Transformations of pyridine bases on a nickel-aluminum catalyst

The electronic structures of some pyridine bases are analyzed by means of ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic data for substituted pyridines and the calculated bond orders in the pyridine ring. The differences in the chemical bonds in the pyridine ring of isomeric methylpyridines and the carbon—carbon bonds between the ring and the methyl groups in these compounds are in agreement with the experimental data on the thermal stability of the simplest pyridine bases and the gas-phase transformation of the isomeric methylpyridines on an industrial nickel—aluminum catalyst. The possibility of obtaining mono- or dialkylpyridines under these conditions, depending on the structure of the starting pyridine bases, is demonstrated.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 371–374, March, 1982.     

Reactions of potentially tautomeric methyl and methylene derivatives of pyridine and diazines with N-electrophiles (review)

Data on the nitration, nitrosation, azo-coupling, and electrophilic amination of potentially tautomeric methyl and methylene derivatives of a series of pyridines, pyridazines, pyrimidines, and pyrazines in media of varying acidity and basicity are reviewed systematically. Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090. Russia. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 147–162, February, 1998.     

An examination of the vaporization enthalpies and vapor pressures of pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and 1,3,5-triazine

The vaporization enthalpies and liquid vapor pressures from T = 298.15 K to T = 400 K of 1,3,5-triazine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, and pyridazine using pyridines and pyrazines as standards have been measured by correlation-gas chromatography. The vaporization enthalpies of 1,3,5-triazine (38.8 ± 1.9 kJ mol⁻¹) and pyrazine (40.5 ± 1.7 kJ mol⁻¹) obtained by these correlations are in good agreement with current literature values. The value obtained for pyrimidine (41.0 ± 1.9 kJ mol⁻¹) can be compared with a literature value of 50.0 kJ mol⁻¹. Combined with the condensed phase enthalpy of formation in the literature, this results in a gas-phase enthalpy of formation, Δ_f H _m (g, 298.15 K), of 187.6 ± 2.2 kJ mol⁻¹ for pyrimidine, compared to a value of 195.1 ± 2.1 calculated for pyrazine. Vapor pressures also obtained by correlation are used to predict boiling temperatures (BT). Good agreement with experimental BT (±4.2 K) including results for pyrimidine is observed for most compounds with the exception of the pyridazines. The results suggest that compounds containing one or two nitrogen atoms in the ring are suitable standards for correlating various heterocyclic compounds provided the nitrogen atoms are isolated from each other by carbon. Pyridazines do not appear to be evaluated correctly using pyridines and pyrazines as standards.     

Peculiar features of sorption of positional isomers of formyl-, acetyl-, and aminopyridines in capillary gas-liquid chromatography

The GLC retention parameters of α-, β-, and γ-isomers of formyl-, acetyl-, and aminopyridines were determined on two columns with stationary phases of different polarities. The contributions of formyl, acetyl, methyl, and amino groups located in the α-, β-, and γ-positions of the ring to the retention indices were calculated. The contributions of these groups to the retention were found to depend on their positions with respect to the N atom of the ring and are the smallest for α-substituents. The difference between pyridines containing electron-withdrawing substituents and those containing electron-donating substituents is manifested as different orders of elution of α-, β-, and γ-derivatives. The distinctions between the GLC behaviors of pyridines, benzenes, and furans with the same substituents were identified. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 91–94, January, 1997.     

The influence of alkyl substituents on the chromatographic indicator of self-association of<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-containing heterocyclic compounds

The chromatographic indicator of the ability of substances to form associates in a pure liquid δT _b.p. proposed in our previous study was used to estimate the capacity for self-association of alkyl-substituted imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyrroles, oxazoles, isoxazoles, pyridazines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, and pyridines. Alkyl substituents introduced in heterocyclic compounds decrease the δT _b.p. values, which is consistent with the data on the heats of self-association of heterocyclic compounds in pure liquids. The reasons for the difference between the boiling point of a compound at standard pressure and its “gas-chromatographic boiling point” are discussed. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp 319–322, February, 2000.     

