Synthesis and DNA cleavage properties of ternary Cu(II) complexes containing histamine and amino acids

The ternary complexes of [Cu^II(Hist)(Tyr)]⁺1 and [Cu^II(Hist)(Trp)]⁺2 have been synthesized, structurally characterized and their DNA binding and cleavage abilities probed. The intrinsic binding constants (K_b) for complexes/CT-DNA were also determined (K_b = 2.7 × 10² for complex 1 and K_b = 2.2 × 10² for complex 2). These complexes exhibit their nuclease activity on plasmid DNA, which seems to depend on the nature of the aromatic moiety. The DNA hydrolytic cleavage rate constants were also determined for complexes 1 and 2, which are 0.91 and 0.79 h⁻¹, respectively.     

Nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of unsymmetrical tetradentate reduced Schiff base ligands

Two new reduced Schiff base ligands, [HL¹ = 4-{2-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-ethylimino}-pentan-2-one and HL² = 4-[2-(1-pyridin-2-yl-ethylamino)-ethylimino]-pentan-2-one] have been prepared by reduction of the corresponding tetradentate unsymmetrical Schiff bases derived from 1:1: 1 condensation of 1,2-ethanediamine, acetylacetone and pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde/2-acetyl pyridine. Four complexes, [Ni(L¹)]ClO₄ (1), [Cu(L¹)]ClO₄ (2), [Ni(L²)]ClO₄ (3), and [Cu(L²)]ClO₄ (4) with these two reduced Schiff base ligands have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The mono-negative ligands L¹ and L² are chelated in all four complexes through the four donor atoms to form square planar nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes. Structures of 3 and 4 reveal that enantiomeric pairs are crystallized together with opposite chirality in the nitrogen and carbon atoms. The two Cu^II complexes (2 and 4) exhibit both irreversible reductive (Cu^II/Cu^I; E_pc, −1.00 and −1.04 V) and oxidative (Cu^II/Cu^III; E_pa, +1.22 and +1.17 V, respectively) responses in cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemically generated Cu^I species for both the complexes are unstable and undergo disproportionation.     

Syntheses and crystal structures of straight or zigzag one-dimensional coordination polymers based on Cu(II) square pyramidal or Cu(I) tetrahedral coordination environments

Two coordination polymers containing copper ions, [Cu(SO₄)(pyz)(H₂O)]_n (1) and [Cu₂(SO₄)(pyz)₂(H₂O)₂]_n (2) (pyz = pyrazine), have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray analyses. Compound 1 was synthesized by the reaction of Cu(SO₄) · 5H₂O with pyz (ratio = 1:2) in H₂O at room temperature. The structure of 1 consists of linear chains of [Cu(pyz)(H₂O)]²⁺, with coordinated sulfate ions bridging the chains. Compound 2 was obtained as dark red blocks from the reaction of Cu(SO₄) · 5H₂O and pyz (ratio = 1:2) in H₂O, after heating to 180 °C in a Teflon autoclave for 48 h. The structure of 2 consists of zigzag chains of [Cu(pyz)(H₂O)]⁺ with sulfate ions. Only the difference in the synthesis temperature, room temperature or 180 °C, determines whether Cu(II) or Cu(I) coordination polymers are formed, with the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) being explained by the Gillard mechanism.     

Synthesis,crystal structures and magnetic properties of five new metal(II) compounds constructed with isomers of aminobenzonitrile and dicyanamide ligands

Five new compounds formulated as [Ni^II(dca)₂(para-ABN)₂(H₂O)₂] (1), [Cu^II(dca)₂(para-ABN)₂(H₂O)₂] (2), [Cu^II(dca)₂(para-ABN)₂]_n, (3), [Cu^II(dca)₂(ortho-ABN)₂]_n, (4) and [Cd^II(dca)₂(meta-ABN)₂]_n (5), where dca = dicyanamide and ABN = aminobenzonitrile, have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and low temperature (300–2 K) magnetic measurements. The structural analyses revealed that 1 and 2 are isomorphous where dca and para-ABN both act as monodentate ligands. 3 consists of infinite double stranded chains of Cu(II) ions connected through the para-ABN bridges whereas 4 and 5 consist of infinite double stranded chains of Cu(II) and Cd(II) respectively, connected through μ_1,5-dca bridges. The compounds extend their geometries to three-dimensional for 1–3 and 5 and two-dimensional for 4 through hydrogen bonding interactions. All the metal ions Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ are located on inversion centres and have distorted octahedral coordination geometries. The variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements show that the global feature of the χ_MT versus T curves for 3 and 4 is characteristic of very weak antiferromagnetic interactions and between 300 and 2 K the best fit parameters were determined as J = −2.35 and −5.1 cm⁻¹, respectively.     

Copper(II) complexes of tetradentate N2S2 donor sets: Synthesis,crystal structure characterization and reactivity

Two mononuclear and one dinuclear copper(II) complexes, containing neutral tetradentate NSSN type ligands, of formulation [Cu^II(L¹)Cl]ClO₄ (1), [Cu^II(L²)Cl]ClO₄ (2) and [Cu^II₂(L³)₂Cl₂](ClO₄)₂ (3) were synthesized and isolated in pure form [where L¹ = 1,2-bis(2-pyridylmethylthio)ethane, L² = 1,3-bis(2-pyridylmethylthio)propane and L³ = 1,4-bis(2-pyridylmethylthio)butane]. All these green colored copper(II) complexes were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The dinuclear copper(II) complex 3 changed to a colorless dinuclear copper(I) species of formula [Cu^I₂(L³)₂](ClO₄)₂,0.5H₂O (4) in dimethylformamide even in the presence of air at ambient temperature, while complexes 1 and 2 showed no change under similar conditions. The solid-state structures of complexes 1, 2 and 4 were established by X-ray crystallography. The geometry about the copper in complexes 1 and 2 is trigonal bipyramidal whereas the coordination environment about the copper(I) in dinuclear complex 4 is distorted tetrahedral.     

