Economic demography in fuzzy spatial dilemmas and power laws

Adaptive agents, playing the iterated Prisoners Dilemma (IPD) in a two-dimensional spatial setting and governed by Pavlovian strategies (higher success-higher chance to stay), are used to approach the problem of cooperation between self-interested individuals from a novel angle: We investigate the effect of different possible measures of success (MS) used by players to asses their performance in the game. These MS involve quantities such as: the players utilities U, his cumulative score (or capital) W, his neighborhood welfare, etc. To handle an imprecise concept like success the agents use fuzzy logic. The degree of cooperation, the economic demography and the efficiency attained by the system depend dramatically on the MS. Specifically, patterns of segregation or exploitation are observed for some MS. On the other hand, power laws, that may be interpreted as signatures of critical self-organization (SOC), constitute a common feature for all the MS.     

Methodological imperfection and formalizations of scientific activity

Any mathematical formalization of scientific activity allows for imperfections in the methodology that is formalized. These can be of three types, dirty, rotten, and dammed. Restricting mathematical attention to those methods that cannot be construed to be imperfect drastically reduces the class of objects that must be analyzed, and relates all other objects to these more regular ones. Examples are drawn from empirical logic.     

Contribution to the theory of single-mode laser modulation II. Conduction modulation

The problem of conduction modulation of laser radiation is considered. It is shown that acoustic wave interacting with photon field in active medium causes a periodic modulation of the number of quanta in the single-mode gas laser. The problem of modulation is solved quantum mechanically and it is shown that dielectric and conduction modulation give similar results.     

Acoustomagnetoelectric current effects on mesoultrasound in anisotropic semiconductors

The acoustomagnetoelectric (AME) current effects on mesoultrasound in monopolar single-valley semiconductors with anisotropic scattering in arbitrary classical magnetic fields are computed analytically. The specimen is considered short-circuited along the q-wave vector of the ultrasound (US) wave. Two configurations are examined: 1) q is directed at an arbitrary angle 9 to the axis of highest order crystal symmetry C₆ (z axis), the y axis to the (q, C₆) plane, the magnetic field B lies in the (q, y) plane at an arbitrary angle to the vector q. Two transverse AME field components are calculated: along y and in the (q, C₆) plane. They express the Hall effects at mesoultrasound, the planar and normal, 2) q is directed along the y axis while B is in the (x, z) plane at an angle to the C₆(z) axis. The AME field component along B, the Grobner effect at mesoultrasound, is calculated. The dependence of the effects onB is studied and their estimate is given in weak and strong fields.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 57–61, July, 1989.     

Analytic continuation of group representations. III

The connection between the ideas of contraction and analytic continuation of Lie algebras and their representations is discussed, with particular emphasis on the contraction of the Poincaré to the Galilean group.This research was supported in part by the Office of Air Force Scientific Research AF 49 (638)-1440.     

On some frequent but controversial statements concerning the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations

Quite often the compatibility of the EPR correlations with the relativity theory has been questioned; it has been stated that the first in time of two correlated measurements instantaneously collapses the other subsystem; it has been suggested that a causal asymmetry is built into the Feynman propagator. However, the EPR transition amplitude, as derived from the S matrix, is Lorentz andCPT invariant; the correlation formula is symmetric in the two measurements irrespective of their time ordering, so that the link of the correlations is the Feynman zigzag, and that causality isCPT invariant at the microlevel; finally, although the Feynman propagator has theP andCT symmetries, no causal asymmetry follows from that. As for Stapp's views concerning process and becoming, and his Whiteheadean concept of an advancing front, I object that they belong to factlike macrophysics, and are refuted at the microlevel by the EPR phenomenology, which displays direct Fokker-like space-time connections. The reason for this is a radical one. The very blending of a space-time picture and of a probability calculus is a paradox. The only adequate paradigm is one denying objectivity to space-time—but this, of course, is also required by the complementary of the x and the k pictures, which only look compatible at the macrolevel. Therefore, the classical objectivity must yield in favor of intersubjectivity. Only the macroscopic preparing and measuring devices have factlike objectivity; the transition of the quantal system takes place beyond both thex and thek 4-spaces. Then, the intrinsic symmetries between retarded and advanced waves, and statistical prediction and retrodiction, entails that the future has no less (but no more) existence than the past. It is the future that is significant in creative process, the elementary forms of which should be termed precognition or psychokinesis—respectively symmetric to the factlike taboos that we can neither know into the future nor act into the past. It is gratifying that Robert Jahn, at the Engineering School of Princeton University, is conducting (after others) conclusive experiments demonstrating low level psychokinesis—a phenomenon implied by the very symmetry of the negentropy-information transition. So, what pierces the veil of maya is the (rare) occurrence of paranormal phenomena. The essential severance between act and potentia is not a spacelike advancing front, but the out of and the into factlike space-time. Finally, I do not feel that an adequate understanding of the EPR phenomenology requires going beyond the present status of relativistic quantum mechanics. Rather, I believe that the potentialities of this formalism have not yet been fully exploited.     

