用于吸力式基础离心机模拟的动力加载设备

吸力式桶形基础广泛地应用于海洋油气开发的海洋平台。在冬季，渤海冰排会对平台产生强烈的冲击，引起振动。本文介绍了一套用于土工离心机实验的动力加载设备，并介绍了该套设备在模拟吸力式桶形基础在受到等效动冰载作用下的响应的实验研究情况及实验结果。结杲表明，当载荷幅值超过一个临界值时，地基上部会发生软化甚至液化。超孔隙水压从土体上部到下部，从桶形基础壁面到远处逐渐减小。在动载荷作用下，桶形基础和临近土体会发生大的沉降。桶形基础尺寸越小，动载荷响应越大。     

砂土中螺旋锚基础水平振动特性的模型试验研究

在水平激励作用下,钢管螺旋锚基础-土的动力相互作用具有明显的非线性特性。基于自制的锚土动力相互作用模型试验系统,对砂土中不同锚体几何结构的钢管螺旋锚的水平振动响应特性进行了研究,具体分析了螺旋锚长径比(L/D)、叶片距宽比(S/D0)、叶片外伸比(D0/D)、不同荷载幅值(F0)和振动频率(f)等对螺旋锚水平动力响应特性的影响,并与直桩进行了对比分析。通过研究螺旋锚周围土体的应力扩散,讨论了水平动力荷载作用下螺旋锚-土的相互作用规律。研究结果表明:长径比(L/D)是影响直桩和螺旋锚水平动力响应特性的重要因素;在锚径相同的条件下,锚土系统的共振频率随锚体长径比的增加而减小,随叶片外伸比的增加而增加,但对叶片距宽比相对不敏感;在锚体几何结构相同的前提下,激振荷载幅值越大,直桩土系统的共振频率越小,但激振荷载幅值对螺旋锚土系统共振频率的影响相对较小。     

高拱坝动力特性与动力响应模型试验研究

高拱坝的动力破坏特性越来越受到关注,动力特性和动力响应是其研究的一个重要方面。通过模型试验的方法研究高拱坝动力特性和动力响应的特征,动力特性试验比较了完好结构与有施工横缝结构的基阶动力特性,表明当结构存在施工横缝时,结构基阶频率降低,阻尼增大。结构动力响应采用振动台模拟地震波激励,试验结果表明,完整结构与有施工缝结构动力响应具体数据不同,但规律相同。加速度最大响应沿拱顶水平向在坝中拱顶的值最大,向两边的坝肩处,加速度最大响应逐渐减小。沿拱坝垂向加速度最大响应从坝顶到基础,响应均逐渐减小。试验结果可为高拱坝结构动力安全研究提供技术依据。     

Wave-induced liquefaction of a saturated sand layer

The paper presents a theoretical study of the dynamic liquefaction of a saturated sand layer. The motion of the sand is induced by a periodic disturbance at the lower boundary of the layer, which simulates the influence of a plane excitation wave coming from below. The initial boundary value problem is solved numerically with the use of the hypoplastic constitutive equation for particular sand. Both horizontal and vertical disturbances are considered. The repeated deformation caused by a strong dynamic disturbance results in the reduction of the effective pressure and in the liquefaction of the sand. The degree of liquefaction as a function of the depth is nonuniform. The liquefaction patterns produced by vertical and horizontal disturbances are completely different. Received February 22, 2000     

考虑竖向地震作用的振动控制及其优化研究

目前,MRD结构的分析通常只考虑水平地震动而不考虑竖向地震动的影响,地面的水平运动和竖向运动具有相关性,从而影响控制效果．因此对双向地震耦合作用下MRD结构的理论进行研究,建立动力分析模型并得出运动微分方程．以8层MRD结构为例进行地震反应分析,研究表明,考虑和不考虑竖向地震作用,MRD对结构均有良好的控制作用,但是竖向地震作用的存在,使结构各层的层间位移峰值有不同程度的增加,其增量随着竖向地震作用的增加而增加,因此建议在高烈度地区的建筑物考虑竖向地震作用对结构的影响．建立MRD结构优化设计模型,采用IHGA程序对结构进行优化设计．结果表明, MRD结构在各种工况下的各项地震反应均得到更好的控制．     

