前缘曲率对三维边界层内被激发出非定常横流模态的影响研究

三维边界层感受性问题是三维边界层层流向湍流转捩的初始阶段,是实现三维边界层转捩预测与控制的关键环节.在高湍流度的环境下,非定常横流模态的失稳是导致三维边界层流动转捩的主要原因;但是,前缘曲率对三维边界层感受性机制作用的研究也是十分重要的课题之一.因此,本文采用直接数值模拟方法研究在自由来流湍流作用下具有不同椭圆形前缘三维（后掠翼平板）边界层内被激发出非定常横流模态的感受性机制;揭示不同椭圆形前缘曲率对三维边界层内被激发出非定常横流模态的扰动波波包传播速度、传播方向、分布规律、感受性系数以及分别提取获得一组扰动波的幅值、色散关系和增长率等关键因素的影响;建立在不同椭圆形前缘曲率情况下,三维边界层内被激发出非定常横流模态的感受性问题与自由来流湍流的强度和运动方向变化之间的内在联系;详细分析了不同强度各向异性的自由来流湍流在激发三维边界层感受性机制的物理过程中起着何种作用等.通过上述研究将有益于拓展和完善流动稳定性理论,为三维边界层内层流向湍流转捩的预测与控制提供依据.     

后掠机翼的横流不稳定性分析及转捩预测

后掠机翼边界层的流动稳定性及转捩对翼型的设计及优化有着重要的参考价值,而横流失稳是引起后掠机翼边界层转捩的关键因素之一.以NLF（2）-0415翼型为研究对象,采用三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程并结合γ-Re_θt转捩模式计算了展向无限长后掠机翼的基本流场.由于原始γ-Re_θt模式只能预测流向边界层转捩,因此在原始转捩模式中添加横流间歇因子项,进而对复杂构型进行横流不稳定性转捩预测.计算结果显示,利用改进后γ-Re_θt转捩模式预测得到的后掠翼型的转捩位置与实验数据吻合较好,证明了修正的转换模式的合理性和实用性.      

无限展长后掠翼边界层定常横流不稳定转捩分析

采用γ-Re_θt横流转捩拓展模型对NLF （2）-0415无限展长后掠机翼进行数值模拟,重点分析来流雷诺数、机翼表面粗糙度及后掠角对边界层横流不稳定性的影响.研究发现γ-Re_θt横流转捩拓展模型能够准确预测边界层定常横流不稳定转捩,计算结果与试验数据吻合较好.结果表明来流雷诺数越大、机翼表面越粗糙,横流转捩位置越靠前;随着机翼后掠角的增加,转捩位置先前移随后逐渐靠后.     

合成冷/热射流控制超声速边界层流动稳定性

为了探究超声速边界层流动稳定性及其转捩控制机理,提出基于合成冷/热射流的边界层速度-温度耦合控制方法,并通过数值模拟研究了Ma=4.5超声速平板边界层不稳定波的传播,采用线性稳定性理论中的时间模式分析了壁面吹吸、射流温度、扰动频率、扰动振幅等对不稳定波控制效果的影响.结果表明:无射流控制时,边界层内同时存在不稳定的第一模态扰动波和第二模态扰动波,且二维波形式的第二模态占主导地位;壁面吹吸作用下,仅出现更加不稳定的第二模态,第一模态被抑制;速度-温度耦合控制下,射流温度对扰动模态的不稳定区域大小及扰动增长率影响显著,射流温度与来流温度不同时,温度的脉动使得流动转捩为湍流的速度加快,边界层速度型更加饱满,抗干扰能力增强,流动稳定性提高;高频的吹吸扰动对流场的控制效果优于低频扰动,扰动频率超过400 Hz时,第二模态扰动波时间增长率降低,扰动分量对边界层速度剖面和温度剖面的修正加快,第二模态更加稳定;扰动振幅减小为主流速度的1%时,仅出现时间增长率较小的第二模态,控制效果较好,进一步减小时,第一模态重新出现,并且波数范围与第二模态先重合后分离,对应的时间增长率先增加后减小.研究结果为边界层转捩控制技术提供了新的思路.     

前缘形状对钝三角翼边界层稳定性及转捩的影响

选择典型高速流动条件,基于线性稳定性理论研究了不同前缘几何特征对典型大后掠角平板钝三角翼外形高速边界层流动稳定性及转捩的影响.研究表明,椭前缘（截面为椭圆）形状的变化仅影响前缘附近的流场特征和边界层流动稳定性;前缘截面长短轴比（形状因子）变大,前缘形状变尖,则横流速度变大,扰动波增长率变大;对于横流模态和第1模态,不同频率扰动波的中性点流向位置随着前缘形状因子变大而后移;对于第2模态,不同频率扰动波中性点的位置基本不变.转捩由第1模态主导,前缘形状因子变大,转捩流向位置后移.      

