粗糙表面对非定常冲击射流传热的影响

利用在射流驻点周围设置不同高度的圆环来模拟粗糙表面,进行非定常射流冲击换热的实验研究.非定常射流由一个特殊的质量流量控制装置产生,波形和频率可调.采用高度分别为1 mm,2 mm和3 mm的圆环,研究发现环高h=3 mm时,冲击射流流场发生了实质性的改变.对于流动形态没有发生实质改变的粗糙表面,在稳定射流冲击下,传热特性没有质的变化.然而,非定常射流冲击粗糙表面时,与其冲击光滑平板相比,传热特征有很大不同,传热强化系数总体上是削弱了,随着圆环高度的增加更为明显.     

微小扰流元件对阵列冲击冷却流动换热的影响

通过实验方法,开展了Re数,冲击高度Z/D,微小扰流元件高度对阵列冲击冷却流动换热特性影响的研究。微小扰流元件的形状为长方体,尺寸为0.4 mm×0.4 mm(长×宽)。冲击孔直径D=4mm,孔间距X/D=Y/D=4,冲击距离Z/D的范围为0.75和3,微小扰流元件高度的范围为0.05D、0.2D、0.4D.对于冲击距离Z/D=0.75,Re数(基于冲击孔直径)的范围为2500～10000;对于冲击距离Z/D=3,Re数范围为5000～20000.结果显示,在微小扰流元件存在的情况下,换热系数显著增强,在本文实验工况下,换热增强达到30%～120%,同时,出流系数基本不变.     

微小单锥体热沉射流流动及换热特性研究

射流冷却是高热流密度换热的有效方法之一,射流尺度及热沉结构均对换热性能产生显著影响。本文对一种微小单锥体热沉结构,采用Realizableκ-ε湍流模型对热沉表面流动及换热特性进行研究,并进行实验验证。结果表明:在本文研究范围内(锥体直径为5 mm,锥体高度h分别为5 mm、7.5 mm和10 mm,射流雷诺数Re_j分别为2000、4000、6000、8000),在锥体附近产生环形的带状区域。Re_j对区域半径影响显著,当Re_j分别为2000、4000、6000、8000时,对应的区域半径分别约为5 mm、12 mm、18 mm、23 mm。根据流动结构和压力分布特点,单锥体热沉表面可分为四个区域,分别为驻点区、斜掠区、折冲区和附壁射流区,锥体热沉局部努塞尔数与局部压力系数分布相对应.与h=5mm和h=10 mm的热沉相比,当h=7.5 mm时热沉对流换热效果较好,平均努塞尔数可提升3.4%~6.2%,在h=7.5mm、Re_j=8000的情况下,当热流密度小于0.192~0.324 MW/m~2时,锥体热沉可对热源实现有效散热。     

超临界压力下正癸烷在微细圆管内对流换热实验研究

本文对超临界压力下正癸烷在内径为0.95 mm和2 mm竖直微细圆管内对流换热进行了实验研究.入口压力p_(in)=3 MPa和入口雷诺数Re_(in)=4000时,分析了管径、变物性、浮升力和加速对对流换热的影响.结果表明:在所研究的工况范围内,对于0.95 mm内径圆管,浮升力和加速对换热的影响可忽略,对流换热主要受变物性的影响;而对于2mm内径圆管,在高热流密度时,浮升力对正癸烷的对流换热影响很大,向上流动时引起换热恶化,向下流动时引起换热强化,加速对流动换热的影响可忽略.     

超声速气流中液体横向射流的非定常特性与振荡边界模型

针对液体圆柱射流垂直喷入超声速横向气流中的非定常分布特性开展实验研究, 并建立穿透深度方向上的射流振荡分布模型. 利用脉冲激光背景成像方法“冻结”拍摄马赫2.1(Ma=2.1)气流中煤油射流/喷雾瞬态图像, 结合最大类间方差法(Otsu)和Canny算法提取瞬态图像特征, 基于统计方法并引入间歇因子(γ)定量描述射流振荡分布特性; 通过研究多参数协同作用下的射流振荡分布规律, 提出振荡分布数学模型, 研究的参数变量包括超声速来流总压(642-1010 kPa)、 液体喷注压降(0.36-4.61 MPa)、液体喷嘴流道直径 (0.48 mm/1.0 mm/1.25 mm/1.52 mm)、距离喷嘴的流向距离(10-125 mm)以及液气动量通量比(0.11-7.49). 研究中利用射流振荡分布模型成功预测出水射流在Ma=2.1气流中的的振荡分布, 预测分布与实验结果符合良好.     

