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介绍了在神光Ⅱ装置上开展的长脉冲2ns三倍频激光与黑腔靶相互作用的实验。报道了采用PIN探测器阵列测量大角度受激Raman散射（SRS）角分布和采用激光卡计对背向SRS光能量积分测量的实验结果。相同实验条件下激光辐照缝靶产生的SRS光能量要强于激光与全腔靶作用产生的SRS光，小腔靶的SRS光能量要强于标准腔靶。对比长脉冲2ns及短脉冲1ns激光打靶实验结果可以看出：由于激光功率密度的下降，长脉冲激光打靶时SRS散射光能量要弱于短脉冲激光打靶。长脉冲2ns激光与标准腔靶相互作用时，等离子体堵腔比较严重。     

Evidence for high-efficiency laser-heated hohlraum performance at 527 nm

A series of experiments conducted on the HELEN laser system [M. J. Norman, Appl. Opt.4120023497], into thermal x-ray generation from hohlraum targets using 527 nm (2omega) wavelength laser light, has shown that it is possible to exceed radiation temperatures previously thought limited by high levels of superthermal or hot electron production or stimulated backscatter. This Letter questions whether the assumptions traditionally applied to hohlraum design with respect to hot plasma filling and the use of 2omega light are too conservative.     

New paradigm for the isotope scaling of plasma transport paradox

Most tokamak experimental results [Nucl. Fusion 33, 1205 (1993)]] and basic physics experiments [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 095001 (2002)]] in the Columbia Linear Machine indicate dependence of the ion thermal conductivity on the isotopic mass close to chi( perpendicular ) approximately A(-0.5)(i), i.e., inverse gyro-Bohm. This is in stark contradiction to most present theoretical models predicting Bohm (A(0)(i)) or gyro-Bohm (A(0.5)(i)) scaling. A series of experiments designed to explore the physics basis of this scaling appears to lead to a new model for this scaling based on 3-wave coupling of two ion temperature gradient radial harmonics and an ion acoustic wave.     

Origin of a repose angle: kinetics of rearrangement for granular materials

A microstructural theory of dense granular materials is presented, based on two main ideas: first, that macroscopic shear results from activated local rearrangements at a mesoscopic scale; second, that the update frequency of microscopic processes is determined by granular temperature. In a shear cell, the resulting constitutive equations account for Bagnold's scaling and for the existence of a Coulomb criterion. In a granular flow down an inclined plane, they account for the rheology observed in experiments [Phys. Fluids 11, 542 (1999)]] and for temperature and velocity profiles measured numerically [Europhys. Lett. 56, 214 (2001)]] [Phys. Rev. E 64, 051302 (2001)]].     

Radiation-driven hydrodynamics of high- hohlraums on the national ignition facility

The first hohlraum experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) using the initial four laser beams tested radiation temperature limits imposed by plasma filling. For a variety of hohlraum sizes and pulse lengths, the measured x-ray flux shows signatures of filling that coincide with hard x-ray emission from plasma streaming out of the hohlraum. These observations agree with hydrodynamic simulations and with an analytical model that includes hydrodynamic and coronal radiative losses. The modeling predicts radiation temperature limits with full NIF (1.8 MJ), greater, and of longer duration than required for ignition hohlraums.     

神光Ⅲ原型黑腔物理实验研究

总结了在神光Ⅲ原型激光装置上开展的一系列黑腔物理实验研究,从多个方面研究了黑腔内部等离子体状态和辐射场特性。用真空黑腔能量学研究获得了散射光、辐射温度和不同能段辐射流份额的定标规律,从能量学角度梳理和分析了整个激光黑腔相互作用过程。通过对黑腔中充入低密度低Z气体抑制了腔壁等离子体运动,明显减少了可能造成靶丸预热的金M带辐射流(1.6~4.4keV)份额。针对黑腔内部不同区域等离子体,研究了光斑区等离子体的运动,分析了其与电子热传导限流因子的关系;研究了冕区等离子体的运动,分析了不同充气等离子体条件对其的影响;在同一发次实验中同时测量了光斑区与再发射区的辐射流比值。     

