrode modified with birnessite-type manganese oxide that was synthesized by the sol-gel method showed a best electrochemical for sodium ions. The detection is based on the measurement of anodic current generated by oxidation of Mn(III) to Mn(IV) at the surface of the electrode and consequently the sodium ions extraction into the birnessite structure. The best voltammetric response was obtained for an electrode composition of 15% (w/w) birnessite oxide in the paste, a TRIS buffer solution of pH 8.0 and a scan rate of 50 mV s⁻¹. A sensitive linear voltammetric response for sodium ions was obtained in the concentration range of 7.89 × 10⁻⁵ to 3.49 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ with a slope of 37.5 μA L mmol⁻¹ and a detection limit (3σ/slope) of 3.43 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ using cyclic voltammetry. Under the working conditions, the proposed method was successfully applied to determination of sodium ions in urine samples.     

Langmuir-Blodgett film of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene modified glassy carbon electrode as voltammetric sensor for the determination of Hg(II)

The π-A isotherms and UV-vis spectra of the transferred films suggested that the monolayer of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene can coordinate with Hg²⁺ at the air-water surface. From these observations, a glassy carbon electrode coated with Langmuir-Blodgett film of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4] arene as a new voltammetric sensor is designed for the determination of trace amounts of Hg²⁺. Compared with bare glassy carbon electrode and modified glassy carbon electrode using direct coating method, the Langmuir-Blodgett film-modified electrode can greatly improve the measuring sensitivity of Hg²⁺. Under the selected conditions, the Langmuir-Blodgett film-modified electrode in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄ + 0.01 mol L⁻¹ KCl solution shows a linear voltammetric response for Hg²⁺ in the range of 5.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 1.5 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹, with a detection limit of 2.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹. The proposed method was also applied to determine Hg²⁺ in water samples (tap, lake and river water). In addition, the fabricated electrode exhibited a distinct advantage of simple preparation, non-toxicity, good reproducibility and good stability.     

Voltammetric determination of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) at a carbon paste electrode modified with vanadyl(IV)-Salen complex

The preparation and electrochemical characterization of a carbon paste electrode modified with the N,N-ethylene-bis(salicylideneiminato)oxovanadium(IV) complex [VO(Salen)] as well as its behavior in relation to the oxidation of pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆) are described. The electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode and the electrooxidation of pyridoxine were investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The best voltammetric response was obtained for an electrode composition of 15% (m/m) [VO(Salen)] in the paste, KCl solution of pH 5.5-8.0 and scan rate of 25 mV s⁻¹. A sensitive linear voltammetric response for pyridoxine was obtained in the concentration range of 4.5×10⁻⁴ to 3.3×10⁻³ mol l⁻¹ with a slope of 42.5 μA mmol⁻¹ l, and a detection limit (3σ/slope) of 3.7×10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹ using linear sweep voltammetry. Among several compounds tested only Vitamin B₁ seems to interfere in the analyte signal. The concentrations of pyridoxine in pharmaceutical formulations using the proposed electrode and an official spectrophotometric method based in the reaction with N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine are in agreement at the 95% confidence level and within an acceptable range of error.     

Sensitive voltammetric determination of baicalein at DNA Langmuir-Blodgett film modified glassy carbon electrode

The present paper describes to modify a double stranded DNA-octadecylamine (ODA) Langmuir-Blodgett film on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface to develop a voltammetric sensor for the detection of trace amounts of baicalein. The electrode was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical behaviour of baicalein at the modified electrode had been investigated in pH 2.87 Britton-Robinson buffer solutions by CV and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Compared with bare GCE, the electrode presented an electrocatalytic redox for baicalein. Under the optimum conditions, the modified electrode showed a linear voltammetric response for the baicalein within a concentration range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁸-2.0 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹, and a value of 6.0 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹ was calculated for the detection limit. And the modified electrode exhibited an excellent immunity from epinephrine, dopamine, glucose and ascorbic acid interference. The method was also applied successfully to detect baicalein in the medicinal tablets and spiked human blood serum samples with satisfactory results.     