方柱微结构表面射流-流动沸腾强化换热

采用长×宽×厚为10 mm×10 mm×0.5 mm的硅片来模拟实际芯片散热,通过干腐蚀技术在其表面加工出宽×高分别为50μm×60μm,50μm×120μm的方柱微结构,实验研究了方柱微结构在射流冲击下的流动沸腾换热性能。过冷度为25℃和35℃,横流速度V_c为0.5,1.0,1.5 m/s,喷射速度V_j为0～2 m/s,冷却工质为FC-72。实验结果和同工况下的光滑表面作了对比。结果表明,方柱微结构由于换热面积的增加从而表现出优于光滑表面的强化换热性能,增加过冷度和提高V_c以及V_j都提高了芯片在高热流密度下的换热性能,但随着V_c的增加,射流冲击的强化作用减弱,低流动高喷射的强化效果最为明显。方柱肋片效率随着热流密度的增加而减小,随着V_c(V_j)增加,方柱肋片效率也逐渐下降,但降幅随着V_c的增加而减小。     

柱状微结构射流强化换热性能研究

对电子芯片射流冲击强化沸腾换热进行了实验研究。通过干腐蚀技术在硅片表面加工出交错排列30μm×60μm,50μm×60μm,50μm×120μm,30μm×120μm(宽×高)的柱状微结构,硅片尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×0.5mm。实验工质为FC-72,喷射速度V_j分别为0.5,1和1.5 m·s~(-1),喷嘴数目分别为1,4和9,对应的喷嘴直径分别为3,1.5和1 mm,喷嘴出口到芯片表面的距离分别为3,6和9 mm。实验表明,交错排列柱状微结构的换热效果要好于光滑芯片,临界热流密度(CHF)随着喷射速度的增加而增加。在核态沸腾区的整个喷射速度区间内,S-PF30-120的传热系数和CHF都是最高的。同时,对不同的换热方式进行了比较,包括池沸腾,流动沸腾,射流冲击和流动-喷射复合式沸腾换热。     

高效微射流阵列冷却热沉传热特性

微射流阵列冷却热沉是利用射流冲击在驻点区能产生很薄的边界层来提高换热效率,本次研究设计的热沉是5层结构的模块式铜微射流阵列冷却热沉,以去离子水为工质对传热特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,采用微射流阵列冷却不仅能通过增加驻点数目来强化换热,而且能有效地降低换热表面的温差.热沉的热阻会随着泵功的增加而降低;随着泵功的不断提高,热阻变化趋于平缓.     

信号组合对周期性射流冲击换热的影响

利用信号发生器控制质量流量控制仪来产生波形和频率可调的周期性变化的非稳态射流,实验研究了由标准矩形、正弦、锯齿和跳变脉冲信号组合产生的周期性波形的冲击换热性能,频率范围1.25 Hz~20 Hz。研究表明,信号组合后的非稳态射流对平板换热的平均换热系数有一定影响,射流冲击换热的无量纲平均Nu数在滞止点及其周围的改变主要取决于信号的变化规律和变化的频率;跳变信号的加入可以在一定程度上增加被冲击平板的平均Nu数;组合的正弦矩形和锯齿矩形非稳态射流在频率增加到10 Hz之后可以获得比稳态射流增强的换热效果。     

混合工质过冷核化沸腾气泡行为特性

本文采用控制热流密度方式对乙醇和水二元混合物在直径0．1 mm铂丝上过冷沸腾核化进行可视化实验观察, 分析不同混合比、热流密度下过冷沸腾核化实验现象。实验证明,小气泡射流是混合工质沸腾换热中主要的换热形式,并且其形态具有多样化,如连续射流、间断射流、离散射流、非常规射流、分叉射流等。     

磁性液体对射流冲击传热的强化

本文对磁液应用于射流冲击传热的影响进行了实验研究。采用变压器油和煤油基磁液ＣＩ－２０Ｂ作为工质,把 １３×５ ｍｍ的康铜金属膜作为加热面和传热面,进行自由表面液体窄缝射流冲击,使用的喷嘴窄缝宽度为 ２５０微米,射流速度变化范围 ５．７ ｍ／ｓ～８．５ ｍ／ｓ。分别对附加磁液前后的射流传热实验结果进行比较,表明磁液的使用对射流冲击传热具有一定的强化。     

