On difference Riccati equations and second order linear difference equations

In this paper, we treat difference Riccati equations and second order linear difference equations in the complex plane. We give surveys of basic properties of these equations which are analogues in the differential case. We are concerned with the growth and value distributions of transcendental meromorphic solutions of these equations. Some examples are given.     

Tensor absolute value equations

This paper is concerned with solving some structured multi-linear systems, which are called tensor absolute value equations. This kind of absolute value equations is closely related to tensor complementarity problems and is a generalization of the well-known absolute value equations in the matrix case. We prove that tensor absolute value equations are equivalent to some special structured tensor complementary problems. Some sufficient conditions are given to guarantee the existence of solutions for tensor absolute value equations. We also propose a Levenberg-Marquardt-type algorithm for solving some given tensor absolute value equations and preliminary numerical results are reported to indicate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.     

Reduction and quotient equations for differential equations with symmetries

The method of reduction previously known in the theory of Hamiltonian systems with symmetries is developed in order to obtain exact group-invariant solutions of systems of partial differential equations. This method leads to representations of quotient equations which are very convenient for the systematic analysis of invariant solutions of boundary value problems. In the case of partially invariant solutions, necessary and sufficient conditions of their invariance with respect to subalgebras of symmetry algebras are given. The concept of partial symmetries of differential equations is considered.     

Generalized stochastic evolution equations

An approach to generalized stochastic evolution equations is presented which is based on a generalized Ito formula. This allows the consideration of interesting examples which are stochastic generalizations of evolution equations of mixed type or second order in time hyperbolic equations. It includes more standard material involving a Gelfand triple of spaces as a special case. Several examples are given which illustrate the use of the abstract theory presented.     

Existence of solutions for the MHD-Leray-alpha equations and their relations to the MHD equations

In this paper we derive some new equations and we call them MHD-Leray-alpha equations which are similar to the MHD equations. We put forward the concept of weak and strong solutions for the new equations. Whether the 3-dimensional MHD equations have a unique weak solution is unknown, however, there is a unique weak solution for the 3-dimensional MHD-Leray-alpha equations. The global existence of strong solution and the Gevrey class regularity for the new equations are also obtained. Furthermore, we prove that the solutions of the MHD-Leray-alpha equations converge to the solution of the MHD equations in the weak sense as the parameter ε in the new equations converges to zero.     

Convolution equations and nonlinear functional equations

The survey is devoted to applications of nonlinear integral equations to linear convolution equations, their discrete analogues, and also the connection of these equations with problems of radiative transfer, in particular, with the Ambartsumyan equations.Translated from Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki, Seriya Matematicheskii Analiz, Vol. 22, pp. 175–244, 1984.     

Parastrophically uncancellable quasigroup equations

Krstić initiated the use of cubic graphs in solving quasigroup equations. Based on his work, Krapež and Živković proved that there is a bijective correspondence between classes of parastrophically equivalent parastrophically uncancellable generalized quadratic functional equations on quasigroups and three-connected cubic (multi)graphs. We use the list of such graphs given in the literature to verify existing results on equations with three, four and five variables and to prove new results for equations with six variables. We start with 14 nonisomorphic graphs with ten vertices, choose a set of 14 representative parastrophically nonequivalent equations and give their general solutions. A case of equations with seven and more variables is briefly discussed. The problem of Sokhats’kyi concerning a property which distinguishes visually two parastrophically nonequivalent equations with four variables is solved.     

The general equations of analytical dynamics

It is shown that the generalized Poincaré and Chetayev equations, which represent the equations of motion of mechanical systems using a certain closed system of infinitesimal linear operators, are related to the fundamental equations of analytical dynamics. Equations are derived in quasi-coordinates for the case of redundant variables; it is shown that when an energy integral exists the operator X₀ = ∂/∂t satisfies the Chetayev cyclic-displacement conditions. Using the energy integral the order of the system of equations of motion is reduced, and generalized Jacobi-Whittaker equations are derived from the Chetayev equations. It is shown that the Poincaré-Chetayev equations are equivalent to a number of equations of motion of non-holonomic systems, in particular, the Maggi, Volterra, Kane, and so on, equations. On the basis of these, and also of other previously obtained results, the Poincaré and Chetayev equations in redundant variables, applicable both to holonomic and non-holonomic systems, can be regarded as general equations of classical dynamics, equivalent to the well-known fundamental forms of the equations of motion, a number of which follow as special cases from the Poincaré and Chetayev equations.     

A bibliography of graph equations

Graph equations are equations in which the unknowns are graphs. Many problems and results in graph theory can be formulated in terms of graph equations. Here we offer a classification and a large bibliography of graph equations.     

Coupled nonlinear stochastic differential equations

Systems of n coupled linear or nonlinear differential equations which may be deterministic or stochastic are solved by methods of the first author and his co-workers. Examples include two coupled Riccati equations, coupled linear equations, stochastic coupled equations with product terms, and n coupled stochastic differential equations.     