激光聚焦扰动作用下高超声速边界层稳定性实验研究

在马赫数6、单位雷诺数3.1×10⁶/m的条件下对半锥角7°直圆锥边界层稳定性开展了实验研究.以激光聚焦于流场中局部空间而产生的膨胀冲击波作为人工添加的小扰动,分析了该扰动对高超声速圆锥边界层流动稳定性的影响.实验中利用响应频率达到兆赫兹量级的高频压力传感器对圆锥壁面脉动压力进行测量,通过对压力数据进行短时傅里叶分析和功率谱分析发现,相比于不添加激光聚焦扰动的结果,添加激光聚焦扰动使边界层中第二模态波的出现位置提前,且扰动波的幅值大幅度地增加,在相同的流向范围内,激光聚焦扰动将边界层中的扰动波从线性发展阶段推进到非线性发展阶段,其对边界层中扰动波发展的促进效果明显.同时,激光聚焦位置的不同对边界层中扰动波的发展也具有不同的影响.当激光直接聚焦于圆锥壁面X=100 mm位置时,边界层中频率为90 kHz的扰动波幅值增长最快,在X=500 mm的位置处其幅值放大倍数为3.81,相比而言当激光聚焦位置位于圆锥前方自由来流中时,边界层幅值增长最快的扰动波频率大幅减小为73 kHz,相同范围内,其幅值放大倍数为4.51倍.由此可见,当激光聚焦位置位于圆锥上游的自由来流中时,其对边界层中扰动波的影响更为显著.     

高超声速椭圆锥边界层横流转捩特性大涡模拟

横流效应显著影响高超声速飞行器的三维边界层转捩过程, 深化对该流动机制的认识有助于提升和改善飞行器气动性能及热力学环境. 针对HIFiRE5椭圆锥绕流问题, 采用大涡模拟方法计算分析了超声速边界层横流转捩特性, 并揭示其中的流动机理. 参考HIFiRE5风洞模型试验条件, 数值模拟中椭圆锥来流入口处施加人工速度扰动以激发边界层内不稳定扰动波, 进而预测了高超声速边界层流动横流失稳、转捩过程等基本流动特征, 并基于转捩热流分布形态对比, 获得了与试验数据基本吻合的计算结果. 研究发现, 椭圆锥中心线流动汇聚形成的流向涡结构非常容易失稳, 另外在中心线及侧缘之间的中部区域存在较强的横流不稳定性, 两种机制共同作用影响边界层转捩过程. 此外, 分析了来流扰动幅值对边界层横流失稳转捩的影响, 并发现静来流条件下, 横流区域出现两组独立的定常横流涡结构, 而强噪声来流条件下, 中心线主涡和中部横流涡均发生失稳转捩, 且在椭圆锥表面形成多峰状的转捩阵面. 最后, 深入分析流场的压力脉动动力学特性, 揭示了三维边界层发生失稳转捩的非线性演化机制.      

前缘曲率变化对平板边界层感受性问题的影响

边界层感受性问题是层流向湍流转捩的初始阶段,是实现边界层转捩预测和控制的关键环节.目前已有的研究成果显示,在声波扰动或涡波扰动作用下前缘曲率变化对边界层感受性机制有着显著的影响.本文采用直接数值模拟方法,研究了在自由来流湍流作用下具有不同椭圆形前缘平板边界层感受性问题,揭示椭圆形前缘曲率变化对平板边界层内被激发出Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S)波波包的感受性机制以及波包向前传播群速度的影响;通过快速傅里叶分析方法从波包中提取获得了不同频率的T-S波,详细分析了前缘曲率变化对不同频率的T-S波的幅值、色散关系、增长率、相速度以及形状函数的作用;确定了前缘曲率在平板边界层内激发T-S波的感受性过程中所占据的地位.通过上述研究能够进一步认识和理解边界层感受性机制,从而丰富和完善了流动稳定性理论.     

