爆炸塔内120kgTNT当量爆炸载荷的数值分析

爆炸塔设计中常采用等当量集中装药估算爆炸塔内部载荷。为研究该方法的合理性,本文采用有限体积方法离散求解积分型Euler方程组;利用瞬时爆轰模型描述炸药爆炸初场,分别计算了乳化炸药和TNT集中装药爆炸对爆炸塔的内部加载情况;给出了塔体及封头内壁面9个特征点的压力时间曲线。结果表明:可以采用集中装药模拟乳化炸药对爆心截面处的超压作用,但不可以采用集中装药模拟乳化炸药对封头中心处的超压作用。因为在封头中心处乳化炸药爆炸会聚产生的超压极值约为TNT集中装药的2倍;塔体柱段的爆心截面处与封头中心处为超压作用最强的部位,两处冲量大致相当;压力最大值出现在封头中心处,由反射冲击波会聚产生。建议塔体建筑设计时对封头中心处和塔体爆心截面处采取相应的防护措施。     

黏土中爆炸成坑地冲击耦合效应实验研究

为获得黏土中爆炸成坑体积与耦合地冲击能量的关系,采用10.5 g TNT厘米级球形炸药球作为爆炸源,在$varnothing $1500 mm×1490 mm分层式爆炸装置中开展了变埋深条件下的爆炸实验,利用3D扫描设备记录不同埋深下弹坑的真实体积,并通过动态土压力传感器测得地冲击传播衰减规律。实验结果表明：随埋深增大,耦合至黏土中的有效地冲击能量急剧增大,装药中心下方的有效弹坑体积与耦合至黏土中的有效地冲击能量基本呈正比关系,当装药比例埋深与封闭爆炸条件下爆炸空腔半径相当时,耦合至黏土中的有效地冲击能量基本达到饱和。结合实验结果给出了黏土中爆炸耦合地冲击能量分配随装药比例埋深的变化规律,建立了地下爆炸等效封闭当量计算方法,为地下工程抗爆设计提供了理论依据。

     

地面和埋置爆炸土中地冲击作用分区数值模拟及试验研究

为研究爆炸条件下土中应力波的时空分布,基于黄土中接触爆炸和半埋爆炸试验,验证了ANSYS/AUTODYN软件建立的计算模型,并在此基础上开展了土中爆炸地冲击效应研究。结果表明:随着土介质深度的增加,感生地冲击峰值减小,而直接地冲击峰值增大,最终,压力和竖向应力时程曲线中的2个峰值减少为1个峰值,据此特征可将土中应力波场分为3个区域,即地表区、近地表区和中心区;当装药比例埋深为-0.05～0.075 m/kg^1/3时,随着装药比例埋深的增大,中心区迅速扩大,地表区迅速缩小,近地表区逐渐扩大;当装药比例埋深为0.1～0.4 m/kg^1/3时,地冲击作用区的分布趋于稳定;爆炸耦合进入空气和土介质中的动能受炸药类型影响,但在一定范围内,地冲击作用区角度与地面空气冲击波超压冲量和直接地冲击应力冲量之比呈线性相关关系。     

土中爆炸地冲击能量分布研究

利用数值模拟方法研究了土中装药不同埋设深度爆炸能量分布问题,通过试验得到了耦合系数数据。给出了自由场条件下,封闭爆炸最小比例埋深为2.0 m/kg1/3,这与美军设计规范TM5-855-1中的数据0.56 m/kg1/3相差较大,分析了产生差异的可能原因。并指出本文中给出的冲量型耦合系数与TM5-855-1中的应力型耦合系数是有所区别的,应该注意其使用范围和对象。     

爆炸参量对爆破地震反应谱的影响

利用在地震工程中广泛应用的反应谱理论对爆破地震效应进行研究。根据单自由度体系反应谱理论,采用计算量少、精确度高的三角插值解析公式法取代常用的分段线性插值法进行反应谱数值计算。结合大量工程爆破地震监测资料,对不同爆炸参量下产生的爆破振动信号进行反应谱分析。结果表明,结构体对爆破震动的响应特征与爆炸参量有着密切的关系。为综合研究爆破机理和爆破地震波,特别是为将来构建爆破振动速度 频率相关安全准则提供了一种实用的分析技术。     