神光Ⅲ主机双束组激光间接驱动内爆实验研究

在神光Ⅲ主机装置上,利用已经建成的两个激光束组,开展了激光间接驱动内爆物理磨合实验,是神光Ⅲ主机装置首次出中子实验。实验采用1400μm×2100μm黑腔,500μm的塑料靶丸充1 MPa的DD燃料,激光从黑腔两端55°注入。实验获得的最高中子产额为9.7×108。实验结果表明,实验黑腔的耦合效率约为50%;使用的黑腔偏长,靶丸被压缩为"薄饼形";中子产额和激光能量正相关;中子发射峰值时刻主要依赖于烧蚀层厚度。     

腔靶金M带辐射角分布测量

在黑腔实验中使用了一种滤片选通的平响应X光探测器,探测器基于Al阴极X射线二极管构成,并结合了一种特殊结构的复合滤片,实现了在金M带能区的带通平响应特性,探测器响应曲线的平整度好于10%。应用这种新型探测器,从不同方向测量了金等离子体在M带能区的腔外绝对辐射量和角分布。由实验发现,随着探测器与腔轴之间角度的增加,探测器透过激光注入口的观测视场减小,同时观测区域等离子体温度下降,从而导致探测器测量到的M带能量变小;输运腔在激光注入过程中存在等离子体堵腔效应,输运腔的M带能量份额比大腔的份额要高。     

Variational cluster approach to correlated electron systems in low dimensions

A self-energy-functional approach is applied to construct cluster approximations for correlated lattice models. It turns out that the cluster-perturbation theory [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 522 (2000)]] and the cellular dynamical mean-field theory [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 186401 (2001)]] are limiting cases of a more general cluster method. The results for the one-dimensional Hubbard model are discussed with regard to boundary conditions, bath degrees of freedom, and cluster size.     

Prolate-spheroid ("rugby-shaped") hohlraum for inertial confinement fusion

A novel rugby-ball shaped hohlraum is designed in the context of the indirect-drive scheme of inertial-confinement fusion (ICF). Experiments were performed on the OMEGA laser and are the first use of rugby hohlraums for ICF studies. Analysis of experimental data shows that the hohlraum energetics is well understood. We show that the rugby-ball shape exhibits advantages over cylinder, in terms of temperature and of symmetry control of the capsule implosion. Simulations indicate that rugby hohlraum driven targets may be candidates for ignition in a context of early Laser MegaJoule experiments with reduced laser energy.     

Excited states mapped by secondary photoemission

We report on angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) experiments on Cu(110) using Mg K(alpha) radiation. The secondary emission (SE) fine structure of electrons below 50 eV is found to map the empty band structure relevant for absolute band mapping in ARPES. The finding is based on a direct comparison of our experiments with very low-energy electron diffraction data [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4943 (1998)]] recently shown to map the unoccupied states representing the photoemission final-state. This suggests a new theoretical approach to the SE process treating the outgoing electron state as the time-reversed diffraction state.     

视角因子方法在间接驱动ICF中的应用

采用视角因子方法,对间接驱动惯性约束聚变(ICF)过程中从腔内壁辐射到靶丸表面的辐射进行了计算,并分析了激光原型装置上的一个实验的对称性环境。间接驱动ICF系统的不对称性一般来自于激光焦斑和腔体的几何结构,利用视角因子方法,计算X光能量在腔体内的强度分布,将靶丸表面的驱动对称性表示成腔体结构和激光焦斑几何参数的函数。结果表明,采用该方法的程序模拟能够评估腔靶设计的主要参数。     

低密度泡沫金提升黑腔腔壁再发射率的实验研究

提高黑腔辐射温度对高能量密度物理研究,尤其是惯性约束聚变研究至关重要.提高黑腔腔壁再发射率是增强黑腔辐射温度的一个有效措施.理论研究发现低密度泡沫材料能够降低腔壁能量损失,进而提高再发射率.在神光II原型激光装置上开展了泡沫金和固体金再发射能流对比测量实验,证实了该理论研究.实验利用透射光栅得到具有空间分辨和谱分辨的X射线发射,测量结果表明在190 eV的黑腔辐射场作用下,0.4 g/cc密度的泡沫金可比固体金提升约20%的X射线能流发射,并且增加的发射以1 keV以下的低能能段为主.自相似解得到的理论结果和MULTI 1D模拟计算的结果均表明泡沫金可提高腔壁再发射能流,与实验结果定性一致.研究结果表明,泡沫金作为黑腔腔壁材料可提高腔壁再发射率,增强黑腔辐射温度,具有诱人的应用前景.     

