Investigation of low-temperature regeneration of activated carbon

Granular activated carbon loaded with aniline,o-nitroaniline oro-nitrophenol, regenerated at relatively low temperature (450° in N₂ atmosphere), shows losses of cyclic adsorption performances (about 5 % per cycle) comparable to those occurring with standard thermal regeneration (950° in controlled atmosphere). Adsorbate build-ups and related surface modifications have been determined.

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Zusammenfassung Mit Anilin,o-Nitroanilin undo-Nitrophenol beladene, bei relativ niedriger Temperatur (450° in N₂-Atmosphäre) regenerierte granulierte Aktivkohle, zeigt zyklische Verluste der Adsorptionsleistung (etwa 5 % je Zyklus), welche mit den bei thermischer Standard-Regenerierung (950° in gesteuerter Atmosphäre) vorkommenden vergleichbar sind. Der Aufbau der Adsorbate und die damit verbundenen Oberflächenänderungen wurden bestimmt.

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Résumé Le charbon actif en granulés, chargé d'aniline, d'o-nitroaniline et d'o-nitrophénol, régénéré à une température relativement faible (450° dans une atmosphère d'azote) montre des pertes de rendement d'adsorption cyclique (environ 5 p.c. par cycle) comparables à celles qui ont lieu lors de la régénération thermique standard (950° en atmosphère contrôlée). On a déterminé la constitution des adsorbats et les modifications relatives de surface.

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, , -, - – 450° . , ( 5% ) – 950° . .

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Work supported by IRSA-CNR, contract no. 77.01823.11.

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Thanks are due to Mr. L. Pace for skilful contribution to the experimental work.     

A thermoanalytical study on some compounds of Zr(IV) with azopyrazolonic derivatives

Thermoanalytical data on six reagents and on their compounds with Zr(IV) are reported. Except for H acid, all reagents were azopyrazolonic derivatives obtained by synthesis. The purpose of this study was to obtain data on the thermal stabilities of the reagents and their zirconium compounds, and to establish the reagent: zirconium: water combination ratio.

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Zusammenfassung Thermoanalytische Daten von 6 Reagenzien und deren Verbindungen mit Zr(IV) werden mitgeteilt. Außer H-Säure waren alle Reagenzien durch Synthese erhaltene Azopyrazolon-Derivate. Zweck der Untersuchung war, Daten über die thermische Stabilität dieser Reagenzien und ihrer Zirkonverbindungen zu erhalten und das Verhältnis Reagens: Zirkon: Wasser festzustellen.

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. , , - . , : : .

     

Kinetics and selectivity of the oxidation of alkanes in Cl2?H2O and Cl2?Hg2+?H2O solutions

Relative oxidation rate constants of several normal, iso-, cyclo-and methylcycloalkanes have been measured in Cl₂–H₂O and Cl₂–Hg²⁺–H₂O solutions at 343K. The selectivity of C–H bond dissociation in both systems is the same. HOCl is assumed to be the active species for the two systems.

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Cl₂–H₂O Cl₂–Hg²⁺–H₂O 343 , -,- ; C–H . , HOCl.

     

Comparative discussion of NH

A comparative study of NH ₄ ⁺ formation on aluminosilicate surface and in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid has been carried out in the framework of the nonempirical method with a STO-3G basis. It is suggested that the compensation mechanisms of energy consumptions to form protonated species in both cases are similar.

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-3 - NH ₄ ⁺ - . - .

     

Distribution of components in the rare earth ammonia synthesis catalysts and effect of additives

The distribution of components in the HG-1 ammonia catalyst promoted by rare earth oxide (successfully developed by the authors) was analyzed by electron microprobe photography. The results enable us to explain the effect of additives upon the activity as well as the remarkably high lifetime of catalyst.

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HG-1, ( ) , . , .