Stiff magnetic field lines. I. A geometrical foundation

It is shown that the foliation of a space-time manifold of codimension 2 provides a basis for the study of the deformation of magnetic field lines. It is found that the fluid flow vector and the curvature vector of a nongeodesic stiff magnetic field line are always orthogonal. Further, it is shown that the metric tensor of the 2-space orthogonal to the Maxwellian string is Lie-transported along the magnetic field lines when the magnetic field lines are stiff. If there exists a spacelike Killing vector field parallel to the magnetic field, then the magnetic field lines must be stiff.     

On the electromagnetic structure of elementary particles

Using modern similarity and dimensionality methods, criteria of similarity are derived and used as transformations, which effect the conversion from one natural system of units to another. The exclusion principles thus defined are used to determine the powers of the similarity criteria in quantitative relations.Systems of units of the fermion and boson types are used in the simplest identification of the parameters corresponding to elementary particles.A set of electric and magnetic physical constants with dimensionality length, area, and volume, is obtained and successfully unified within the limits of a vortex ring, the maximum dimensions of which are defined by the Compton wavelength, and the minimum by the classical radius of the particle. The vortex ring model is in accordance with the latest experimental data, and it enables the behavior of the incident and target particles in the scattering process to be predicted.In modern theoretical physics the elementary particles are still considered as essentially structureless point formations, and hence it is impossible to give a purely theoretical treatment of the structure of the particles. Thus the various attempts in this direction (Hofstadter, Blokhintsev) have a polyphenomenological character and are internally inconsistent. (The search for the structure of an elementary particle is carried out on the assumption that it is not elementary, since truly elementary particles are defined as point size.) The author recognizes the need for an original approach to the structure of elementary particles, based on a method of study adequate for the problem. Such a method is the theory of dimensionality and similarity (Sedov, Gukhman, and Kirpichev), which serves as a scientific basis of a physical experiment (Kirpichev), or as the scientific basis for a model of the phenomena, insofar as the criteria of similarity are a reflection of the physical model of the process (Gukhman).It is a pleasure to thank Academician L. I. Sedov and Professor K. A. Putilov for valuable criticism and advice, and Professor A. S. Irisov and V. V. Lokhin for useful discussions.     

Evolutionary drive: The effect of microscopic diversity,error making,and noise

In order to model any macroscopic system, it is necessary to aggregate both spatially and taxonomically. If average processes are assumed, then kinetic equations of population dynamics can be derived. Much effort has gone into showing the important effects introduced by non-average effects (fluctuations) in generating symmetry-breaking transitions and creating structure and form. However, the effects of microscopic diversity have been largely neglected. We show that evolution will select for populations which retain variability, even though this is, at any given time, loss-making, predicting that we shall not observe populations with optimal behavior, but populations which can learn. This lesser short-term efficiency may be why natural diversity is so great. Evolution is seen to be driven by the noise to which it leads.     

Dark body and black hole horizons

The formula for the horizon of a Newtonian dark body is given and compared to that of a relativistic black hole: a Newtonian dark body has at least one hair.     

Correlation functions for quasi-linear response theory

A quasi-linear regression formula is derived by an expansion around quasi-static equilibrium. It relates the relaxation of thermodynamic forces to the regression of correlations of thermodynamic coordinates in quasi-static equilibrium. Correlation functions and memory kernels can be introduced in almost complete analogy to linear response theory. A non-linear, non-Markovian kinetic equation is derived. The kinetic coefficients are given in terms of correlation functions of stochastic forces in quasi-static equilibrium similar to the linear theory.     

Systems Approach to Optimization of the Regimen of Photodynamic Therapy of Solid Sarcoma M-1 Using the “Fotosens” Preparation as Example

A systems analysis of the interaction between objects (tumor, healthy tissue, radiation, and photosensitizer of the singlet state of oxygen) involved in photodynamic therapy was carried out. A schematic diagram of the biologically significative processes proceeding under these circumstances was proposed. This schematic diagram can serve as a basis for a systems approach to the optimization of photodynamic therapy. The efficiency of the systems approach in photodynamic therapy was demonstrated using Fotosens and Khlorin S preparations, carotene, and dodecaprene -carotene in biological experiments on Wistar rats and mouses inoculated for the solid sarcoma M-1.     

New two-color dimer models with critical ground states

We define two new models on the square lattice in which each allowed configuration is a superposition of a covering by white dimers and one by black dimers. Each model maps to a solid-on-solid (SOS) model in which the height field is two dimensional. Measuring the stiffness of the SOS fluctuations in the rough phase provides critical exponents of the dimer models. Using this height representation, we have performed Monte Carlo simulations. They confirm that each dimer model has critical correlations and belongs to a new universality class. In the dimer-loop model (which maps to a loop model) one height component is smooth, but has unusual correlated fluctuations; the other height component is rough. In the noncrossing-dimer model the heights are rough, having two different elastic constants; an unusual form of its elastic theory implies anisotropic critical correlations.     