Development of a camouflet cavity as a result of an explosion in soft ground

The problem of an explosion is considered on the basis of a model of a viscoplastic medium. It follows from the solution that the theoretical dependence of the cavity radius on the time coincides satisfactorily with the experimental data. The introduction of viscosity into the scheme of the motion leads to the appearance of the scaling effect. From an analysis of the stress field, a conclusion follows concerning the existence, even in the initial stage of motion, of intense tangential tensile stresses, which lead to the formation of a system of radial fissures, observed in the experiment.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 2, pp. 87–93, March–April, 1975.The author thanks E. N. Shera for useful comments, and É. B. Polyaka and M. A. Shabat for assistance in carrying out the computer calculations.     

Thermal explosion during the flow of a viscous liquid

Frank-Kamenetskii has discussed a steady-state formulation of thermal explosions [1]. Bostandzhiyan et al. [2] and Bostandzhiyan and Chernyaeva [3] have shown, for the flow in a cylindrical tube of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids having a strong (nonlinear) temperature dependence of the viscosity, that a phenomenon analogous to thermal explosion may occur during the flow of a chemically inert liquid. Bostandzhiyan et al. [4] have also studied Couette flow and the flow between two rotating circular cylinders of a Newtonian liquid having the same temperature dependence for its viscosity. It was shown that, although the heat balance equation reduces to the equations of the steady-state theory of thermal explosion for the corresponding region, hydrodynamic thermal “explosion” was not observed in these cases. This phenomenon was found to be characteristic of only pressurized flows. Below, we study thermal explosions during the Poiseuille flow of a viscous, chemically reactive liquid in an infinite circular cylindrical tube, and during the motion of the liquid between infinite rotating cylinders. The combined effect of chemical and mechanical heat cources are considered. Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Teknicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 38–43, 1968     

液体火箭爆炸地面有害气体生成与扩散分析

建立了自燃液体推进剂运载火箭爆炸时地面残余推进剂蒸发模型和产生的有害气体在大气中的扩散模型,给出了N2O4/UDMH液体推进剂爆炸产生的地面推进剂残留量、推进剂污染区直径、大气环境中地面残余N2O4和UDMH推进剂蒸发速率等参数的实验结果。利用该理论模型对大型运载火箭发生意外爆炸事故产生的地面残余推进剂蒸发时间和形成的有害气体危害范围进行了估算。该理论模型可为航天发射场制定安全防护措施提供有用的评估方法。     

Formation of a spall cavity in a dielectric during electrical explosion

The wave dynamics of the stress-strain state of a solid dielectric during electrical explosion near its surface is analyzed. A quantitative model of an electrical explosion is developed which describes the operation of a high-voltage generator, the expansion of the discharge channel, and the generation and distribution of shock-wave perturbations. Two mechanisms of formation of a spall cavity on the surface of the solid are considered: the less energetic mechanism implemented by means of the waves reflected from the surface, and the more energetic mechanism in which result from the action of a direct wave of compressive stresses. The effects of the reflection surface shape and the mode of energy input into the channel on the possible fracture pattern are estimated.     

Dynamic development of a radial crack zone during a camouflet explosion

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 164–167, January–February, 1988.     

On the explosion of linearly distributed charge with curvilinear shape on the ground surface

We use the momentum version proposed by M. A. Lavrent'yev [1, 2] to treat the two-dimensional problem of the explosion of a linearly distributed charge of curvilinear shape on the ground surface. The problem of the explosion of a straight charge was solved for the first time in [2] in this version. The ground is assumed to be an ideal incompressible liquid at velocities exceeding some critical velocity which remains constant along the crater; beyond this boundary, the medium is fixed. The potential of the velocity is assumed to be constant on the charge and vanishing on the ground surface.     