Laboratory study on cracks in saturated sands

It has been reported^[1] that when a loosely packed column of saturated sand in a vertical cylindrical container is shock loaded axially by dropping to the floor, large horizontal cracks initiate, grow and eventually fade away in the sand as it settles under gravity. This paper shows that a similar phenomenon can also be observed when shock loading is replaced by forcing water to percolate upward through the sand column. It is believed that our result sheds further light on the physics of formation of these cracks. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19832010) and by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJ952-S1-202)     

白洋淀内水体的流动特征研究

研究了风对白洋淀内水体循环流动的影响，研究指出：(1)风应力可看作是水体循环 的主要驱动力. (2)在风应力的作用下，水体表层的流动主方向与风的方向一致，下层水体 的流动方向与表层方向相逆或近似相逆. (3)表层以下水体流动复杂，次表层水平流动有明 显的双涡结构. (4)淀底地形对水体垂向流动影响很大，垂向速度变化复杂，垂向上有双涡 流动现象. 从动力学角度研究了淀内水体流动的情况.     

垂向动载下饱和砂土液化发展的数值模拟

针对一维应变情况,建立了垂向荷载作用时饱和砂土的一维应变动力学模型,然后进行了分析。得到了在垂向荷载作用下,饱和砂土液化发展过程的特性。结果表明,渗透系数越小,骨架强度越低,扰动强度越大,液化发展越快。     

Experimental analysis of sand particles'' lift-off and incident velocities in wind-blown sand flux

The probability distributions of sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities in a wind-blown sand flux play very important roles in the simulation of the wind-blown sand movement. In this paper, the vertical and the horizontal speeds of sand particles located at 1.0 mm above a sand-bed in a wind-blown sand flux are observed with the aid of Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) in a wind tunnel. Based on the experimental data, the probability distributions of not only the vertical lift-off speed but also the lift-off velocity as well as its horizontal component and the incident velocity as well as its vertical and horizontal components can be obtained by the equal distance histogram method. It is found, according to the results of the χ²-test for these probability distributions, that the probability density functions (pdf's) of the sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities as well as their vertical components are described by the Gamma density function with different peak values and shapes and the downwind incident and lift-off horizontal speeds, respectively, can be described by the lognormal and the Gamma density functions. These pdf's depend on not only the sand particle diameter but also the wind speed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10532040) and the Hundred Talents Project, the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-304). The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

Discrete particle simulation of mixed sand transport

An Eulerian/Lagrangian numerical simulation is performed on mixed sand transport. Volume averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved to calculate gas motion, and particle motion is calculated using Newton's equation, involving a hard sphere model to describe particle-to-particle and particle-to-wall collisions. The influence of wall characteristics, size distribution of sand particles and boundary layer depth on vertical distribution of sand mass flux and particle mean horizontal velocity is analyzed, suggesting that all these three factors affect sand transport at different levels. In all cases, for small size groups, sand mass flux first increases with height and then decreases while for large size groups, it decreases exponentially with height and for middle size groups the behavior is in-between. The mean horizontal velocity for all size groups well fits experimental data, that is, increasing logarithmically with height in the middle height region. Wall characteristics greatly affects particle to wall collision and makes the flat bed similar to a Gobi surface and the rough bed similar to a sandy surface. Particle size distribution largely affects the sand mass flux and the highest heights they can reach especially for larger particles.     

Forces acting on a coulomb crystal of microparticles in plasma

An equilibrium two-layer structure of charged microparticles in the near-electrode layer of a radio-frequency discharge was simulated numerically using the Monte Carlo method. Depending on gas pressure, the microparticles either move chaotically or form a multilayer structure with a hexagonal lattice in a horizontal plane. Based on the experiment, a mechanism is proposed that describes the unusual structure of a plasma crystal in which particles of the lower layer are located in the vertical direction strictly under the particles of the upper layer and form vertical columns. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 8–15, November–December, 1998.     

The Effect of Vertical Throughflow on the Onset of Convection Induced by Internal Heating in a Layered Porous Medium

We present an analytical investigation of the effect of vertical throughflow on the onset of convection, induced by internal heating, in a composite porous medium consisting of two horizontal layers. If convection is induced by internal heating, the bulk of the convection occurs in the upper half of the layer where the buoyancy force is destabilizing. For the case of heterogeneous porous medium, if the permeability increases in the upward direction, or if the thermal conductivity decreases in the upward direction, instability is increased. It is also found that upward throughflow is stabilizing but a modest amount of downward throughflow is destabilizing.     