     

Oxidation of organic sulfides and sulfoxides by oxygen in the presence of copper complexes

In liquid-phase oxidation of sulfides and sulfoxides by air oxygen in acetone solution a high catalytic activity is shown by copper(II) phenolates containing electrodonor substituents in their benzene ring. Reactivity of aliphatic sulfides with R=C₁–C₅ in sulfoxide formation is 5–10 times higher than that of petroleum sulfides. Oxidation rate of sulfides to sulfoxides is by an order of magnitude higher than that of sulfoxides to sulfones.

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(II), - . R=C₁–C₅ 5–10 , . .

     

Abnormal positional selectivity of toluene nitration by acetyl nitrate in CCl4 medium

An abnormally high yield (>50%) of m-nitrotoluene has been observed at the initial reaction period in the system AcONO₂/CCl₄.

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AcONO₂/CCl₄ (>50%) -.

     

Design and application of a liquid-flow adsorption micro calorimeter based on the Calvet-type DAK 1-1 microcalorimeter (USSR)

The construction and the properties of a liquid-flow adsorption microcalorimeter are described. The calorimeter is based on the commercially available Calvet-type DAK 1-1 microcalorimeter (USSR), which has been equipped with a flow system consisting of a pump, several sets of heat exchangers and an adsorption cell. The minimum detectable heat effect is 1W up to a flow rate of 30 cm³/h.Results on the application of the calorimeter to adsorption and desorption processes of nonionic (Triton X-100) and anionic (styrene phosphonic acid) surfactant solutions in water at an-Al₂O₃ surface are presented and discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Konstruktion und Eigenschaften eines Flüssigkeits-Strömungs-Adsorptions-Mikrokalorimeters werden beschrieben. Das Kalorimeter wurde weiterentwickelt aus dem Calvet-Mikrokalorimeter DAK 1-1 (USSR), das mit einem Strömungssystem aus einer Pumpe, verschiedenen Wärmeaustauschern und einer Adsorptionszelle ausgestattet wurde. Der kleinste nachweisbare Wärmeeffekt liegt bei 1W bis zu einer Durchflussgeschwindigkeit von 30 cm³ h^–1. Mit dem Kalorimeter erhaltene Messergebnisse zur Adsorption und Desorption wässeriger Lösungen von nichtionischen (Triton X-100) und anionischen (Styrenphosphonsäuren) Tensiden an-Al₂O₃ werden dargestellt und diskutiert.

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, 1-1 (), , , . 1 30 ³/. ( X–100) (- ) -l₂₃.

     

Thermal analysis of binary and ternary systems of salicylic acid,sodium salicylate and sodium hydrogen carbonate

The thermal decompositions of binary and ternary systems of salicylic acid, monosodium salicylate, disodium salicylate and sodium hydrogen carbonate were studied by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The possibility was shown of analyzing systems involving components which react with each other upon heat treatment. Use can be made of results of this work to follow the course and extent of the reaction employed in the commercial method of manufacturing sodium salicylate and to check declared compositions of salicylate mixtures.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung binärer und ternärer Systeme, die Salicylsäure, Mononatriumsalicylat, Dinatriumsalicylat und Natriumhydrocarbonat enthalten, wurde untersucht. Die Möglichkeit der Analyse von Systemen, deren Komponenten bei Hitzebehandlung miteinander reagieren, wurde gezeigt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit gestatten den Verlauf und das Ausmaß der Reaktionen zu untersuchen, welche bei dem Herstellungsverfahren von handelsüblichen Natriumsalicylat ablaufen und die deklarierte Zusammensetzung von Salicylatmischungen zu prüfen.

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Résumé Etude par thermogravimétrie et analyse thermique différentielle de la décomposition thermique de systèmes binaires et ternaires constitués d' acide salicylique salicylate monosodique, de salicylate disodique et d'hydrogénocarbonate de sodium. On montre la possibilité d'analyser des systèmes dont les composants réagissent entre eux lors du traitement thermique. Les résultats de cette étude permettent de suivre le déroulement et le degré d'avancement de la réaction utilisée dans le procédé commercial de fabrication du salicylate de sodium et de contrôler la composition déclarée des mélanges de salicylates.