Stochastic morphological evolution equations

The inadequacy of locally defined set-valued differential equations to describe the evolution of shapes and morphological forms in biology, which are usually neither convex or nondecreasing, was recognised by J.-P. Aubin, who introduced morphological evolution equations, which are essentially nonlocally defined set-valued differential equations with the inclusion vector field also depending on the entire reachable set. This concept is extended here to the stochastic setting of set-valued Itô evolution equations in Hilbert spaces. Due to the nonanticipative nature of Itô calculus, the evolving reachable sets are nonanticipative nonempty closed random sets. The existence of solutions and their dependence on initial data are established. The latter requires the introduction of a time-oriented semi-metric in time-space variables. As a consequence the stochastic morphological evolution equations generate a deterministic nonautonomous dynamical system formulated as a two-parameter semigroup with the complication that the random subsets take values in different spaces at different time instances due to the nonanticipativity requirement. It is also shown how nucleation processes can be handled in this conceptual framework.     

Continuous refinement equations and subdivision

This paper is concerned with the study of a general class of functional equations covering as special cases the relation which defines theup-function as well as equations which arise in multiresolution analysis for wavelet construction. We discuss various basic properties of solutions to these functional equations such as regularity, polynomial containment within the space spanned by their integer shifts and their computability by subdivision algorithms.     

The equations of compatibility of deformations

Nine equations of compatibility of deformations are obtained in which, unlike the classical Saint-Venant compatibility equations, only first derivatives with respect to the coordinates occur. It is proved that, of these nine equations, only six are independent. It is shown that the classical compatibility equations can be obtained from these equations.     

Stochastic differential equations

When a system is acted upon by exterior disturbances, its time-development can often be described by a system of ordinary differential equations, provided that the disturbances are smooth functions. But for sound reasons physicists and engineers usually want the theory to apply when the noises belong to a larger class, including for example “white noise.” If the integrals in the system derived for smooth noises are reinterpreted as Itô integrals, the equations make sense; but in nonlinear cases they often fail to describe the time-development of the system. In this paper (extending previous work of the author) a calculus is set up for stochastic systems that extends to a theory of differential equations. When the equations are known that describe the development of the system when noises are smooth, an extension to the larger class of noises is proposed that in many cases gives results consistent with the smooth-noise case and also has “robust” solutions, that change by small amounts when the noises undergo small changes. This is called the “canonical” extension.Nevertheless, there are certain systems in which the canonical equations are inappropriate. A criterion is suggested that may allow us to distinguish when the canonical equations are the right choice and when they are not.     

Oscillation of certain partial difference equations

In this paper we consider a class of nonlinear delay partial difference equations and a class of linear delay partial difference equations with variable coefficients, which may change sign. We obtain oscillation criteria for these equations. There are no results for the oscillation of these equations up to now.     

Parabolic equations related to curve motion

We study curve motions based on differential equations. Curve motion equations are classified into two types: adaptive equations (which depend on the choice of coordinate systems) and non-adaptive equations. Examples from both types of equations are studied, and the global existence for these equations is proved based on integral estimates.     

Third-order scalar evolution equations with conservation laws

Associated to the family of third-order quasilinear scalar evolution equations is the geometry of point transformations. This geometry provides a framework from which to study the structure of conservation laws of the equation, and to study the special nature of the geometry of those equations which do possess conservation laws. There is an easy and obvious normal form for equations which possess at least one conservation law. The geometric structure of the equation gives rise to a simple yet much less obvious normal form for equations which possess at least two conservation laws.     

Volterra integral equations and evolution equations with an integral condition

We suggest a simple method for reducing problems with an integral condition for evolution equations to a Volterra integral equation of the first kind. For Volterra equations of the convolution type, we indicate necessary and sufficient solvability conditions for the case in which the right-hand side lies in some classes of functions of finite smoothness. We use these conditions to construct examples of nonexistence of a local solution for the heat equation with an integral condition.     

Tropical differential equations

Tropical differential equations are introduced and an algorithm is designed which tests solvability of a system of tropical linear differential equations within the complexity polynomial in the size of the system and in the absolute values of its coefficients. Moreover, we show that there exists a minimal solution, and the algorithm constructs it (in case of solvability). This extends a similar complexity bound established for tropical linear systems. In case of tropical linear differential systems in one variable a polynomial complexity algorithm for testing its solvability is designed.We prove also that the problem of solvability of a system of tropical non-linear differential equations in one variable is NP-hard, and this problem for arbitrary number of variables belongs to NP. Similar to tropical algebraic equations, a tropical differential equation expresses the (necessary) condition on the dominant term in the issue of solvability of a differential equation in power series.     

Testing regularity of functional equations with computer

One of the standard methods of solving functional equations is reducing the equations to a form which is easily handled by the methods of analysis, for example differential equations, partial differential equations, integral equations, etc. For the reduction we must know some “strong” regularity properties of the unknown functions, which regularity follows from the “week” properties of the known functions. Our long-term plan is to create a method not only for specialists in research but for professionals in other areas using functional equations—for example engineers, economists. As a first attempt we worked out a program for some particular, but fairly general type of equations in the Computer Algebra System Maple^?, which enables an easy detection of the applicability of known regularity theorems.