Photochemistry of tris(pyrazolyl)borate titanium(IV) complexes

The electronic features and photochemistry of TpTiCl₃ (1) (Tp = hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borate) and Tp*TiCl₃ (2) (Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate) were studied in THF. Reactive decay of the excited states produced either (or ) and metal center Ti(III) radicals via homolytic cleavage of the Tp → Ti (Tp* → Ti) bond. Cleavage of the Tp → Ti and the Tp* → Ti bond as a primary photoprocess is shown to be consistent with LMCT Tp → Ti and Tp* → Ti excitation. TpTiCl₂(THF) (3) and Tp*TiCl₂(THF) (4) were also prepared by stoichiometric reduction of 1 and 2 with Li₃N. The THF ligand in 3 and 4 was replaced by the stable nitroxyl radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) to provide the new complexes TpTiCl₂(TEMPO) (5) and Tp*TiCl₂(TEMPO) (6) in which the TEMPO ligand is η¹ coordinated to Ti(IV). Photolysis of 5 and 6 generate Ti(III) and the TEMPO radical in the primary photochemical step.     

Syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties of two dicopper(II) complexes and a zigzag 1-D Cu(II) complex of a bidentate pyridyl-pyrazole ligand

Two new dinuclear copper compounds, [Cu₂(pypz)₂(N₃)₂(NO₃)₂] (1) and [Cu₂(pypz)₂(OH)₂(NO₃)₂] (2), and one 1-D polymeric Cu(II) complex, [Cu(pypz)(dca)₃]_n (3) [‘pypz’ = (3,5dimethyl-1-(2′-pyridyl)pyrazole) and dca = (dicyanamide)], have been synthesized and characterized crystallographically and spectroscopically. Complex 1 is pseudo-octahedral, adjacent Cu atoms are connected by a pair of μ(1,1) azido groups and the structure is stabilized by π-π interactions between two pyridyl moieties from two different neighboring complex molecules. Complexes 2 and 3 are square pyramidal. The hydroxo bridged complex 2 is further stabilized through H-bonding. The 1-D polymeric chain of 3 is bridged by an end-to-end dicyanamide bridge and it propagates along the crystallographic b axis, whilst the polymer chains are stacked one upon another along the crystallographic c axis. Low temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1 and 2 are ferromagnetic (J values are 30.81 and 14.79 cm⁻¹, respectively), whereas due to larger Cu-Cu distances, complex 3 shows weak ferromagnetism.     

Complexes derived from the general copper(II)/maleamic acid/N,N′,N′′-chelate reaction systems: Synthetic,reactivity, structural and spectroscopic studies

The synthetic investigation of the Cu^II/maleamate(−1) ion (HL⁻)/N,N′,N′′-chelate general reaction system has allowed access to compounds [Cu₂(HL)₂(bppy)₂](ClO₄)₂·H₂O (1·H₂O), [Cu(HL)(bppy)(ClO₄)] (2) and [Cu(HL)(terpy)(H₂O)](ClO₄) (4) (bppy = 2,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine, terpy = 2,2′;6′,2′′-terpyridine). In the absence of externally added hydroxides, compound [Cu₂(L′)₂(bppy)₂](ClO₄)₂ (3) was obtained from MeOH solutions; L′⁻ is the monomethyl maleate(−1) ligand which is formed in situ via the Cu^II-assisted HL⁻ → L′⁻ transformation. In the case of tptz-containing (tptz = 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine) reaction systems, the Cu^II-assisted hydrolysis of tptz to pyridine-2-carboxamide (L1) afforded complex [Cu(L1)₂(NO₃)₂] (5). The crystal structures of 1–5 are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions. Characteristic IR bands of the complexes are discussed in terms of the known structures and the coordination modes of the ligands.     

1D coordination polymers of Cu(II) and Cu(II) dimers with a dicyanomethanide ligand

Several new 1D coordination polymers have been synthesised using the anionic ligand carbamoyldicyanomethanide, C(CN)₂(CONH₂)⁻ (cdm). The polymeric complexes [Cu(cdm)₂(py)₂]·2MeOH (1), [Cu(cdm)₂(4-Etpy)₂]·2MeOH (2), [Cu(cdm)₂(3,5-Me₂pzH)₂]·2MeOH (3) and [Cu(cdm)₂(3-HOCH₂py)₂]·2MeOH (4) (py = pyridine; 3,5-Me₂pzH = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole) contain Cu(II) atoms bridged by μ₂-(N,N′) cdm ligands between equatorial and axial coordination sites. The use of monodentate co-ligands brings about polymeric products, in contrast to the use previously of chelating co-ligands which facilitate the formation of discrete products. These 1D polymeric complexes are connected by hydrogen bonding between the amide functionalities and the lattice solvent. In the structures of 3 and 4 the neutral ligands also contain hydrogen bond donor groups that supplement the amide ring motif. Two other complexes have been obtained that are polymeric chains of alkoxide-bridged Cu(II) dimers. The complexes [Cu(cdm)(MeO)(2-amp)] (5) and [Cu(cdm)(dmap)] (6) (2-amp = 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine and dmap = dimethylaminopropoxide) are remarkably similar despite the different ligands that they contain. Bridging between dimers is via μ₂-(N,O) cdm ligands, consequently altering the nature of the hydrogen bonding between adjacent chains compared to the simple polymeric species 1–3.