Chiral N-phosphoryl imines: design, synthesis and direct asymmetric addition reactions with diketones and diesters

Chiral N-phosphoryl imines derived from (S)-BINOL have been designed and synthesized in good to excellent chemical yields. These N-phosphoryl imines were found to react with diketones smoothly without the use of any bases. They can also serve as electrophiles for the reaction with diethyl malonate in the presence of potassium carbonate. Good yields (62%—quant) and excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1 dr) have been achieved for 10 examples.     

[3+2] Cycloaddition of metal-containing azomethine ylides for highly efficient synthesis of mitosene skeleton

Efficient synthesis of tricyclic indole derivatives bearing a substituent at the 3-position of the indole nucleus was achieved by the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of transition metal-containing azomethine ylides derived from N-(o-alkynylphenyl)imines with vinyl ethers. Third-row transition metal complexes, especially PtCl₂, turned out to be highly efficient for the reaction of internal alkynes and imidate substrates with wide generality. Moreover, as strong support for the reaction mechanism, the intermediate Pt-carbene complex was found to undergo intramolecular C-H bond insertion reaction to give tetracyclic indoline derivatives when benzyl vinyl ether was employed as a dipolarophile. This protocol provided a facile synthesis of highly functionalized tricyclic indole derivatives found as the basic skeleton of the mitosene family, such as mitomycin C.     

N-Carbamate α-aminoalkyl-p-tolylsulfones—convenient substrates in the nitro-Mannich synthesis of secondary N-carbamate protected syn-2-amino-1-nitroalkanephosphonates

An efficient one-pot synthesis of secondary N-carbamate protected syn-β-amino-α-nitroalkanephosphonates using diethyl nitromethanephosphonate and N-Boc or N-Cbz imines, generated in situ from stable N-Boc or N-Cbz α-aminoalkyl-p-tolylsulfones has been developed under PTC conditions. A model enantioselective version of this reaction is also described. Enantioselectivity up to 67% ee is achieved using a chiral thiourea catalyst derived from a cinchona alkaloid. Completely stereoselective conversion of the title compounds into partially N-carbamate protected syn-1,2-diaminoalkanephosphonates has also been elaborated.     

Enantioselective direct Mannich reaction of functionalized acetonitrile to N-Boc imines catalyzed by quaternary phosphonium catalysis

Quaternary phosphonium ion-pair or a salt derived from amino acid has been developed to catalyze the Mannich-type reaction of α-substituted ethyl cyanoacetates and 2-(2-nitrophenyl) acetonitrile to N-Boc imines. Experiments shown that more active cyanoacetates could be catalyzed by the gentle phosphonium ion-pair catalysis, while 2-(2-nitrophenyl) acetonitrile as the substrate has to be activated by quaternary phosphonium salts and strong base. All the reactions gave the corresponding highly functionalized chiral β-amino nitriles products with good yields, high diastereo- and enantioselectivities in mild conditions.     

Base-promoted diastereoselective addition of nitromethane and nitroethane to N-tert-butylsulfinyl imines: synthesis of N-protected α-amino acids and amino ketones

The reaction of N-tert-butylsulfinyl imines with nitromethane or nitroethane in the presence of NaHCO₃ under solvent-free reaction conditions gave β-nitro amine derivatives with reasonable levels of diastereoselectivity. Enantioenriched N-tert-butylsulfinyl protected α-amino acids or α-amino ketones are accessible upon oxidation of the adducts derived from nitromethane or nitroethane, respectively.     

Reaction of N-arylcarbamoyl-1,4-benzoquinone imines with sodium azide

N-Arylcarbamoyl-1,4-benzoquinone imines reacted with sodium azide in completely regioselective fashion according to the 1,4-addition pattern with formation of 1-(3-azido-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-arylureas. The reaction of N-arylcarbamoyl-2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone imines with sodium azide afforded N-arylcarbamoyl-2,6-diazido-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone imines as a result of nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atoms.     

Stereoselective synthesis of N-heterocycles: application of the asymmetric Cu-catalyzed addition of Et2Zn to functionalized alkyl and aryl imines

The preparation of N-heterocycles from alkyl- and aryl-substituted imines is described. The key step involves a copper-catalyzed addition of diethylzinc to functionalized alkyl-substituted imines that were generated in situ from the sulfinic acid adducts. The nucleophilic addition products were then converted to 2-substituted pyrrolidines and piperidines. Aryl-substituted imines were transformed into enantioenriched 1- and 1,4-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines.     