引入守恒格式的自相似解进行ICF辐射驱动时变对称性分析

引入守恒格式的自相似解计算黑腔X射线能流时空分布,通过视角因子方法计算靶丸表面入射能流分布,从而进行惯性约束聚变辐射驱动时变对称性分析。分析了光斑运动、激光脉冲波形及靶丸装配偏差对靶丸辐照均匀性的影响。以二阶分量时间积分值为优化目标,最佳腔长计算值与内爆对称性调节实验结果相符,内爆腔靶组合参数扫描得到的最佳长径比与NIF目前实验值相当,模型有效性得到验证。     

New universal scaling laws of diffusion and Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy in simple liquids

A new universal scaling law relating the self-diffusivities of the components of a binary fluid mixture to their excess entropies is derived using mode coupling theory. These scaling laws yield numerical results, for a hard sphere as well as Lennard-Jones fluid mixtures, in excellent agreement with simulation results even at a low density region, where the empirical scaling laws of Dzugutov [Nature (London) 381, 137 (1996)]] and Hoyt, Asta, and Sadigh [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 594 (2001)]] fail completely. A new scaling law relating the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy to the excess entropy is also obtained.     

神光III主机上球腔辐射场实验的三维数值模拟与分析

2015年在神光Ⅲ激光装置上开展了两孔球腔物理实验.利用三维隐式蒙特卡罗数值模拟程序模拟两孔球腔中的辐射输运问题,研究辐射场分布及其动态演化过程.数值模拟结果大多数与实验结果符合较好,但局部位置存在明显差异.分析了产生差异的可能原因,提出解决措施及未来发展方向.综合数值模拟结果及其与实验结果的对比可知,三维隐式蒙特卡罗数值模拟程序具备较好的黑腔三维辐射输运数值模拟能力.     

High magnetic field induced charge density wave state in a quasi-one-dimensional organic conductor

The quasi-one-dimensional organic conductor (Per)2Pt(mnt)2 exhibits a charge density wave ground state below 8 K. Magnetoresistance and magnetization measurements show that the charge density wave is suppressed with magnetic fields of order 20 T, above which a high resistance state, with a cascade of subphases, appears. This new state, tentatively identified as a field induced charge density wave, reenters a low resistance state above 40 T. The results are presented in light of theoretical work [D. Zanchi et al. Phys. Rev. B 53, 1240 (1996)]] involving field induced charge density wave ground states in high magnetic fields.     

无源柱腔充气靶制备技术

 分析了柱腔充气靶动态充气、准动态充气和静态充气3种充气方式的特点,完成了无源充气靶的设计和制备,测量了无源充气靶的保气半寿命,讨论了靶的储存和运输。研究表明:充Kr的玻璃柱腔充气靶保气半寿命不低于341 h,以打靶时间为3 h计算,靶内气体泄漏率不超过2%;采用高压保气罐对成品进行储存和运输,无源柱腔充气靶可实现异地打靶。     

神光Ⅲ主机装置首次间接驱动内爆集成实验

基于新建成的神光Ⅲ主机装置开展了首次激光间接驱动内爆集成实验。国内首次采用多环脉冲整形激光注入黑腔产生X光辐射驱动内爆,通过优化激光打靶参数控制驱动不对称性,演示了以惯性压缩为主、收缩比约15倍的DT靶丸内爆实验能力, 实现了准一维的高静产额(YOC)和高中子产额的物理指标;其中,真空黑腔DT靶丸最高中子产额为1.91012,YOC达到60%;充气黑腔DT靶丸最高中子产额为2.41012,YOC大约70%。该实验为未来开展多台阶整形辐射驱动、更高倍数收缩比的高压缩内爆综合实验、验证点火靶物理设计和关键调控措施有效性奠定了基础。     

Mechanism of standing wave patterns in cardiac muscle

Recent experiments [R. A. Gray, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 168104 (2001)]] have revealed striking standing wave patterns in cardiac muscle. In excitable media, such as cardiac tissue where colliding waves annihilate, standing wave patterns result from a fully nonlinear mechanism. We present a possible physical mechanism explaining these patterns. The phenomenon does not depend on the precise excitable model chosen. Analogies are drawn with weak links in superconductors, and phase-slip solutions in the Ginzburg-Landau equations.