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, , , , . , . , - .

     

Catalytic activity of rhodium-indigo sulfonates in hydrogen-water isotope exchange

Rhodium indigo sulfonate complexes are effective catalysts of isotope exchange between hydrogen and water. A study has been made of the transformation of initial complexes into catalytically active forms. Kinetic regularities of isotope exchange and an equation for the reaction rate have been obtained.

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. . .

     

Orientation towards alcohols in CO, H2 reactions on some iron catalysts

Adding rare earths like dysprosium or lanthanum to silica-supported iron or iron-copper catalysts enhances the formation of C₁ to C₅ alcohols and the total conversion in CO–H₂ reactions. Copper rises the alcohol orientation and also the reactivity.

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, - SiO₂ C₁ C₅, CO–H₂. , .

     

Effect of pretreatment in benzene hydrogenation on Pt/nylon catalyst

Benzene hydrogenation on Pt/nylon catalyst produced cyclohexene and cyclohexane, in contrast to Pt/SiO₂ on which only cyclohexane was detected. Higher selectivity to cyclohexene was found at higher temperature and after air pretreatment. It is suggested that an oxidized platinum species is responsible for cyclohexene formation.

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Pt/ , Pt/SiO₂, . . , .

     

Dilatometric studies of Leh clay Part II

Clay from the Leh area of J&K State (India) was separated into various size fractions by the method of sedimentation and with Sharpie's supercentrifuge process. The results of dilatometric studies of the fractions are discussed in detail.

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Zusammenfassung Ton aus dem Leh-Gebiet des J&K Staates (Indien) wurde mittels Sedimentation und nach dem Ultrazentrifugenverfahren nach Sharple in Fraktionen unterschiedlicher Grösse zerlegt. Die Ergebnisse von dilatometrischen Untersuchungen dieser Fraktionen werden detailliert diskutiert.

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() . .

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The authors are grateful to the Director, Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu, for his kind permission to publish this paper. Thanks are also due to Professor G. Mandal, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, for his suggestions during the study.     

Kinetics of gas phase hydrochlorination of acetylene over a mercury catalyst

The kinetics of gas phase hydrochlorination of acetylene over a mercury catalyst has been studied. The kinetic equation is in agreement with the experimental data of various authors.

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. .

     

Acid properties of ZSM-5 zeolites after hydrothermal treatment at 540°C

Acid properties of ZSM zeolites have been studied under various conditions of hydrothermal treatment. It is shown that with increasing , the concentration of proton centers monotonically decreases and variations in the concentration of Lewis acid centers is of extremal character.

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ZSM . , , .

     

Le systeme binaire fluorure de rubidium-fluorure d'hydrogene

Résumé Le diagramme des équilibres liquide-solide du système fluorure de rubidium-fluorure d'hydrogène a été tracé dans sa totalité. Six espèces stables se manifestent RbF · nHF (avecn=7, 4, 3, 2, 3/2, 1). Un septième composé dont la composition probable est 2RbF · 5HF se manifeste à l'état métastable.

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Liquid-solid equilibria are studied in the complete binary system RbF-HF. Several compounds are observed: RbF ·nHF withn=7, 4, 3, 2, 3/2 and 1. A seventh compound, 2RbF · 5HF, is detected as an unstable form.

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Zusammenfassung Flüssig-fest Gleichgewichte des Binärsystems RbF-HF wurden umfassend untersucht. Sechs stabile Verbindungen wurden beobachtet: RbF ·n HF (n=7, 4, 3, 2, 3/2 und 1). Eine siebente Verbindung, 2 RbF · 5 HF ist metastabil.

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- RbF-HF. RbF·nHF =7,4,3,2, 3/2 1. — 2RbF·5HF — .