Calculation of the thermondynamic values of alkylthiazoles from the Kovats retention indices on the basis of the non-linear additivity principle

Summary Retention indices and their energy equivalents were determined for ten alkylthiazoles analysed on the stationary phases Apiezon L, Triton X-305 and Carbowax 1000. It was found that the energy contributions of identical alkyl groups to the partial molar free energy of sorption of a molecule are not equivalent. Smaller energy contribututions are due to the α-position of alkyl groups with respect to the heteroatoms in the thiazole ring (α-effect). This effect was most pronounced for 2-alkylthiazoles. Higher sorption energies were found for dimethylthiazoles with two methylgroups in a vicinal position. The retention indices were predicted for ten other di- and tri-substituted methyl, ethyl and propyl thiazoles on the basis of the so-called α- and ortho-effects. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimentally determined values. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. E. sz. Kováts (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday.     

Trifluoroacetylation of pyrrolo[1,2-<Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis>]pyrazines

A study was carried out on the reaction of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines containing an alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl substituent at C-1 with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Trifluoroacetylation products may be formed either by reaction in the pyrrole ring or at the aryl or aralkyl groups at C-1. Products of electrophilic substitution at C-6 are formed in the trifluoroacetylation of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines containing at C-1 a substituent bulkier than a methyl group but lacking substituents at C-6 (the α-position of the pyrrole ring). __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1226–1233, August, 2007.     

Carbon-13 NMR spectra of monosubstituted pyrazines

Carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts and one-bond carbon–hydrogen coupling constants have been obtained at 15·09 MHz. The trends in the carbon chemical shifts obtained for the pyrazines parallel those of monosubstituted benzenes and 2-substituted pyridines, except for the direct effect of substitution where the pyrazines resemble pyridines not benzenes. The substituent effects on the ¹³C NMR spectra are generally quite similar to those in the ¹H NMR spectra. The ¹³C NMR spectrum of the tautomeric hydroxypyrazine has been compared with the ¹³C NMR spectra of 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxypyridines. Hydroxy compounds that can exist as a cyclic amide show a large meta substituent effect on the chemical carbon shift.     

Modified copolymers of bifunctional vinyl ethers with methyl vinyl sulfide as active matrices of solid superbases

Reactive linear and crosslinked copolymers of diethylene glycol divinyl ether and ethylene glycol vinyl glycidyl ether with methyl vinyl sulfide have been synthesized in the presence of 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (2%, 60 °C, 45–55 h) in ∼53% yield. The hydrolyzed at the residual vinyloxy and epoxy groups and oxidized at the methylthio groups copolymers upon treatment with KOH afford alkoxide (complex) and crown-like superbases. They are capable of catalyzing the acetone ethynylation, as well as the prototropic isomerization of methyl propargyl ether to allenyl methyl ether and vinylation of ethylene and diethylene glycols with acetylene.     

Thermodynamics of the conversion of aqueous glucose to fructose

The thermodynamics of the conversion of aqueous glucose to fructose has been investigated using both heat conduction microcalorimetry and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The reaction was carried out in both aqueous Tris/HCl buffer and in aqueous phosphate buffer in the pH range 7–8 using the enzyme glucose isomerase and the cofactors CoCl₂ and MgSO₄. The temperature range over which this reaction was investigated was 298.15–358.15 K. We have found that the enthalpy of reaction is independent of pH over the range investigated. A combined analysis of both the HPLC and microcalorimetric data leads to the following results at 298 15 K:ΔG° = 349 ± 53 J mol^-1, ΔH° = 2.78 ± 0.20 kJ mol^-1, and ΔC _p ^° = 76 ± 30 J mol^-1 K^-1. The stated uncertainties are based upon an analysis of both the random and systematic errors inherent in the measurements. Comparisons are made with literature data. The percent conversion of glucose to fructose has been calculated for the temperature range 300–373.15 K.     

