有机磷化合物的质谱研究 Ⅻ.二氮磷杂环戊烷化合物的开环断裂和重排反应

用EI质谱和联动扫描技术以及精确质量测量技术研究了11个新合成的含磷杂环化合物,主要讨论了分子离子的开环断裂反应和骨架重排,H-重排以及苯基重排等各种重排反应。     

烷氧基重排反应

本文综述了烷氧基重排反应.根据不同的反应机制,可将烷氧基重排反应分为三类:通过碳正离子重排的烷氧重排反应,分子内烷氧基亲核取代反应和烷氧O-迁移反应.     

Theoretical Study on the Transition State of N-nitropyrazoles Rearrangement Reaction

Theoretical studies on the rearrangement reactions of nitropyrazoles have been investigated. In order to gain a better understanding of the intermediate process of rearrangement reactions, the transition states of the rearrangement reactions were obtained by TS method at the B3 LYP/6-311 G(d, p) level of theory. The natural bond orbital charge, electrostatic potential and frontier molecular orbital of the molecules in the process of rearrangement were analyzed, and the solvent effect was also discussed. The rearrangement of nitropyrazoles involves two transition states and one intermediate, and the nitro group and hydrogen atom are two transfer groups for rearrangement reactions. The migration of these two groups leads to the change of charge distribution and molecular structure. The structural changes of the molecules in different solvents are not significant, but the dipole moment of the molecule has obvious change.     

Can relief of ring-strain in a cyclopropylmethyllithium drive the Brook rearrangement?

α-Cyclopropyl-α-trialkylsilyl alkoxides were formed either by addition of cyclopropyllithiums to acylsilanes or by addition of organolithiums to a cyclopropylformylsilane. [1,2]-Brook rearrangement led to α-silyloxy organolithiums which on warming underwent cyclopropane ring opening and [1,5]-retro-Brook rearrangement to yield γ-silyl ketones. Despite the favourability of the cyclopropane ring opening, the Brook rearrangement still required the presence of an anion stabilising group to proceed. β-Silylketones were similarly formed by Brook-retro-Brook rearrangement on warming acylsilanes with a vinyllithium.     

Rearrangement of Aryl Geranyl Ethers

This article describes the thermal rearrangement reactions of aryl geranyl ethers. These reactions depend on the structure of the aryl moiety of the substrate and the reaction conditions used. The naphthyl ethers underwent a [1,3]-alkyl shift, followed by acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization. The microwave-assisted rearrangement of isoquinolinyl ether showed a pattern of an abnormal Claisen rearrangement. The multi step rearrangement of the quinolyl ether afforded a spiro compound. These new reactions were used to synthesize novel heterocyclic compounds.     

Mechanochemically Initiated Achmatowicz Rearrangement

The Achmatowicz rearrangement converts furfuryl alcohols, obtainable from renewable carbohydrates, into 6-hydroxy-2H-pyrane-3(6H)-ones, which are versatile intermediates for organic synthesis. We describe here the first examples of a solvent-free mechanochemical Achmatowicz rearrangement. Furfuryl alcohols were prepared from furfurals using mechanochemically initiated reductions and Reformatsky reactions. Mechanochemical reaction conditions for the Achmatowicz rearrangement of the obtained furfuryl alcohols were optimized and applied to a series of derivatives, yielding the corresponding rearrangement products in yields of 39 to 95%.     

Fragmentation of tunichrome Sp-1 is dominated by an unusual gas-phase intramolecular rearrangement