Bia-amperometric quantification of salbutamol in pharmaceutical products

This paper presents a simple, rapid and reproducible method of analysis of salbutamol in pharmaceutical products, utilizing batch injection analysis (BIA) associated with amperometric detection. A study of salbutamol oxidation demonstrated a strong dependence between electrode fouling and pH. All determinations were done utilizing a glassy carbon electrode in presence of 3.0 mol l⁻¹ NaOH. A large linear dynamic range from 8×10⁻⁷ to 2×10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ was obtained by using an injected volume of 100 μl with a detection limit of 2.5×10⁻⁷ mol l⁻¹. R.S.D. of 0.92% for 50 successive injections of 4×10⁻⁶ mol l⁻¹ of salbutamol and a sample throughput of 60 samples per hour were achieved. The method was applied for salbutamol quantification in syrups.     

Simultaneous determination of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol and p-aminophenol with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified glassy carbon electrode

A sensitive and selective method was developed for the determination of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) and p-aminophenol (PAP) using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical reaction of APAP and PAP at the modified electrode. Both APAP and PAP showed quasireversible redox reactions with formal potentials of 367 mV and 101 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl), respectively, in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.0. The significant peak potential difference (266 mV) between APAP and PAP enabled the simultaneous determination both species based on differential pulse voltammetry. The voltammetric responses gave linear ranges of 1.0 × 10⁻⁶-1.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ and 4.0 × 10⁻⁶-3.2 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹, with detection limits of 4.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ and 1.2 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ for APAP and PAP, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of APAP and PAP in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples.     

Inhibition biosensor for determination of nicotine

An amperometric nicotine inhibition biosensor has been substantially simplified and used for determination of nicotine in tobacco sample. Besides the use of single enzyme choline oxidase to replace bienzyme, the use of 1,4-benzoquinone as an electron mediator makes it possible to avoid the use of oxygen or hydrogen peroxide sensor as the internal transducer. Choline oxidase was immobilized on the carbon paste electrode through cross-linking with bovine serum albumin (BSA) by glutaraldehyde. In the presence of choline oxidase and its endogenous cofactor flavin-ademine dinneleotide (FAD), choline was oxidized into betaine while FAD was reduced to FADH₂ which subsequently reduced 1,4-benzoquinone into hydroquinone. The later was finally oxidized at a relatively low potential of +450 mV versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE). Nicotine inhibits the activity of enzyme with an effect of decreasing of oxidation current. The experimental conditions were optimized. The electrode has a linear response to choline within 1.25×10⁻⁴ to 1.25×10⁻³ mol l⁻¹. The nicotine measurements were carried out in 0.067 mol l⁻¹phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 at an applied potential of 450 mV versus SCE. The electrode provided a linear response to nicotine over a concentration range of 2.0×10⁻⁵ to 9.2×10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ with a detection limit of 1.0×10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹. The system was applied to the determination of nicotine in tobacco samples.     

Voltammetric determination of food colorants using a polyallylamine modified tubular electrode in a multicommutated flow system

This work describes the construction of a polyallylamine modified tubular glassy carbon electrode and its application in the electroreduction of food azo colorants (tartrazine, sunset yellow and allura red) by square wave voltammetry. The electrode modification prevented the surface fouling and, simultaneously, enhanced the analytical signal intensity. The developed unit was coupled to a multicommutated flow system which, given the complexity of samples, was designed to allow the implementation of the standard additions method in an automatic way, using only one standard solution.The described method presented a linear range up to about 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ for the referred colorants, with a detection limit of 1.8 × 10⁻⁶ mol l⁻¹ for tartrazine, 3.5 × 10⁻⁶ mol l⁻¹ for sunset yellow and 1.4 × 10⁻⁶ mol l⁻¹ for allura red. The method was applied in the analysis of these colorants in several food samples, and no statistically significant difference between the results obtained by the proposed and the comparative method (HPLC) was found, at a 95% confidence level. Repeatability in the analysis of samples (expressed in R.S.D.) was about 3% (n = 10).     

Determination of benorilate in pharmaceutical formulations and its metabolite in urine at carbon paste electrode modified by silver nanoparticles

Benorilate was determined by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a carbon paste electrode modified by silver nanoparticles in 1.25 × 10⁻³ mol l⁻¹ KH₂PO₄ and Na₂HPO₄ buffer solution (pH = 6.88, 25 °C) .The anodic peak potential was +0.970 V (versus SCE). A good linear relationship was realized between the anodic peak currents and benorilate concentrations in the range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ with the detection limit of 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ mol l⁻¹. The recovery was 95.2-103.6% with the relative standard deviation of 3.6% (n = 9). The pharmaceutical preparations, benorilate tablets samples and its metabolite (salicylic acid) in urine were determined with the desirable results.     