Influence of temperature on the composition of mixed monolayer formed at the methyl alcohol/acetic acid aqueous solutio–air interface

The influence of temperature on the composition of mixed monolayer formed at the methyl alcohol/acetic acid aqueous solution was examined by surface tension measurements. Surface tension of various two-component solutions was obtained at 10, 20 and 28 °C temperatures in the 0–0.5 M range of bulk concentration of alcohol and acid, respectively. Three independent methods, i.e., the Gibbs adsorption equation (GAE), regular solution approximation (RSA) and Butler adsorption isotherm (BAI) were applied to calculate surface composition of the methyl alcohol/ acetic acid mixed monolayer. It was shown that in the temperature range of 10–28 °C the surface molar fraction of the solutes remained constant for the fixed bulk concentration of alcohol and acid. Additionally, based on the RSA and BAI methods, we showed there were no interactions between solute molecules in the mixed monolayer in the studied range of concentrations. Received: 18 December 1997 Accepted: 8 May 1998     

A temperature study on critical micellization concentration (CMC), solubility, and degree of counterion binding of α-sulfonatomyristic acid methyl ester in water by electroconductivity measurements

 For a sodium salt of α-sulfonatomyristic acid methyl ester (14SFNa), one of the α-SFMe series surfactants, critical micellization concentration (CMC), solubility and degree of counterion binding (β) were determined by means of electrocon-ductivity measurements at different temperatures (at every 5 °C) ranging from 15 to 50 °C. The phase diagram of 14SFNa in pure water was constructed from the CMC- and solubility-temperature data, in which the Krafft temperature (critical solution temperature) was found around 0 °C. The changes in the Gibbs energy, ΔG ⁰ _m, enthalpy, ΔH ⁰ _m, and entropy, ΔS ⁰ _m, upon micelle formation as a function of temperature were evaluated taking βvalues into calculation. Received: 28 August 1996 Accepted: 5 November 1996     

The methyl group as a source of structural diversity in heterocyclic chemistry: side chain functionalization of picolines and related heterocycles

The reaction of 2-picoline at the methyl group with NDA and KDA followed by dimethyldisulfide trapping furnished, respectively, dithioacetals and trithioortho esters with high selectivity. The method was successfully applied to other methyl-substituted pyridines, quinolines, and pyrazines. Dithioketals were prepared by a one-pot procedure involving the reaction of metalated 2-picoline with 2 equiv of dimethyldisulfide followed by in situ trapping with a second electrophile. All of the generated thio-substituted compounds were efficiently transformed in presence of mercury salts or under oxidizing conditions to other functional groups comprising aldehydes, ketones, ketals, thiol esters, orthoesters, and esters.     

Structural effects in the electron absorptio and luminescence spectra of decaborane(14) derivatives B10H12L2

The electron absorption and luminescence spectra of some adducts B₁₀H₁₂L₂ with L-alkylsubstituted pyridines are compared. In each subgroup with mono- and disubstituted pyridines, the largest hypsochromic shift of the long-wave edge of the charge transfer band (CTB) and the increased fluorescence yield correspond to the maximum basicity of L. Steric strains between the ortho methyl group of L and |B₁₀H₁₂| result in an insignificant bathochromic shift of the CTB and decrease the fluorescence yield. The optimal interactions |B₁₀H₁₂|→L, which are responsible for the absorption and emission properties of the adducts, should correspond to conformations where the planes of the heterocyclic system of L make an angle of 30° and are symmetric relative to the |B₁₀H₁₂| plane. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated fromZhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 59–67, January–February, 1996. Translated by I. Izvekova     

Kinetic studies on the nucleophilic activation of carbon monoxide in [Ru(NH3)5CO](PF6)2

CO activation in the [Ru(NH₃)₅CO]²⁺ ion has been demonstrated under nucleophilic conditions in pyridine or 2-ethoxyethanol solution at 100 °C. In the presence of Me₃NO the observed pseudo-first order rate constants were found to be sensitive only to auxiliary ligand concentration (pyridine or methyl pyridines), but with a tendency towards rate saturation and the same limiting rate at large excess of each entering ligand. A mechanism is proposed in which the rate-limiting step is viewed as an auxiliary ligand-assisted CO₂ elimination, preceded by a fast reversible addition of Me₃NO. This reaction pathway is also supported by the values determined for ΔH ^‡ (81 ± 13 kJ mol⁻¹) and ΔS ^‡ (−114 ± 36 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Pyridinolyses of O‐Methyl and O‐Ethyl Phenyl Phosphonochloridothioates in Acetonitrile