     

Effect of calcination temperature on the surface composition of Mo?Fe catalysts for methanol oxidation

XPS studies have revealed a decrease in the concentration of iron atoms on the surface of Mo–Fe catalysts with increasing calcination temperature. From a comparison of chemical analysis and XPS data the Mo/Fe ratios on the surface of catalyst samples at various calcination temperatures have been determined. Comparing the above data with changes in the catalytic activity of the samples examined in methanol oxidation, the conclusion has been made that the active component of the catalysts is a solid solution of molybdenum oxide in ferric molybdate.

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. Mo/Fe . , .

     

Comparative thermal analysis (CTA) of thermally-stable polymers and model compounds. Polyimides and model compounds

The method of comparative thermal analysis has been used to determine the thermal stability of polyimides and their model compounds. The extent of defects in the investigated polyimides was determined by gas chromatography. The dependence of the extent of the defects on the chemical structure of the initial components and the supermolecular structure of the polyimides was established.

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Zusammenfassung Die Methode der vergleichenden Thermoanalyse wurde zur Bestimmung der Hitzestabilität von Polyimiden und ihren Modellverbindungen eingesetzt. Das Ausmass der Defekte in den untersuchten Polyimiden wurde gaschromatographisch bestimmt. Die Abhängigkeit des Umfangs der Defekte von der chemischen Struktur der Ausgangskomponenten und der supermolekularen Struktur der Polyimide wurde festgestellt.

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Résumé La méthode d'analyse thermique comparée (CTA) a été utilisée pour étudier la stabilité thermique des polyimides et de leurs composés modèles. On a déterminé par chromatographie en phase gazeuse l'étendue des défauts dans les polyimides étudiés. On a établie de même les rapports qui existent entre l'étendue des défauts dans la structure chimique des composants initiaux et la structure supermoléculaire des polyimides.

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, . . .

     

Measurement of the thermal capacity of solids by DSC

The methods for determining the thermal capacity of solids using a SETARAM DSC-III calorimeter have been studied. Two methods can be employed: periodic heating and continuous heating. The method using periodic heating is characterized by an accuracy of 0.6%,'while the method with continuous heating has an accuracy of 5%. Thermal capacity measurements on corundum, copper oxide and magnetite are reported.

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Zusammenfassung Methoden zur Bestimmung der Wärmekapazität von Festkörpern wurden mittels des Kalorimeters SETARAM DSC-III untersucht. Zwei Methoden können angewandt werden, nämlich periodisches und kontinuierliches Aufheizen. Bei periodischem Heizen beträgt die Genauigkeit 0,6%, bei kontinuierlichem 5%. Über Messungen der Wärmekapazität von Korund, Kupferoxid und Magnetit wird berichtet.

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-III «CETAPAM». - . 0,6%, 5%. , .

     

Spectral properties and temperature-dependence of semiconductivity of various doped bismuth trioxide polycrystals

Several samples of Nb₂O₅-doped Bi₂O₃ and Y₂O₃-doped Bi₂O₃ were carefully prepared and sintered at 700° for 3 hours. Extensive measurements were carried out on these samples, including X-ray diffraction spectra, infrared absorption spectra and the temperature-dependence of the DC-electrical conductivity in the solid state. The results obtained were discussed, correlated and interpreted. Finally, the optimum compositions were established and recommended for doped-Bi₂O₃ in the electronics industry.

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Zusammenfassung Einige Proben von mit Nb₂O₅ und Y₂O₃ gedopten Bi₂O₃ wurden hergestellt und bei 700 °C 3 Stunden gesintert. Von den Proben wurden Röntgendiffraktogramme und IR-Absorptionsspektren aufgenommen und die Temperaturabhängigkeit der elektrischen Gleichstromleitfähigkeit im festen Zustand gemessen. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden diskutiert, zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt und interpretiert. Optimale Zusammensetzungen werden ermittelt und für gedoptes Bi₂O₃ in der Elektronikindustrie empfohlen.

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Bi₂O₃, Nb₂O₅ Y₂O₃, 3 700°. , . . , .