Tunichrome Sp-1 is a modified pentapeptide from the ascidian Styela plicata, having the structure H-DOPA-DOPA-Gly-Pro-dcDeltaDOPA (where DOPA = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dcDeltaDOPA = decarboxy-(E)-alpha,beta-dehydro-DOPA). The tandem mass spectrum of the peptide is dominated by a number of abundant fragment ions that involve a gas-phase rearrangement where the dcDeltaDOPA group becomes covalently attached to the N-terminus. The high degree of rearrangement in Sp-1 compared with a related octapeptide, plicatamide, allowed for detailed multiple mass spectrometric (MS(n)) (up to n = 6) experiments, and hence permitted a detailed assessment of the origin and routes to the formation of the various rearrangement ions. Analyses on both a triple-quadrupole and a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer were made to ascertain whether the gas-phase rearrangements observed for tunichrome Sp-1 were unique to an ion trap mass spectrometer (i.e. the hypothesis being that perhaps the extended trapping times were required to facilitate this unusual gas-phase rearrangement). Interestingly, analyses on both the triple-quadrupole and quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometers revealed an identical phenomenon, with the rearrangement fragment ions present at approximately the same abundance as the non-rearranged a-, b- and y-type sequence ions. We suggest that the smaller size of tunichrome Sp-1 compared with plicatamide facilitates the transfer of the dcDeltaDOPA group in this gas-phase rearrangement. This rearrangement was not observed for peptide analogs of tunichrome Sp-1 that did not contain the dcDeltaDOPA at the C-terminus, confirming that the presence of dcDeltaDOPA is critical for the rearrangement.     

The [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of propargyl benzenesulphinates to allenyl phenyl sulphones

α-Methyl-, α-phenyl-, α,α -dimethyl-, and α-ethyl-α-methylpropargyl benzenesulphinates were found to undergo thermal rearrangement in high yields to sulphones, accompanied by a simultaneous acetylene-allene isomerization. The allenic sulphones produced by the rearrangement of the α-monosubstituted propargyl esters underwent further rearrangement under the reaction conditions, to γ-substituted propargyl phenyl sulphones, by way of a base-catalyzed [1,3] - prototropic shift. A kinetic study of the rearrangement reaction was carried out using two different esters. This study revealed that the rearrangement exhibited a relatively low sensitivity to the effect of solvent ionizing power and substituents. These data and other pertinent evidence suggest a concerted [2,3] - sigmatropic rearrangement.     

Synthesis of CH2-linked alpha(2,3)sialylgalactose analogue: on the stereoselectivity of the key Ireland-Claisen rearrangement

A CH 2 -linked alpha(2,3)sialylgalactose analogue was efficiently synthesized using an Ireland-Claisen rearrangement, which was developed recently by our group for constructing a CF 2 -sialoside. The reaction conditions of the rearrangement were optimized for alpha-stereoselective formation of the CH 2 -sialoside. On the basis of the observed temperature effects, the origin of the stereoselectivity of the Ireland-Claisen rearrangement is discussed. Moreover, reconstruction of the 2alpha-hydroxyl group on the galactose unit of the rearrangement product was achieved by means of stereoselective dihydroxylation and deoxygenation.     

Studies of rearrangement reactions of protonated and lithium cationized 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamine derivatives by MALDI-FT-ICR mass spectrometry

The rearrangement reactions of protonated and lithium-cationized 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamine derivatives were studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and infrared multiphoton dissociation mass spectrometry (IRMPD). Our results show that three kinds of rearrangement reactions occur in IRMPD processes. First, nearly all protonated 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamine derivatives undergo Pathway A to form the K ion series. It is proposed that this rearrangement (migration of a substituted benzyl group) proceeds by way of a gas-phase intramolecular S(N)2 reaction. Second, a gas phase intramolecular S(N)Ar type rearrangement mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of the F ion series from protonated and lithium-cationized 5 (or 6). This skeletal rearrangement reaction competes with the S(N)2 reaction of the Pathway A, which produces the K ion series, in IRMPD of protonated 5 and 6. Third, the formation pathway of the W ion series is explained by a gas phase Cope type rearrangement mechanism.     

微波对烯丙基芳醚的Claisen重排反应影响研究

5种烯丙基芳醚衍生物在无溶剂、无催化剂的条件下进行Claisen重排反应,采用了微波加热和常规加热方式,比较了同等温度下微波加热和常规加热反应速率的差异.结果表明微波加热可以显著提高烯丙基苯醚Claisen重排反应的速率.反应温度为190℃时,微波加热下反应速率可提高5～10倍.微波加热是一种无催化剂、高产率的Claisen重排反应的方法.     

The rearrangement of 4-hydroxyeoumarin carbamates

Carbamate esters of 4-hydroxycoumarin were prepared, and their base-catalyzed and thermal rearrangement to 3-(N-substituted carbamoy])-4-hydroxycoumarins were studied. A mechanism for the rearrangement is proposed.     