Voltammetric determination of Cd2+ based on the bifunctionality of single-walled carbon nanotubes-Nafion film

In the presence of Nafion, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were easily dispersed into ethanol, resulting in a homogeneous SWNTs/Nafion suspension. After evaporating ethanol, a SWNTs/Nafion film with bifunctionality was constructed onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. Attributing to the strong cation-exchange ability of Nafion and excellent properties of SWNTs, the SWNTs/Nafion film-coated GCE remarkably enhances the sensitivity of determination of Cd²⁺. Based on this, an electrochemical method was developed for the determination of trace levels of Cd²⁺ by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). In pH 5.0 NaAc-HAc buffer, Cd²⁺ was firstly exchanged and adsorbed onto SWNTs/Nafion film surface, and then reduce at −1.10 V. During the positive potential sweep, reduced cadmium was oxidized, and a well-defined stripping peak appeared at −0.84 V, which can be used as analytical signal for Cd²⁺. The linear range is found to be from 4.0 × 10⁻⁸ to 4.0 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹, and the lowest detectable concentration is estimated to be 4.0 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹. Finally, this method was successfully employed to detect Cd²⁺ in water samples.     

One-step construction of reagentless biosensor based on chitosan-carbon nanotubes-nile blue-horseradish peroxidase biocomposite formed by electrodeposition

A simple and controllable electrodeposition approach was established for one-step construction of novel reagentless biosensors by in situ formation of chitosan-carbon nanotubes-nile blue-horseradish peroxidase (CS-CNTs-NB-HRP) biocomposite film on electrode surface. The mediator effect of NB, conducting performance of CNTs and the biocompatible microenvironment of CS were combined by such one-step non-manual process. NB could interact with CNTs and resulted in good dispersion of CNTs-NB nanocomposites in aqueous solution. Cyclic voltammetry measurements demonstrated that electrons were efficiently shuttled between HRP and the electrode mediated by NB. The developed reagentless biosensor exhibited a fast amperometric response for the determination of H₂O₂ and 95% of the steady-state current was obtained within 2 s. The linear response of the reagentless biosensor for the determination of H₂O₂ ranged from 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 2.4 × 10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ with a detection limit of 1.2 × 10⁻⁷ mol l⁻¹. The biosensor exhibited high reproducibility and long-time storage stability. The as-prepared biosensor also showed effective anti-interference capability. The ease of the one-step non-manual technique and the promising feature of the biocomposite could serve as a versatile platform for fabricating electrochemical biosensors.     

Determination of trace amount of bismuth(III) by adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry at carbon paste electrode

A sensitive method is described for the determination of trace bismuth based on the bismuth-bromopyrogallol red (BPR) adsorption at a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The overall analysis involved a three-step procedure: accumulation, reduction, and anodic stripping. Optimal conditions were found to be an electrode containing 25% paraffin oil and 75% high purity graphite powder, a 0.30 mol l⁻¹ HCl solution containing 2.0×10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹ BPR as supporting medium; accumulation potential and time, −0.10 V, 3 min; reduction potential and time, −0.35 V, 60 s; scan rate 100 mV s⁻¹; scan range from −0.35 to 0.15 V. It was found that the Bi(III)-BPR complex could be accumulated on the electrode surface during the accumulation period. Then the Bi(III) in the Bi(III)-BPR complex on the CPE surface was reduced to Bi(0) during reduction interval and finally reoxidized during the anodic stripping step for voltammetric quantification. Factors affecting the accumulation, reduction, and stripping steps were investigated. Interferences by other ions were studied as well. The detection limit was found to be 5×10⁻¹⁰ mol l⁻¹ with a 3 min accumulation time. The linear range was from 1.0×10⁻⁹ to 5.0×10⁻⁷ mol l⁻¹. Application of the procedure to the determination of bismuth in water and human hair samples gave good results.     

A novel poly(cyanocobalamin) modified glassy carbon electrode as electrochemical sensor for voltammetric determination of peroxynitrite

This report described the direct voltammetric detection of peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) at a novel cyanocobalamin modified glassy carbon electrode prepared by electropolymeriation method. The electrochemical behaviors of peroxynitrite at the modified electrode were studied by cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that this new electrochemical sensor exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity to oxidation of peroxynitrite. The mechanism of catalysis was discussed. Based on electrocatalytic oxidation of peroxynitrite at the poly(cyanocobalamin) modified electrode, peroxynitrite was sensitively detected by differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimum conditions, the anodic peak current was linear to concentration of peroxynitrite in the range of 2.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 3.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ (S/N of 3). The proposed method has been applied to determination of peroxynitrite in human serum with satisfactory results. This poly(cyanocobalamin) modified electrode showed high selectivity and sensitivity to peroxynitrite determination, which could be used in quantitative detection of peroxynitrite in vivo and in vitro.     