Regioselective synthesis of pyrrolin-3-ones and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro[1,3]-oxazines from N-vinylic amidines

Achiral and optically active N-vinylic amidines are obtained by simple addition of amidines to acetylenic esters. Thermal intramolecular cyclization of these substrates containing a carboxylate group in position 3 gives pyrrolin-3-ones. The enaminone character of these compounds towards propargyl bromide, diethyl azodicarboxylate, diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, ethyl propiolate and phenyl isocyanate is studied and functionalized pyrrolin-3-one derivatives are obtained. The reaction of the pyrrolinones prepared with diethyl ketomalonate leads to new 1,3-oxazine derivatives.     

Simple and efficient one-pot solvent-free synthesis of N-methyl imines of aromatic aldehydes

A one-pot solvent-free synthesis of N-methyl imines in good to excellent yields was performed by grinding together aromatic aldehydes and methylamine hydrochloride in the presence of a base. The best yields were achieved when an excess of methylamine hydrochloride and inexpensive sodium hydrogen carbonate was used (usually in a molar ratio ArCHO/CH₃NH₂·HCl/NaHCO₃ = 1:5:5), allowing the reaction to proceed for 1 h (in the case of aromatic aldehydes containing electron-withdrawing substituents) or overnight (in the case of electron-rich aldehydes). After a simple work-up (extraction with diethyl ether) the obtained products were mostly pure enough for spectral characterization. In this way, 31 N-methyl imines were prepared, among which eight were synthesized for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by spectral means (¹H- and ¹³C-NMR, IR, MS) whenever it was possible. In the case of salicylaldehyde and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, the synthesis of the corresponding imines was also conducted on a gram-scale with a 72% and 84% isolated yield, respectively. The present approach not only provides good to high yields, but also eliminates the disadvantages of the traditional synthesis of N-methyl imines, such as the use of hazardous solvents and more or less expensive catalysts and the necessity of work/handling with an anhydrous gas in pressurized containers.     

Synthesis of trans/cis‐3,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Homophthalic Anhydride with Aldimines

The reaction of the functionalized N‐protected imines 3 and 7 containing either the chloromethyl or ethyl ester moieties, respectively, attached to the imine carbon with homophthalic anhydride 2 afforded cis/tran‐3‐subsituted‐1‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline‐4‐caboxylic acids appropriate for further synthetic elaboration.     

Ruthenium-catalyzed cyclization of 3-en-1-ynyl imines with nucleophiles via tandem 5-exo-dig cyclization and nucleophilic addition

Treatment of 3-en-1-ynyl imines with TpRuPPh₃(CH₃CN)₂PF₆ catalyst (1 mol %) in DCE (50 °C, 6 h) effected catalytic cyclization with suitable nucleophiles and gave functionalized pyrroles in good yields. The reaction mechanism is proposed to proceed via (2-pyrrolyl)carbenoid intermediates derived from 5-exo-dig cyclization. This catalytic reaction works well with various nucleophiles, including water, alcohols and anilines.     

Novel β-hydroxy-β-bis(trifluoromethyl) imines

Selected imines reacted with hexafluoroacetone non-catalyzed at ambient temperature to give β-hydroxy-β-bis(trifluoromethyl) imines in good to excellent yields. For the imines of acetone, pentan-3-one, and of cyclohexanone a 1:2 reaction was observed giving iminodiols; for N,N′-bis(propylidene)ethylene diamine an iminotetrol was formed. The diol derivative of N-isopropyl-propylidene amine could be deprotonated and O-methylated furnishing the respective ethers. Hexafluoropropylidene amine reacted with N-isopropyl-propylidene amine, unlike hexafluoroacetone, in a 1:1 manner to form an amino-imino alcohol which in its turn is able to add hexafluoroacetone. The imines of acetophenone, trifluoroacetone, 2,4-dimethyl-pentan-3-one, 2,6-dimethyl-cyclohexanone and of acetaldehyde added hexafluoroacetone to furnish β-iminoalcohols. A multifunctional β-hydroxy enaminone was obtained from 4-isopropylamino-pent-3-en-2-one. The molecular structures of the novel β-hydroxy-β-bis(trifluoromethyl) imines exhibit strong (R)N?HO hydrogen bonds.     

α-Aminophosphonate derivatives of triethoxysilane for the synthesis of surface-modified silica

Abstract

A convenient synthetic route for the preparation of α-aminophosphonate derivatives of triethoxysilane, attractive precursors for silica surface functionalization, was developed. The condensation of commercially available APTES with carbonyl compounds followed by Pudovik reaction of imines with diethyl phosphite yielded desired N-phosphonomethyl functionalized (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilanes in high yields without further purification. The chemical structures of obtained products were undoubtedly proved by ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry.     