A moving interface crack between two dissimilar functionally graded piezoelectric layers under electromechanical loading

The dynamic propagation of an interface crack between two dissimilar functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) layers under anti-plane shear is analyzed using the integral transform method. The properties of the FGPM layers vary continuously along the thickness. The properties of the FGPM layers vary differently and the two layers are connected weak-discontinuously. A constant velocity Yoffe-type moving crack is considered. Fourier transform is used to reduce the problem to two sets of dual integral equations, which are then expressed to the Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Numerical values on the dynamic energy release rate (DERR) are presented for the FGPM to show the effects on the electric loading, gradient of material properties, crack moving velocity, and thickness of layers. Followings are helpful to increase of the resistance of the interface crack propagation of FGPM: (a) certain direction and magnitude of the electric loading; (b) increase of the gradient of material properties; (c) increase of the material properties from the interface to the upper and lower free surface; (d) increase of the thickness of FGPM layer. The DERR increases or decreases with increase of the crack moving velocity.     

On the Convection in a Porous Medium with Inclined Temperature Gradient and Vertical Throughflow. Part I. Normal Modes

In this second part of our analysis of the destabilization of transverse modes in an extended horizontal layer of a saturated porous medium with inclined temperature gradient and vertical throughflow, we apply the mathematical formalism of absolute and convective instabilities to studying the nature of the transition to instability of such modes by assuming on physical grounds that the transition is triggered by growing localized wavepackets. It is revealed that in most of the parameter cases treated in the first part of the analysis (Brevdo and Ruderman 2009), at the transition point the evolving instability is convective. Only in the cases of zero horizontal thermal gradient, and in the cases of zero vertical throughflow and the horizontal Rayleigh number R _h < 49, the instability is absolute implying that, as the vertical Rayleigh number, R _v, increases passing through its critical value, R _vc, the destabilization tends to affect the base state throughout and eventually destroys it at every point in space. For the parameter values considered, for which the destabilization has the nature of convective instability, we found that, as R _v, increases beyond the critical value, while the horizontal Rayleigh number, R _h, and the Péclet number, Q _v, are kept fixed, the flow experiences a transition from convective to absolute instability. The values of the vertical Rayleigh number, R _v, at the transition from convective to absolute instability are computed. For convectively unstable, but absolutely stable cases, the spatially amplifying responses to localized oscillatory perturbations, i.e., signaling, are treated and it is found that the amplification is always in the direction of the applied horizontal thermal gradient.     

Influence of Horizontal Excitations on Dynamic Stability of a Slender Beam Under Vertical Excitation

Experimental studies have been conducted to clarify the influence of horizontal harmonic excitations on the dynamic stability of a slender cantilever beam under vertical harmonic excitation. Three kinds of aluminum test beams with rectangular cross section have been used. The test beam being clamped at one end and free at the other end, was vertically stood, and was harmonically excited to both vertical and horizontal directions simultaneously. The direction of the horizontal excitation was taken parallel to one of the beam side faces, i.e. two directions were considered as X and Y directions which have the largest and smallest flexural rigidity, respectively. By varying the horizontal excitation amplitude, keeping the amplitude of excitation in the vertical direction, the influence of the horizontal excitation has been investigated on the principal instability regions in which unstable vibration of the fundamental vibration mode occurs. The excitation frequency in the vertical excitation was taken around twice the fundamental natural frequency 2f _{Y 1} in smallest rigidity direction, while that in the horizontal direction was taken around both the fundamental natural frequency f _{Y 1} and twice of it 2f _{Y 1}. Obtained experimental results present useful fundamental data for aseismatic design of structures under earthquake containing both vertical and horizontal excitation components.     