Kinetic studies on the reactions of O‐methyl ( 2 ) and O‐ethyl ( 3 ) phenyl phosphonochloridothioates with X‐pyridines have been carried out in acetonitrile at 35.0°C. The pyridinolysis rates of 2 are slightly faster than those of 3 . The substituent effects of X on the pyridinolysis rates of 2 and 3 are similar. The Hammett and Brönsted plots with X in the nucleophiles are biphasic concave upward with a break point at X = 3‐Ph for both substrates. The stepwise mechanism with rate‐limiting leaving group departure from the intermediate is proposed based on the β_X values and biphasic concave upward free energy relationship for both substrates. The biphasic concave upward free energy relationships are rationalized by a frontside nucleophilic attack TSf with more basic pyridines and backside attack TSb with less basic pyridines for both substrates.     

Study of the electronic structure and the spectra of methyl-substituted carbanions of nitrogen heterocycles by the selfconsistent field MO LCAO method

The -electron density distribution in the ground state and the energies of the spectral transitions were calculated by a semi-empirical version of the Pople-Pariser-Parr method for a number of carbanions derived from the removal of a proton from the methyl groups of toluene, isomeric methylnaphthalenes, methylpyridines, and benzoquinones. The results obtained are compared with the results obtained in a Hückel calculation of the same anions and with experimental data from the electronic spectra of methyl-substituted nitrogen heterocycles in a solution of potassium amide in liquid ammonia.The calculations reflect satisfactorily the characteristic features of the observed spectra. The effect of the choice of parameters for the self-consistent calculation is discussed and the contribution of singly or doubly excited configurations is explained.     

Hydrodefluorinations by low-valent niobium catalyst

Catalytic hydrodefluorinations of organofluorine compounds by low-valent niobium catalyst were developed. In the presence of niobium(V) chloride (typically, 5 mol%), fluorobenzenes, α,α,α-trifluorotoluenes and (trifluoromethyl)pyridines were hydrodefluorinated with lithium aluminum hydride to give the corresponding benzenes, toluenes and methylpyridines in good yields, respectively.     

热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究多羟基吡嗪的热裂解行为

采用热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（Py—GC-MS）,选择不同温度,在空气存在的条件下对烟叶重要组分多羟基吡嗪进行了热裂解挥发性成分分析,结果表明：该方法具有较好的重复性（相对标准偏差〈1．1％）;不同温度下挥发性的热裂解产物不同;该化合物的热裂解能够产生吡嗪类化合物,而且,随着热裂解温度的升高吡嗪类化合物的含量增加。在挥发性的热裂解产物中,在300℃时吡嗪类化合物只占8．35％,吡啶类化合物占19．07％;在600℃时吡嗪类化合物占16．96％,吡啶类化合物占30．58％;在900℃时吡嗪类化合物占21．61％,吡啶类化合物占27．08％。     

Interrelation between the chemical structure and antioxidant properties of N-substituted amides of salicylic acid

The kinetics of the initiated oxidation of a model lipid (methyl oleate has been investigated in the presence of a group of new “hybrid” structures, namely, N-substituted amides of salicylic acid whose structure contains an amide residue conjugated with, or separated by a bridging fragment (three methylene groups) from, an N-phenolic substituent. The compounds also differ in the degree of screening of the OH groups. The process was initiated by thermal decomposition of azobisisobutyronitrile at 60°C (initiation rate of w _i = 4.2 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹) or by UV irradiation (γ = 313−365 nm, w _i = 0.6 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹). The compounds examined exhibit antiradical activity owing to the presence of the phenolic hydroxyl groups. N-substituted salicylamides efficiently inhibit the overall methyl oleate oxidation process and are comparable in activity with dibunolum and α-tocopherol or are superior to them. The structures in which the residues of salicylamide and sterically hindered phenol are separated by the bridging fragment are particularly efficient. The advantages of the salicylamides absorbing at 300–365 nm manifest themselves in UV-initiated oxidation. The peroxidase activity of the N-substituted salicyl acid derivatives is determined by the structure of the amide moiety. The compounds examined here are new, promising, effective antioxidants, whose particular structural fragments act via different mechanisms in oxidation.