Some properties of topological geons

We investigate the Finkelstein-Misner geons for a non-simply-connected space-time manifold (M, g ₀). We use relations between different Lorentzian structures unequivalent tog ₀ and topological properties ofM given by the Morse theory. It implies that to some pieces of geons we have to associate Wheeler's worm-holes. Geons that correspond to time-orientable Lorentz structures are related tog ₀ by Morse functions that describe the attaching of a handle of index one. In the case of geons associated to time-nonorientable Lorentzian structures, appropriate handles are related to loops along which the notion of time reverses. If we assume electromagnetic properties of geons, then only four species, v, e, p, m, of different geons can exist and geon m has to decay according to mv+p+e.     

Hidden variables with directionalization

A hidden-variables model is presented which, by using a hypothesis of directionalization of the photons at the deflectors, is able to reproduce all the quantum mechanical predictions for the Orsay realization of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm experiment, even for ideal polarizers, detectors, time-coincidence windows, and event-ready setups. The model also holds for the no-enhancement assumption. The requirements for an experiment aimed to discriminate between quantum mechanics and the new model are discussed. Under some plausible assumptions, such experiment is achievable with the current technology. It would be essentially a remake of the Orsay one with improved deflectors and a time-resolved measurement of the photon flows toward each detector.     

The use of time-dependent projection operators in the derivation of master equations

In this paper we generalize our previous work on the use of time-dependent projection operators for the derivation of master equations for general systems. Previously we had generalized the usual time-independent projection operator approach to include time-dependent projection operators, in which the relevant part of the full density operator is considered to be the uncorrelated part of the full density operator. The irrelevant part of the density operator was then the part describing the correlations between the coupled systems. In the present work we present new time-dependent projections operators which have the property that some correlations between the interacting subsystems are placed in the relevant part of the distribution function and the remaining correlations are placed in the irrelevant part of the distribution function.     

Standpoint cosmology

An unorthodox cosmology is based on a notion of standpoint, distinguishing past from future, realized through Hilbert-space representation of the complex conformai group for 3+1spacetime and associated coherent states. Physical (approximate) symmetry attaches to eight-parameter complex Poincaré displacements, interpretable as growth of standpoint age (one parameter), boost of matter energy-momentum in standpoint rest frame (three parameters) and displacement of matter location in a compact U(1)O(4)/O(3) spacetime attached to standpoint (four parameters). An initial condition (at big bang) is characterized by a huge dimensionless parameter that breaks dilation invariance. Four major length scales are recognized, called Planck, particle, lab, and Hubble, with separations controlled by ; all physical concepts, including spacetime, depend on wideness of scale separation.     

Anti-photon

It should be apparent from the title of this article that the author does not like the use of the word photon, which dates from 1926. In his view, there is no such thing as a photon. Only a comedy of errors and historical accidents led to its popularity among physicists and optical scientists. I admit that the word is short and convenient. Its use is also habit forming. Similarly, one might find it convenient to speak of the aether or vacuum to stand for empty space, even if no such thing existed. There are very good substitute words for photon, (e.g., radiation or light), and for photonics (e.g., optics or quantum optics). Similar objections are possible to use of the word phonon, which dates from 1932. Objects like electrons, neutrinos of finite rest mass, or helium atoms can, under suitable conditions, be considered to be particles, since their theories then have viable non-relativistic and non-quantum limits. This paper outlines the main features of the quantum theory of radiation and indicates how they can be used to treat problems in quantum optics.It is a pleasure to join in the 60th birthday celebration of the Director, Herbert Walther, of the Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics at Garching, and wish him much happiness and many more years of his very great scientific creativity.     

Logic of likelihood

The notion of probability is generalized to that of likelihood, and a natural logical structure is shown to exist for any physical theory which predicts likelihoods. Two physically based axioms are given for this logicai structure to form an orthomodular poset, with an order-determining set of states. The results strengthen the basis of the quantum logic approach to axiomatic quantum theory.     

Axiomatic unsharp quantum theory (From Mackey to Ludwig and Piron)

On the basis of Mackey's axiomatic approach to quantum physics or, equivalently, of a state-event-probability (SEVP) structure, using a quite standard fuzzification procedure, a set of unsharp events (or effects) is constructed and the corresponding state-effect-probability (SEFP) structure is introduced. The introduction of some suitable axioms gives rise to a partially ordered structure of quantum Brouwer-Zadeh (BZ) poset; i.e., a poset endowed with two nonusual orthocomplementation mappings, a fuzzy-like orthocomplementation, and an intuitionistic-like orthocomplementation, whose set of sharp elements is an orthomodular complete lattice. As customary, by these orthocomplementations the two modal-like necessity and possibility operators are introduced, and it is shown that Ludwig's and Jauch-Piron's approaches to quantum physics are interpreted in complete SEFP. As a marginal result, a standard procedure to construct a lot of unsharp realizations starting from any sharp realization of a fixed observable is given, and the relationship among sharp and corresponding unsharp realizations is studied.