弯叶片对压气机叶片表面流动稳定性影响研究

本文研究了压气机叶栅中采用弯叶片对叶片表面流动稳定及转捩的影响.以风洞测得的叶片表面静压实验数据为基础,通过求解Falkner-Skan方程,获得不同来流马赫数下叶片边界层内气动参数.将以上结果作为边界层的平均流动值,结合数值离散化的正交曲线坐标系线性抛物化稳定性方程(PSE),对边界层流动的稳定性进行特征值分析.计算结果表明,在压气机中采用弯叶片,可改善叶栅吸力面两端区边界层的流动,但同时会恶化叶栅吸力面中部边界层流动的稳定性;合理地匹配选择叶片的弯向与弯量,才能有效地提高扩压叶栅的整体流动稳定性.     

高超声速三角翼上横流不稳定性的实验研究

本文研究了三角翼迎风面边界层中的非定常横流不稳定性.实验在马赫6低噪声风洞中进行,模型为平板构型,攻角为5°和10°.通过温敏漆技术,观察到在远离头部的区域,边界层转捩阵面光滑且平行于前缘,通过Kulite高频脉动压力传感器得到的功率谱密度曲线中有明显的f≈10 kHz的扰动波信号峰值.利用基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术,在平行前缘方向对此区域进行流场可视化,观察到规则的向下游卷起的涡结构,形态与数值模拟中的横流涡形态一致,且涡结构的位置不是固定的,因此该10 kHz的信号为非定常横流波信号.只有在边界层为层流时,才能够观察到明显的10 kHz左右的非定常横流波信号峰值,边界层转捩中或转捩后,脉动压力的功率谱密度曲线为低频成分占主导的宽频分布.提高单位雷诺数,同一压力测点位置得到的横流波幅值先增长至饱和而后衰减.增大攻角时,横流行波幅值增长更加迅速,在较低的雷诺数下就可以增长至饱和.另外,还利用Kulite传感器阵列测量了横流波的相速度和传播角度,文中所测状态下,相速度分布在0.24—0.32倍来流速度之间,传播角度与来流方向夹角在40°—60°之间.并且,增大攻角时,横流波的相速度变大,传播角减小.     

基于Spalart-Allmaras-γ-\begin{document} ${\overline {Re} _{\theta {\rm{t}}}}$ \end{document}转捩模型的横流不稳定性转捩预测方法

传统的应用稳定性理论对横流不稳定性转捩现象的预测很难与现代CFD并行化计算结合, 为了解决这个问题, 文章基于SA-γ-${\overline {Re} _{\theta {\rm{t}}}}$转捩模型, 使用不可压三维边界层相似性解实现横流位移损失厚度Reynolds数在流场中的当地化求解, 结合亚音速试验数据-C1准则构建横流不稳定性转捩判据, 从而实现了横流不稳定性转捩预测方法的当地化并行求解.首先采用SA-γ-${\overline {Re} _{\theta {\rm{t}}}}$转捩模型对NLF(1)-0416翼型进行了流向转捩预测, 证实了该模型的正确性.然后应用所建立的横流转捩模型对45°前缘后掠角的NLF(2)-0415无限展长机翼和DLR-F5机翼, 以及标准6:1椭球标模进行了横流不稳定转捩数值模拟, 计算结果显示转捩位置均与试验数据吻合较好, 证明了文章所建立的方法在不可压边界层转捩预测具有较高的预测精度.      

Secondary instability of a swept-wing boundary layer disturbed by controlled roughness elements

Abstract  

Wind-tunnel data on velocity perturbations evolving in a laminar swept-wing flow under low subsonic conditions are reported. The focus of the present experiments are secondary disturbances of the boundary layer which is modulated by stationary streamwise vortices. Both the stationary vortices and the secondary oscillations of interest are generated in a controlled manner. The experimental data are obtained through hot-wire measurements. Thus, evolution of the vortices, either isolated or interacting with each other, is reconstructed in detail. As is found, the secondary disturbances, initiating the laminar-flow breakdown, are strongly affected by configuration of the stationary boundary-layer perturbation that may have an implication to laminar–turbulent transition control.     

Experimental study of mean and pulsation flow characteristics in the 2D/3D supersonic boundary layer behind flat roughness elements

For the first time, detailed experiments aimed at evaluation of the influence of flat microroughness elements (adhesive tape stickers attached to the streamlined surface) on the mean and pulsation flow characteristics in flat-plate and swept-wing boundary layers were carried out under comparable dimensional conditions. At Mach number M = 2, the sticker shape was found to have almost no influence on the amplitude of mass-flow pulsations in the wake of sticker. The relative receptivity of 3D boundary layer to stationary disturbances was obtained to be approximately 1.5 times higher than the receptivity of 2D boundary layer. It was found that the presence of a sticker at the line of the source of controlled disturbance changes the pulsation spectra in 2D and 3D boundary layers in comparison with unperturbed flow. In the wake behind the center of a sticker, the flow can be most unstable.     