Influence of Burner Geometry on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Methane/Air Flame Impinging on Flat Surface

An experimental study has been conducted to find the heat transfer characteristics of methane/air flames impinging normally to a flat surface using different burner geometries. The burners used were of nozzle, tube, and orifice type each with a diameter of 10 mm. Due to different exit velocity profiles, the flame structures were different in each case. Because of nearly flat velocity profile, the flame spread was more in case of orifice and nozzle burners as compared to tube burner. Effects of varying the value of Reynolds number (600–2500), equivalence ratio (0.8–1.5) and dimensionless separation distance (0.7–8) on heat transfer characteristics on the flat plate have been investigated for the tube burner. Different flame shapes were observed for different impingement conditions. It has been observed that the heat transfer characteristics were intimately related to flame shapes. Heat transfer characteristics were discussed for the cases when the flame inner reaction cone was far away, just touched, and was intercepted by the plate. Negative heat fluxes at the stagnation point were observed when the inner reaction cone was intercepted by the plate due to impingement of cool un-burnt mixture directly on the surface. Different heat transfer characteristics were observed for different burner geometries with similar operating conditions. In case of tube burner, the maximum heat flux is around the stagnation point and decay is faster in the radial direction. In case of nozzle and orifice burner, the heat transfer distribution is more uniform over the surface.     

Convective specific-heat transfer in liquids in the presence of non-uniform electric field

Summary The electroconvective specific-heat transfer coefficient has been measured in various liquids (methanol, kerosene, silicon oil and ethanol) from a single platinum wire (diameter=0.025 mm) mounted along the axis of a copper cylinder (diameter=53 mm). The heat transfer coefficient has been evaluated under the influence of a.c. and d.c. fields. An a.c. field always causes an enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient. A d.c. field causes an inhibition in heat transfer in methanol. A similar trend is noticed in kerosene, but the heat transfer coefficient increases again as the field is increased. An enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient is observed in silicon oil, and a similar trend is noticed in ethanol, but the heat transfer coefficient decreases again as the field is increased. The effect of cylinder orientation on convection is studied. The efficiency of convection has been calculated for various liquids using an empirical relation. The efficiency obtained in a d.c. field is found to be higher than in the a.c. field. A similar trend is also noticed for the electric Nusselt number.     

Étude phénoménologique de l'ébullition en espace confinéà partir d'un site de nucléation isolé

The aim of the present work is to identify the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement during natural convective boiling in confined spaces. The influences of gap-size (0.3 to 2 mm), of pressure (1 to 3 bar), of heating surface orientation (vertical or horizontal) and that of the number of nucleation sites (no site, single site or several sites) for boiling R-113 in a narrow channel are investigated. Results for unconfined boiling are also presented as a reference. It is shown that latent heat transfer is improved when the bubbles are squeezed against the heated wall. The heat transfer enhancement is greater for a vertical than for a horizontal orientation because the two-phase fluid velocity is increased when the gap-size decreases, which enhances the sensible heat transfer. Finally, the confinement reduces the effect of an increase in pressure, which limits the influence of confinement. Indeed, both parameters lead to contrary effects on the bubble diameter.     

旋转射流冷却数值模拟研究

使用 ANSYS FLUENT 软件和 RNG k-ε 湍流模型分别研究了十字形、内十字形和花形结构的螺旋喷 嘴内部流动特性和耦合面换热特性。模拟结果研究表明,螺旋角 θ 越小喷嘴出口速度越高,喷出的水流更集中, 水流运动轨迹越清晰且规律越明显。同一工况下,θ=30°的花形喷嘴的换热效率和换热均匀性均优于其余两种喷嘴的值;耦合面努塞尔数 Nu 最大值会随着雷诺数 Re 不断增加而逐渐远离射流中心处(r/d_j=0,d_j 为喷嘴当量直径); 随着靶距 H 逐渐增大,Nu 逐渐减小,旋流效果逐渐减弱。当 H=2d_j、4d_j 时,Nu 最大值位于 r/d_j=1 处;当 H=6d_j 时,Nu 最大值位于射流中心处。     

