Dependence of resonance condition on pressure in an RF resonancemethod

The plasma density is shown as functions of pressure and magnetic flux density in an RF resonance method using the XPDP1 simulation code. The RF resonance method has the unique feature that a strong electric field in bulk controls the plasma density. Owing to the balance between the electric field decrease and the collision rate increase, the plasma density in the RF resonance method has a peak with respect to pressure. The plasma density with respect to the magnetic flux density depends on the condition of the RF resonance method, and the dependence is strong at low pressure because of the strong resonance. Sheath thickness is the most important parameter that determines the strength of the resonance induced. It is shown that the sheath thickness s is related to the plasma density n as a function of ns, obtained from a dispersion relation at constant external parameters. The magnetic flux density which induces the strong resonance is determined from sheath thickness. The plasma density in the RF resonance method can be predicted from discharge parameters using the relation between plasma density and sheath thickness     

Effective Masses of Pentaquark Θ+ in Nuclear Matter

The properties of baryons in nuclear matter are analysed in the relativistic mean-field theory(RMF). It is found that the scalar field σ meson affects the properties of baryon at high density. A density dependent scalar coupling gσN is determined according to the idea of quark-meson coupling model and extended to RMF. It is shown that gσN affects the property of nuclear matter weakly at low density, but strongly at high density. The relation between the scalar density ρ_S and the nuclear density ρ and the effective mass of the pentaquark Θ⁺ are studied with the density dependent coupling constant. The density dependent scalar coupling obviously affects the effective masses of baryons in nuclear matter, especially at high density.     

基于双经纬仪和弹孔屏的天幕立靶密集度现场校准方法

射击密集度是评定速射武器射击效果的重要参数,而天幕立靶测试系统广泛用于速射武器的密集度测量。但是由于天幕立靶受到运输、反复安装和搬移、外场环境温度变化、长时间使用等因素影响,导致密集度测量误差变大。针对天幕立靶密集度现场校准问题,提出了一种基于双经纬仪和高精度弹孔屏配合的校准方法。该方法利用双经纬仪交会测量弹孔屏上的弹孔坐标,根据所测量的弹孔坐标利用密集度公式计算密集度参数,并与天幕立靶所测得的密集度参数进行对比,完成现场校准。开展实弹射击,并对基于双经纬仪配合弹孔屏方法测量所得的密集度进行不确定度评估,结果表明:该方法测量所得的密集度不确定度为1.6 mm,可用于天幕立靶密集度的现场校准。     

少量氧气对大气压氩氧混合气体放电特性的影响

基于一维流体模型,采用数值模拟的方法研究了大气压氩氧混合气体放电中少量氧气含量对放电特性的影响。根据模型方程进行了数值模拟分析,计算结果表明：随着氧气含量由0.1%增加到0.6%,电子密度减小,O^-离子密度增加,总的负粒子密度增加,鞘层区电子温度增加。随着放电时间的增加,O^-离子密度增加,电子密度的变化分为三个阶段：电子密度快速增长阶段、电子密度下降阶段和电子密度稳定阶段。当氧气含量小于1%时,电子密度随着氧气含量的增加迅速减小,氧原子密度快速增加;氧气含量大于1%小于4%时,电子密度随氧气含量的增加而缓慢减少,氧原子密度缓慢增加直至不变。     

Study of density field measurement based on NPLS technique in supersonic flow

Due to the influence of shock wave and turbulence, supersonic density field exhibits strongly inhomogeneous and unsteady characteristics. Applying traditional density field measurement techniques to supersonic flows yields three problems: low spatiotemporal resolution, limitation of measuring 3D density field, and low signal to noise ratio (SNR). A new method based on Nano-based Planar Laser Scattering (NPLS) technique is proposed in this paper to measure supersonic density field. This method measures planar transient density field in 3D supersonic flow by calibrating the relationship between density and concentration of tracer particles, which would display the density fluctuation due to the influence of shock waves and vortexes. The application of this new method to density field measurement of supersonic optical bow cap is introduced in this paper, and the results reveal shock wave, turbulent boundary layer in the flow with the spatial resolution of 93.2 μm/pixel. By analyzing the results at interval of 5 μs, temporal evolution of density field can be observed. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10672178)     

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Based on 1-D fluid Model, numerical simulation was adopted to study the effect of small admixtures of oxygen on the characteristics of argon and oxygen mixture discharge at atmospheric pressure. According to the model equations, the simulation results showed that as the ratio of oxygen to argon increased from 0.1% to 0.6%, the electron density decreased, the density of O? increased, the density of the total negative particles increased, the electron temperature in sheath decreased. Furthermore, with the increase of discharge time, the density of O? increased, the electron density was obviously divided into three stages: the stage of electron growth, the stage of electron reduction and the stage of electron unchanged. When the ratio of oxygen to argon was within the scope of 1%, the electron density decreased rapidly, the oxygen atom density increased quickly. However, when the ratio of oxygen to argon was between 1% and 4%, as the ration of oxygen to argon increased the electron density decreased slowly and the oxygen atom density grew slowly until held the line.     