有机磷化合物的质谱研究 Ⅹ.1,2-二苯基-3,3-二烷基-2,5-二氧-1,4,2-二氮磷杂环戊烷的EI质谱研究

应用EI质谱和联动扫描技术研究了13个有机磷杂环化合物,讨论了主要离子的形成过程,分子离子在EI条件下的各种重排反应和取代基对不同解离反应产物离子相对强度的影响。     

Macrocycle ring expansion by double Stevens rearrangement

New benzimidazolidinone cyclophanes were synthesized through a double Stevens rearrangement employed as a ring expansion technique. Para-substituted heterophanes underwent efficient rearrangement. Meta-substituted heterophanes were also prepared. Structure analyses of the new cyclophanes are also provided. [reaction: see text]     

Syntheses of 2-arylated 1-benzazocines via Beckmann rearrangement

One-step and highly efficient syntheses of 2-aryl-1-benzazocines via Beckmann rearrangement of 5H-benzocyclohepten-5-one oxime mesylates in dry toluene was described, in which aryl Grignard reagents were used for the first time to induce Beckmann rearrangement directly without any additional protic agents. Iodotrimethylsilane was also employed to promote Beckmann rearrangement of the mesylates, followed by the treatment of the intermediate imidoyl iodide with phenylmagnesium bromide to complete the synthesis of benzazocines.     

Stereocontrolled synthesis of substituted bicyclic ethers through oxy-Favorskii rearrangement: total synthesis of (±)-communiol E

The potential of the oxy-Favorskii rearrangement to form branched cis-fused bicyclic ethers was explored. Both tertiary and quaternary centers were constructed in highly stereospecific manners. Methanol and primary amines were effective nucleophiles for the rearrangement. The total synthesis of (±)-communiol E was achieved based on this method.     

Smiles-type free radical rearrangement of aromatic sulfonates and sulfonamides: syntheses of arylethanols and arylethylamines

Smiles-type free radical rearrangements of arenesulfonates and arenesulfonamides are exploited for synthetic purposes. 4-Substituted benzenesulfonates cause Smiles-type rearrangement only when substituted by an electron withdrawing group. Therefore, ipso-attack by an alkyl radical on arenesulfonates takes place in an electrophilic manner. Arenesulfonamides rearrange only when the amide nitrogen is substituted by an alkoxycarbonyl group, due to the electron withdrawing nature of this group. Sulfonates and the N-ethoxycarbonylsulfonamide derivatives of naphthalene, quinoline, and thiophene cause more rearrangement and show synthetic utility. Aromatic amino acid analogues were synthesized by Smiles-type rearrangement with moderate yields. The radical Smiles-type rearrangement of sulfonate and sulfonamide derivatives can be a useful synthetic route when we understand the electronic character of these reactions.     

A kinetic investigation of the thermal rearrangement of N-pyridino-2-vinyl-aziridines.

The first-order rate constants of the thermal rearrangement of several N-pyridino-2-vinyl-aziridines into the corresponding pyrido-azepines have been determined. Substituent effects on this isomerization were found to be completely analogous to the related benzenic O-Claisen rearrangement.     

Reverse aromatic cope rearrangement of 2-allyl-3-alkylideneindolines driven by olefination of 2-allylindolin-3-ones: synthesis of alpha-allyl-3-indole acetate derivatives

The reverse aromatic Cope rearrangement of 2-allyl-3-alkylideneindolines obtained by Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination of 2-allylindolin-3-ones was performed. When 2-allylindolin-3-ones were treated with phosphonium ylides in refluxing toluene, domino Wittig reaction and reverse aromatic Cope rearrangement took place to give alpha-allyl-3-indole acetate derivatives in good yields. The aromatization as a new driving force in the Cope rearrangement is preferable to the conjugation with the carbonyl and cyano groups and also to the alkyl substitution pattern, which are well-known driving forces.     

Application of Cope rearrangement in synthesis

Cope rearrangement is one of the pericyclic reactions in many organic rearrangements. It has high stereoselectivity and has been widely used in organic synthesis chemistry. Herein, the discovery, mechanism, and application of Cope rearrangement were analyzed and discussed.