Auto-oscillations in supersonic boundary layer

The production of periodic oscillations in a supersonic boundary layer at the moderate and high Mach numbers (M = 2 and 5.35) is investigated within the framework of the weakly nonlinear stability theory of the second order in nonlinearity. The model includes the effects of self-action, such as the generation of stationary secondary harmonics and the disturbances of double frequencies. It is shown that for two-dimensional vortex disturbances, the character of the excitation of vortex disturbances changes from the mild one to the stiff one with the increasing Mach number, which leads to a reduction of the critical Reynolds number Re_c. For three-dimensional disturbances of low azimuthal wave numbers, a supercritical auto-oscillatory regime sets in. A complex regime realizes for two-dimensional acoustic disturbances at M = 5.35 with a stiff excitation in the region of Re_c.     

Effect of unit Reynolds number on the laminar-turbulent transition on a swept wing in supersonic flow

An experimental study of the influence of unit Reynolds number on the position of laminar-turbulent transition in swept-wing boundary layer at supersonic flow velocities was carried out. In the experiments, a swept-wing model with 3-% circular arc airfoil and 45-deg gliding angle of wing edges was used. The position of the transition was iden-tified using a hot-wire anemometer. It was found that at М = 2 and 2.5, an increase in the unit Reynolds number (Re₁) leads to a transition delay. It was shown that an increase in freestream Mach number and in the level of flow pulsations in the wind-tunnel test section leads to a less pronounced influence of Re1 on the transition position. At a high noise level due to the growth of Mach number or due to the introduction of vortical disturbances, no effect due to unit Reyn-olds number on the transition position was observed.     

Cross-diffusive effects on the onset of double-diffusive convection in a horizontal saturated porous fluid layer heated and salted from above

Double-diffusive stationary and oscillatory instabilities at the marginal state in a saturated porous horizontal fluid layer heated and salted from above are investigated theoretically under the Darcy's framework for a porous medium. The contributions of Soret and Dufour coefficients are taken into account in the analysis. Linear stability analysis shows that the critical value of the Darcy-Rayleigh number depends on cross-diffusive parameters at marginally stationary convection, while the marginal state characterized by oscillatory convection does not depend on the cross-diffusion terms even if the condition and frequency of oscillatory convection depends on the cross-diffusive parameters. The critical value of the Darcy-Rayleigh number increases with increasing value of the solutal Darcy-Rayleigh number in the absence of cross-diffusive parameters. The critical Darcy-Rayleigh number decreases with increasing Soret number, resulting in destabilization of the system, while its value increases with increasing Dufour number, resulting in stabilization of the system at the marginal state characterized by stationary convection. The analysis reveals that the Dufour and Soret parameters as well as the porosity parameter play an important role in deciding the type of instability at the onset. This analysis also indicates that the stationary convection is followed by the oscillatory convection for certain fluid mixtures. It is interesting to note that the roles of cross-diffusive parameters on the double-diffusive system heated and salted from above are reciprocal to the double-diffusive system heated and salted from below.     

Limit cycles of the ballast resistor caused by intrinsic instabilities

Spatio-temporal patterns of the ballast resistor are investigated. It is well known that in a voltage-controlled ballast resistor an electrothermal instability leads to stable stationary states consisting of hot and cold domains. Such states may become oscillatory unstable, giving rise to the bifurcation of limit cycles. These limit cycles are not caused by the external circuit but by a recently proposed novel intrinsic mechanism. There are two types of oscillatory instabilities: bulk instabilities and boundary-induced instabilities. The bulk instabilities are caused by resistivities which are not monotonically increasing functions of the temperature. The boundary-induced instabilities occur in small systems with Neumann boundary conditions. To find the bulk instability, experiments with materials showing a metal-semiconductor transition or high-temperature superconductors are suggested. To understand these new phenomena, the equation of motion is reduced to ordinary differential equations where the instabilities can be discussed analytically.     

Shape instabilities in vesicles: A phase-field model

A phase field model for dealing with shape instabilities in fluid membrane vesicles is presented. This model takes into account the Canham-Helfrich bending energy with spontaneous curvature. A dynamic equation for the phase-field is also derived. With this model it is possible to see the vesicle shape deformation dynamically, when some external agent instabilizes the membrane, for instance, inducing an inhomogeneous spontaneous curvature. The numerical scheme used is detailed and some stationary shapes are shown together with a shape diagram for vesicles of spherical topology and no spontaneous curvature, in agreement with known results.