Spatial structure of an incompressible quantum Hall strip

The incompressible quantum Hall strip is sensitive to charging of localized states in the cyclotron gap. We study the effect of localized states by a density functional approach and find electron density and the strip width as a function of the density of states in the gap. Another important effect is electron exchange. By using a model density functional which accounts for negative compressibility of the QH state, we find electron density around the strip. At large exchange, the density profile becomes nonmonotonic. Both effects, localized states and exchange, lead to a substantial increase of the strip width.     

量子力学中的密度矩阵与具有相同密度矩阵的系综的可区分性

讨论了密度矩阵的不同定义。建议使用完全密度矩阵、压缩密度矩阵和约化密度矩阵分别描写一个封闭量子体系的、一个系综中平均分子的和一个复合体系中的一个子系统的密度矩阵。强调这与现在人们认为的具有相同压缩密度矩阵的系综是完全等价的结论完全不同,具有相同压缩密度矩阵但是成分不同的系综可以通过系综整体测量来区别。作为一个应用,现在认为现有的核磁共振量子计算中没有纠缠的结论是没有根据的。Density matrix is one important tool in quantum mechanics, and it has very broad applications. However there are different definitions about the density matrix, and they describe quite different systems. There has been some misunderstanding about the density matrix in the community, and these misunderstandings hinder the right application of the density matrix. In this article, we discuss the different definitions of density matrix. We suggest to use the full density matrix, compressed density matrix and the reduced density matrix to describe the state of a complete quantum system, the state of an averaged particle in an ensemble and the state of part of a composite system. We stress that contrary to the wide accepted understanding that ensembles with the same compressed density matrix are physically indistinguishable, they are distinguishable through the so-called ensemble measurement. As an application, we suggest that the present conclusion that the present-day nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computation does not have quantum entanglement is groundless.     

Narrowband and broadband active control in an enclosure using the acoustic energy density

An active control system based on the acoustic energy density is investigated. The system is targeted for use in three-dimensional enclosures, such as aircraft cabins and rooms. The acoustic energy density control method senses both the potential and kinetic energy densities, while the most popular control systems of the past have relied on the potential energy density alone. Energy density fields are more uniform than squared pressure fields, and therefore, energy density measurements are less sensitive to sensor location. Experimental results are compared to computer-generated results for control systems based on energy density and squared pressure for a rectangular enclosure measuring 1.5 x 2.4 x 1.9 m. Broadband and narrowband frequency pressure fields in the room are controlled experimentally. Pressure-field and mode-amplitude data are presented for the narrowband experiments, while spectra and pressure-field data are presented for the broadband experiment. It is found that the energy density control system has superior performance to the squared pressure control system since the energy density measurement is more capable of observing the modes of a pressure field. Up to 14.4 and 3.8 dB of cancellation are achieved for the energy density control method for the narrowband and broadband experiments presented, respectively.     

Defect-induced transitions in synchronous asymmetric exclusion processes

The effects of a single local defect in synchronous asymmetric exclusion processes are investigated via theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. Our theoretical analysis shows that there are four possible stationary phases, i.e., the (low density, low density), (low density, high density), (high density, low density) and (high density, high density) in the system. In the (high density, low density) phase, the system can reach a maximal current which is determined by the local defect, but independent of boundary conditions. A phenomenological domain wall approach is developed to predict dynamic behavior at phase boundaries. The effects of defective hopping probability p on density profiles and currents are investigated. Our investigation shows that the value of p determines phase transitions when entrance rate α and exit rate β are fixed. Density profiles and currents obtained from theoretical calculations are in agreement with Monte Carlo simulations.     

A First Order Generalized Thomas-Fermi Approximation for the Electron Density in Inversion Layers

An operator evaluation of the one-particle density matrix of a degenerate system of independent particles in first order with respect to the gradient of the potential developed by Macke and Rennert yields an analytic expression for the particle density. This method is extended here to potentials with an infinite step and to finite temperatures – a situation which is characteristic for inversion electrons in MIS-systems. The resulting density can be expressed as the Airy transform of the zeroth order (local density approximation). The first order yields both the tunneling into the classically forbidden region and oscillations of the density near the step of the potential. The operator evaluation of the density matrix is shown to be equivalent to solving a Schrödinger like equation. The first order density yields results for the subband structure of (100)Si inversion and accumulation layers at OK in remarkable agreement to density functional calculations of Ando.     