离心力场作用下多孔介质中强制对流换热的研究

对离心流化床中空气通过多孔物料层的强制对流换热进行了理论和实验研究。获得了气流和物料间强制对流换热的准则关联式。研究结果表明,在气流速度和温度梯度方向一致的条件下,强制对流换热比通常的边界层强制对流换热有所强化,其换热的准则关联式具有 Nu=CRePr的线性形式。从而验证了改变气流方向和热流密度矢量之间夹角可以强化换热的这一强化传热新原理。     

Flow boiling characteristics of refrigerant mixture R-22/R-114 in the annulus of enhanced surface tubing

This paper presents an experimental study of flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant mixture R-22/R-114 in the annuli of a horizontal enhanced surface tubing evaporator. The geometric parameters of the test section are: inner tube bore diameter of 17.5 mm, envelope diameter of 28.6 mm and outer smooth tube of 32.3 mm I.D. The ranges of heat flux and mass velocity covered in the tests were 5–25 kW m⁻² and 180–290 kg m²⁻s⁻¹ respectively, at a pressure of 570 kPa. The enhanced surface tubing data showed a significant enhancement of the heat transfer compared to an equivalent smooth tube depending on the mixture's components and their concentrations. Correlations were proposed to predict the heat transfer characteristics such as average heat transfer coefficients as well as pressure drops of R-22/R-114 non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture flow boiling inside enhanced surface tubing. In addition, it was found that the refrigerant mixture's pressure drop is a weak function of the mixture's composition.     

A Study on Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of Acetone on Smooth and Indented Surfaces

This article presents the nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics of acetone at one bar on smooth and enhanced circular stainless steel surfaces (SS 316) of 20 mm diameter for heat flux between 1 and 4 W cm^? 2, which mimic the operating condition of a typical immersion electronic cooling system. The experimental heat transfer coefficient from the smooth surface is validated against Borishanski correlation [1] within acceptable limits of ± 5%. The steel smooth surface is enhanced by providing 100 equally spaced indents of 0.5 mm diameter and 0.05 mm depth. The experimental results indicate that the enhanced surface shows a good shift in the boiling curve and thus, enhancing the nucleate boiling heat transfer at a lesser wall super heat when compared to the smooth surface by around 35% for tested condition. The effect of subcooling on nucleate boiling in enhanced surface reveal that the heat transfer coefficient degrade by 40 to 55% for a sub cooling of 5 to 10 K. The influence of material is studied by a similar enhanced surface made of brass and compared for the same working condition. The brass enhanced surface showed an improved of around 50% against the steel-enhanced surface. Also, the influence of fluid is studied by comparing acetone and n-pentane, which showed that the latter an enhancement in heat transfer coefficient of 50% over the former.     

BOILING CHARACTERISTICS OF R-11 IN COMPACT TUBE BUNDLES WITH SMOOTH AND ENHANCED TUBES

This study presents new data on nucleate boiling heat transfer obtained in compact horizontal tube bundles with small tube gaps. The experiment investigates the heat transfer enhancement effects by the restricted spaces comprising the compact tube bundles and the enhanced heat transfer tubes for nucleate boiling heat transfer of R-11 at atmospheric pressure. A roll-worked tube was used as a new type of enhanced heat transfer tube. The experimental results show that the small tube gaps can greatly enhance boiling heat transfer in a smooth tube bundle, while enhancement effects of small gaps were not quite significant for the enhanced tube bundle. There is a compound effect from the enhanced surface and the restricted space only for the enhanced tube bundle with the tube gap of 0.5 mm. The effects of the tube positions within both compact tube bundles on the boiling heat transfer were minor.     

开式单喷嘴喷雾冷却均匀性实验研究

针对高热流密度激光介质高效散热与均匀冷却技术需求,设计并搭建了以去离子水为冷却工质的开式单喷嘴喷雾冷却实验平台,实验研究获得了不同热流密度（16～110 W/cm2）、不同冷却工质流量（200～300 mL/min）以及不同喷雾高度（15～25 mm）下单相喷雾冷却换热系数及其冷却均匀性效果。结果表明:该实验工况下,不同热流密度条件下喷雾高度及工质流量对于单相喷雾冷却换热效率及温度均匀性影响显著;喷雾高度15 mm、工质流量200 mL/min时获得最大对流换热系数为5.93 W/（cm2·K）;喷雾高度15 mm、工质流量250 mL/min时面积20 mm×20 mm的热源表面温度均匀性最佳可优于0.6 ℃。