水下接触爆炸下沉箱码头毁伤效应

为研究水下接触爆炸下沉箱码头毁伤效应和毁伤机理,通过LS-DYNA有限元软件建立沉箱码头水下接触爆炸模型,进行数值模拟研究,并通过试验验证模型准确性。结果表明:运用有限元方法能够较好地模拟水下接触爆炸作用下沉箱码头的毁伤效应,沉箱码头的破坏过程可分为两个阶段:冲击波阶段,沉箱外墙产生初始破口和环状裂缝;气泡膨胀阶段,爆轰产物从破口涌入仓格加速了仓格的变形和毁伤,仓格顶部变形严重导致码头面板破坏,气泡由于冲出水面提前溃灭,码头毁伤在0.14倍的气泡第一次脉动周期基本停止。对比不同爆炸深度,水域中部接触爆炸下沉箱毁伤最为严重,近水面接触爆炸对码头面板的毁伤作用更强。     

尿素抑制甲烷爆炸过程中爆炸压力与自由基变化耦合分析

为建立抑爆过程中,尿素对甲烷宏观抑爆效果与微观抑爆机理之间的联系,利用20 L球型爆炸测试装置开展实验,测量了尿素粉体抑制甲烷爆炸过程中爆炸压力,利用光栅光谱仪采集火焰发射光谱数据;采用光谱分析和数据同步分析方法,分析该抑爆过程中爆炸压力和NO、CN、CHO、HNO、OH等关键自由基或分子的变化,得出甲烷爆炸压力发展过程与相关自由基含量之间的耦合变化关系。研究表明,加入尿素能有效地降低甲烷的爆炸压力,延长甲烷的爆炸感应期;在尿素的作用条件,NO、HNO含量的升高和CN、CHO、OH含量的降低,可以抑制甲烷爆炸;NO、CN、CHO、HNO自由基分子与甲烷爆炸升压过程有较大联系;OH自由基一直存在于甲烷爆炸的整个过程中且含量较高;对以上自由基的干预,可以在相应阶段发挥抑爆作用。

     

Underbody and ground effects on rotating disc flow: a global scale inviscid study

The flow induced by a finite disc rotating near horizontal ground is considered, including the effects of an underbody. This paper concentrates on determining the shape of the free layer beyond the rim of the disc which is horizontal in the absence of the underbody and ground but forced to deform to ensure that conditions across the layer are satisfied when the underbody or ground is added. The far-field behaviour, the inviscid flow produced by a nominally infinite disc near the ground and the global solution for small ground clearances are considered analytically, and the full problem is posed as an integral problem. This is then solved numerically and analytically. Results are presented for various heights of the disc above the ground and for discs with an axisymmetric underbody present. A universal form is found for the farfield shape (which is controlled by entrainment into the free layer) but both the underbody and the ground effects are found to increase very significantly for reduced clearances.     

Swirl effects on variable-density jet mixing in confined flows

An experimental investigation on swirl effects on inhomogeneous confined jet mixing in a combustor configuration is reported. The confined swirling flow was simulated by a swirler with a central jet mounted in a cyclindrical tube. Helium and air jets set at different velocities were injected into the confined swirling air flow. The resulting flow fields due to two vane swirlers with constant vane angles of 35° and 66° were compared. Results show that the 35° vane swirler produces a solid-body rotation core with a slope about twice that created by the 66° vane swirler. It is the behavior of this solid-body rotation core that determines jet mixing rather than the swirler vane angle. Consequently, the coaxial jet decays much faster, the mixing is more intense, and the turbulence intensities are higher for the 35° vane swirler. In view of these results, combustor designers should be more concerned with behavior of the solid-body rotation core produced by the swirler, instead of the swirler vane angle.     

On the influence of a geothermal system on ground deformation during a volcanic eruption

The measurement of ground deformation during a volcanic eruption is one of the main tools for the monitoring of active volcanoes. The deformation is caused by processes that are occurring in the chamber–conduit system, as well as in the geothermal systems that are heated by ascending magma. The influence of the magma chamber and, to a lesser degree, of the conduit on deformation in host rocks is sufficiently well known theoretically, but no studies have been made to investigate the effects of a hydrothermal system on measurable ground deformation during a volcanic eruption. We made a comparative study of the ground deformation due to two deformation-initiating sources: a fissure conduit with a specified excess pressure and a hydrothermal system that was heated by magma flow. We show that the vertical deformation due to the activity of a geothermal system can exceed that due to magma flow by factors of several times. The spatial distributions of the deformation are also substantially different. The vertical displacement due to a geothermal system has its maximum above the fissure conduit, while when the pressure varies in the conduit it induces a local subsidence of the ground; the maximum ground uplift is at a distance of approximately twice the depth to the top of the conduit. The influence of the geothermal system should be incorporated in interpretations of data that come from the monitoring of active volcanoes.