压应力场中爆生裂纹分布与扩展特征实验分析

采用动静组合加载实验装置和数字激光焦散线实验系统,进行了0、3、6、9 MPa等4种压应力场中PMMA试件的爆破致裂实验,分析了沿静态主应力方向扩展的裂纹运动学和力学行为。实验结果表明:首先,静态竖向载荷在预制炮孔周围产生应力集中,在炮孔壁上下端部处出现最大拉应力;随后,在动态爆炸载荷的叠加作用下,裂纹优先在炮孔壁上最大拉应力位置处起裂,并沿最大主应力方向扩展;裂纹扩展过程中,静态竖向载荷越大,裂纹扩展速度越大,且裂纹尖端应力强度因子值越大。     

爆炸荷载作用下岩石动态裂纹扩展的数值模拟

运用岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA-dynamic,就爆炸荷载的加载速率、炮孔到自由边界的距离以及两炮孔中间空孔的大小对动态裂纹扩展方式的影响进行了研究。结果表明:随着加载速率的减小,炮孔周围的破碎区逐渐减少;裂纹开始萌生的位置逐渐由破碎区外边缘向炮孔孔壁转移;萌生的分支小裂纹逐渐减少,主裂纹扩展长度逐渐增大。由于自由边界的影响,炮孔向下扩展的裂纹逐渐弯向水平方向,且炮孔到自由边界的距离越小,这种趋势越明显。由于空孔的导向作用,使靠近空孔的裂纹逐渐弯曲向空孔处扩展,同时在空孔孔壁两端产生一条向炮孔扩展的裂纹;空孔半径大小对裂纹的导向作用,并无明显的影响;材料的非均匀性,对裂纹的扩展方式有显著的影响。     

胶新铁路砂土液化区路基沉降规律研究

地震液化常给人们带来巨大损失,而剪切振动和循环荷载作用下的动力学效应常被认为是地震液化的主要原因,人们对剪切荷载作用下饱和砂土的液化问题进行了较多的研究,而对循环荷载作用下砂土液化的动力学效应研究较少。胶新铁路在DK39+000开始为高地震烈度区,DK283+550~DK283+770分布有地震可液化层,工程修建后列车动荷载的影响将会有诱发砂土液化的可能性。为了研究通车前自然沉降特征和通车后循环荷载作用下的路基沉降变形规律,本文在具体分析了砂土液化的概念和准则判别的基础上,重点分析了砂土液化区路基沉降特征,包括测试断面竖向分层沉降变形特征分析和路基水平位移特征分析。最后在试验的基础上,从理论上给出了循环荷载下砂土的本构关系。     

基于相场法的周期性多孔结构断裂行为研究

周期性多孔结构具有质量轻、比密度低、比强度高、隔音等优良特点, 同时也能很好地满足结构-功能一体化的需求, 在许多领域具有广泛的应用前景. 目前, 对周期性多孔结构在复杂载荷下的力学响应和断裂行为的研究较少. 采用细观力学和相场方法相结合, 基于二维代表性体积单元RVE模型, 施加能实现比例加载的周期性边界条件, 研究周期性多孔结构在复杂多轴比例加载状态下的裂纹萌生位置、断裂模式、承载极限及其变化规律. 本文的数值模拟结果表明: 首先, 周期性多孔结构在竖直方向拉伸载荷作用下, 裂纹均从孔边萌生并沿水平方向同步扩展; 其次, 在双轴载荷作用下, 随着水平载荷的增加, 结构在竖直方向的极限拉伸载荷逐渐增大; 当双轴拉伸载荷等值时, 结构的抗拉强度达到最大, 此时断裂模式呈现为十字正交型开裂; 最后, 面内剪切应力的引入会导致结构的拉伸强度极限降低, 孔边裂纹的萌生位置和扩展路径发生偏移, 裂纹模式从单S型转变为双弧线型, 裂纹向水平位置上相邻的孔洞扩展. 随着水平载荷的增加, 裂纹模式最终转变为斜裂纹, 从孔边对角线位置萌生并沿着45°方向扩展.      

Experimental analysis of sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities in wind-blown sand flux

The probability distributions of sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities in a wind-blown sand flux play very important roles in the simulation of the wind-blown sand movement. In this paper, the vertical and the horizontal speeds of sand particles located at 1.0 mm above a sand-bed in a wind-blown sand flux are observed with the aid of Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) in a wind tunnel. Based on the experimental data, the probability distributions of not only the vertical lift-off speed but also the lift-off velocity as well as its horizontal component and the incident velocity as well as its vertical and horizontal components can be obtained by the equal distance histogram method. It is found, according to the results of the χ ²-test for these probability distributions, that the probability density functions (pdf's) of the sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities as well as their vertical components are described by the Gamma density function with different peak values and shapes and the downwind incident and lift-off horizontal speeds, respectively, can be described by the lognormal and the Gamma density functions. These pdf's depend on not only the sand particle diameter but also the wind speed.