Characterization of a carbon paste electrode modified with tripolyphosphate-modified kaolinite clay for the detection of lead

We report about the use of carbon paste electrode modified with kaolinite for analytical detection of trace lead(II) in domestic water by differential pulse voltammetry. Kaolinite clay was modified with tripolyphosphate (TPP) by impregnation method. The results show that TPP in kaolinite clay plays an important role in the accumulation process of Pb(II) on the modified electrode surface. The electroanalytical procedure for determination of Pb(II) comprised two steps: chemical accumulation of the analyte under open-circuit conditions, followed by electrochemical detection of the pre-concentrated species using differential pulse voltammetry. The analytical performance of this system has been explored by studying the effects of preconcentration time, carbon paste composition, pH, supporting electrolyte concentration, as well as interferences due to other ions. The calculated detection limit based on the variability of a blank solution (3s_b criterion) for 10 measurements was 8.4 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹, and the sensitivity determined from the slope of the calibration graph was 0.910 mol L⁻¹. The reproducibility (RSD) for five replicate measurements at 1.0 mg L⁻¹ lead level was 1.6%. The results indicate that this electrode is sensitive and effective for the determination of Pb²⁺.     

Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-coated poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-functionalized graphene composite film modified glassy carbon-rotating disk electrode and its application for simultaneous electrochemical determination colorants of sunset yellow and tartrazine

We proposed a green and facile approach for the synthesis of β-cyclodextrin-coated poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-functionalized graphene composite film (β-CD-PDDA-Gr) by using l-ascorbic acid (l-AA) as the reducing agent at room temperature. The β-CD-PDDA-Gr composite film modified glassy carbon-rotating disk electrode (GC-RDE) was then developed for the sensitive simultaneous determination of two synthetic food colorants: sunset yellow (SY) and tartrazine (TT). By cyclic voltammetry (CV), the peak currents of SY and TT increased obviously on the developed electrochemical sensor. The kinetic parameters, such as diffusion coefficient D and standard heterogeneous rate constant k_b, were estimated by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Under the optimal conditions, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signals of SY and TT on the β-CD-PDDA-Gr modified GC-RDE were significantly enhanced. The enhanced anodic peak currents represented the excellent analytical performance of simultaneous detection of SY and TT in the range of 5.0 × 10⁻⁸ to 2.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.25 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹ for SY and 1.43 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹ for TT (S N⁻¹ = 3). This proposed method displayed outstanding selectivity, good stability and acceptable repeatability and reproducibility, and also has been used to simultaneously determine SY and TT in some commercial soft drinks with satisfactory results. The obtained results were compared to HPLC of analysis for those two colorants and no significant differences were found. By the treatment of the experimental data, the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of SY and TT both involved a one-electron-one-proton-transfer process.     

High selective SiO2-Al2O3 mixed-oxide modified carbon paste electrode for anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb(II)

The main purpose of this study is to develop an inexpensive, simple, selective and especially highly selective modified mixed-oxide carbon paste electrode (CPE) for voltammetric determination of Pb(II). For the preliminary screening purpose, the catalyst was prepared by modification of SiO₂-Al₂O₃ mixed-oxide and characterized by TG, CHN elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. Using cyclic voltammetry the electroanalytical characteristics of the catalyst have been determined, and consequently the modified mixed-oxide carbon paste electrode was constructed and applied for determination of Pb(II). The electroanalytical procedure for determination of the Pb(II) comprises two steps: the chemical accumulation of the analyte under open-circuit conditions followed by the electrochemical detection of the preconcentrated species using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. During the preconcentration step, Pb(II) was accumulated on the surface of the modifier by the formation of a complex with the nitrogen atoms of the pyridyl groups in the modifier. The peak currents increases linearly with Pb(II) concentration over the range of 2.0 × 10⁻⁹ to 5.2 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ (r² = 0.9995).The detection limit (three times signal-to-noise) was found to be 1.07 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹ Pb(II). The chemical and instrumental parameters have been optimized and the effect of the interferences has been determined. The Proposed method was used for determination of lead ion in the real samples.