Novel aziridination of α-halo ketones: an efficient nucleophile-induced cyclization of phosphoramidates to functionalized aziridines

A novel and efficient aziridination of α-halo ketones is reported. The reaction of α-halo ketones with diethyl N-arylphosphoramidates affords diethyl N-aryl-N-(2-oxoalkyl)phosphoramidates which undergo reductive (H⁻-induced) cyclization with sodium borohydride followed by sodium hydride to give 1,2-disubstituted and 1,2,3-trisubstituted aziridines. The cyclization induced by NCS⁻ or PhS⁻ affords substituted aziridines functionalized at C-2. The reactions give excellent yields and are highly diastereoselective in favour of cis aziridines.     

Nucleophilic phosphine-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of allenes with N-(thio)phosphoryl imines and acidic methanolysis of adducts N-(thio)phosphoryl 3-pyrrolines: a facile synthesis of free amine 3-pyrrolines

In this report, the dipolarophile imines with easily removable activating group O,O-diethyl(thio)phosphoryl have been investigated in the nucleophilic phosphine-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of electron-deficient allenes. Under the catalysis of a tertiary phosphine, N-(thio)phosphorylimines readily undergo the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction with ethyl 2,3-butadienoate or ethyl 2,3-pentadienoate, affording the corresponding N-(thio)phosphoryl 3-pyrrolines in moderate to high yields with good diastereoselectivity. Removal of the (thio)phosphoryl group from the adducts has been successfully achieved via the acidic methanolysis of the P-N bond, giving the free amine 3-pyrrolines in fair to good yields without severe aromatization. Thus, a facile synthesis of N-unsubstituted 3-pyrrolines is established from the phosphine-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of allenes with imines.     

Stereoselective synthesis of 5-(4-azetidinyl)-proline esters via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of N-metalated azomethine ylides

The conformationally locked s-trans enone functionality present in the (E)-3-arylidene-4-chromanones undergo regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with N-metalated azomethine ylides derived from β-lactam imines of glycine methyl ester in the presence of silver acetate to give spiropyrrolidines in moderate to good yield. The regio and stereochemistry of the cycloadducts have been established by single crystal X-ray structure and spectroscopic techniques.     

Synthesis of chiral isoindolinones via asymmetric propargylation/lactamization cascade

A Zn-mediated propargylation/lactamization cascade reaction with chiral 2-formylbenzoate derived N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines was realized, which provided a practical and efficient method for the synthesis of chiral isoindolinones. High diastereoselectivities (up to 97:3 dr) and good reaction yields were observed for most examined cases.     

One-pot synthesis of functionalized furamide derivatives via a three-component reaction between an amine, diketene and dibenzoylacetylene in the presence of triphenylphosphine

An effective route to functionalized furamide derivatives is described. This involves reaction of N-alkyl-3-oxobutanamides, derived from the addition of amines to the diketene, and dibenzoylacetylene in the presence of triphenylphosphoine. The reactive 1:1 intermediate obtained from the addition of triphenylphosphine to dibenzoylacetylene was trapped by OH-acids such as N-alkyl-3-oxobutanamide to produce functionalized furamide derivatives.     

Cycloadditions of anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes of sydnone imines

Sydnone imines were deprotonated with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide at the C4 position to give the corresponding sydnone imine anions as lithium adducts. These can be represented as lithium stabilized anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes. Treatment with diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) gave the corresponding C4 adducts, i.e. 4-hydrazinyl-sydnone imines, which form tautomers in solution. Reductive 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of the sydnone imine anions with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) resulted in the formation of pyrazoles, the mechanism of formation of which differs from known reactions. Reaction of the anion derived from the 2-methoxyphenyl sydnone imine with N,N-diisopropylcarbodiimide gave a ring-cleaved bisiminonitrile. Structure elucidations were accomplished by NMR spectroscopy and by four single crystal X-ray analyses.     

A simple and convenient synthesis of 4-methyl-3-nitro-2-trihalomethyl-2H-chromenes from N-unsubstituted imines of 2-hydroxyacetophenones and trichloro(trifluoro)ethylidene nitromethanes

The reaction of N-unsubstituted imines of 2-hydroxyacetophenones with trichloro(trifluoro)ethylidene nitromethanes in the presence of DABCO proceeds via tandem oxa-Michael/aza-Henry additions (in dichloromethane) or aza-Michael addition (in benzene) to give 4-methyl-3-nitro-2-trichloro(trifluoro)methyl-2H-chromenes or 1,1,1-trichloro(trifluoro)-3-nitro-N-[1-(2-hydroxyaryl)ethylidene]propan-2-amines, respectively.