Neutrino oscillations with three flavors in matter of varying density

In this paper, we discuss the evolution operator and the transition probabilities expressed as functions of the vacuum mass squared differences, the vacuum mixing angles, and the matter density parameter for three flavor neutrino oscillations in matter of varying density in the plane wave approximation. The applications of this to neutrino oscillations in a model of the earth's matter density profile, step function matter density profiles, constant matter density profiles, linear matter density profiles, and finally in a model of the sun's matter density profile are discussed. We show that for matter density profiles which do not fluctuate too much, the total evolution operator consisting of n operators can be replaced by one single evolution operator in the semi-classical approximation. Received: 23 March 2001 / Published online: 8 June 2001     

A single current density component imaging by MRCDI without subject rotations

Magnetic resonance current density imaging (MRCDI) is a useful method for measuring electrical current density distribution inside a subject. Due to the requirement of subject rotations in MRCDI, MRCDI has not been widely applied to in vivo studies. In this paper, we propose a new current density image (CDI) reconstruction method by which a single component of the current density can be imaged by MRCDI without subject rotations. After measuring one of the two magnetic field components, produced by the current density component passing through the measurement plane, we have reconstructed the current density component images in the spatial frequency domain. Even though the proposed method has a limitation that the area of magnetic field measurement should be much larger than that of the current density, the proposed method is expected to expedite MRCDI applications to in vivo studies.     

On the stability of the Hartree-Fock homogeneous density solution for nuclear matter

The nuclear matter energy density used by Overhauser is shown not to be realistic. The consequence of a static density fluctuation thus seems doubtful. The application of the method of Baym, Bethe and Pethik, developed for neutron star matter problems, shows that for a more realistic nuclear energy density containing the Thomas-Fermi part plus gradient terms, both spatially periodic compression and decompression about the saturation density, augment the energy. In addition, positive gradient terms tend to prevent a rippled density.     

Density profiles and solvation force for a liquid in a slit

Computer simulations and density functional theory results are reported for a Lennard-Jones liquid in a slit or pore formed by two parallel hard walls. Both density profiles and solvation forces are computed. Two classes of calculation are performed. In the first class, a high bulk density is selected and, starting from a high temperature, the temperature is reduced until the temperature corresponding to bulk liquid—vapour coexistence is reached. For small slit widths or exceedingly large widths, the density in the slit decreases continuously until the slit is virtually empty or ‘dry’. When the slit width is somewhat larger than a molecular diameter, but still finite, the density in the slit decreases continuously as the temperature is decreased until there is an abrupt change in the density in the slit. Below this temperature, the density is smaller. Further decreases in the temperature, result in a continuous decrease in the slit density until the slit is virtually empty. In the second class, the density and temperature for bulk coexistence are chosen and the bulk density is increased. At the temperature and bulk density for bulk coexistence, the slit is virtually empty and remains so for all widths that we consider. As the bulk density is increased at constant temperature, the slit remains empty as the width is increased until some specific width is reached and then starts to fill abruptly. The agreement of the density functional and simulation results is qualitative but good.     

Spherically symmetric static inhomogeneous cosmological models

Spherically symmetric static cosmological models filled with black-body radiation are considered. The models are isotropic about a central observer but inhomogeneous. It is suggested that the energy density of the free gravitational field, which is coupled to the isotropic radiation energy density, might play an important role in generating sufficient field (vacuum) energy (when converted into thermal energy) and initiate processes like inflation. On the central world line the energy density of the free gravitational field vanishes whereas the proper pressure and density of the isotropic black-body radiation are constants. Further, it is shown that the cosmological constant is no more arbitrary but given in terms of the central pressure and density. Also, at its maximum value the energy density of the free gravitational field is proved to be equal to one third of the combined value of radiation pressure and density.     

Analysis of free energy functional density expansion theories

Density expansion theories are often used, within the density functional formalism, to approximate the Helmholtz free-energy functional of simple classical fluids. An overview of the theoretical framework of density expansion theories is presented. Several density functional theories that employ truncated density expansions are then analysed with attention focused on their thermodynamic properties. It is found that, of these theories, only the commonly used mean-field theory satisfies the Gibbs adsorption equation; the inconsistencies within the other theories arise from truncation of the density expansion without appropriate modification of the expansion coefficients. Other repercussions of truncating the density expansion are discussed.     

Magnetic phase diagram in a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas

Using spin density functional theory within the framework of the local spin density approximation with Perdew-Zunger type exchange-correlation energy, ferromagnetism in a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas (Q-2DEG) is studied. The electronic and magnetic structures of a thin film are calculated as a function of film thickness and electron density. Ferromagnetism in the Q-2DEG is found to appear at a higher electron density than in the three-dimensional electron gas. Unless a film is very thin, with decreasing electron density, a magnetic phase transition occurs from a spin-unpolarized fluid to a Wigner film with surface magnetism, in which the spin polarization localizes only in the neighborhood of surfaces. Further decreasing density induces another transition to a fully spin-polarized ferromagnetic Wigner film.