高瓦斯综采面顶板覆岩卸压抽放瓦斯试验研究

针对我国高瓦斯低透气性煤层瓦斯预抽效果差的特点，在分析煤炭回采过程中顶板覆岩卸压移动规律基础上，提出了利用采动煤层顶板覆岩卸压裂隙发育特征，实施覆岩卸压区走向长钻孔抽放瓦斯。实践证明，顶板走向长钻孔覆岩卸压瓦斯抽放是解决低透气煤层瓦斯抽放率低的有效方法，回采面的瓦斯抽放率在20％以上；分析了顶板覆岩结构及关键层层位对覆岩移动规律的影响，给出了顶板走向长钻孔卸压抽放的合理布置区域。     

松软煤层综放面顶底板采动应力分布规律研究

以某矿综放采场为背景,通过现场实测、相似材料模拟等手段,研究了松软煤层综放开采中液压支架受力状态、两巷单体支柱受力特征和顶底板的采动应力分布规律,结果表明液压支架在工作面不同位置受力状态不同,处于中部位置的支架受力最大,同一支架前立柱受力大于后立柱;风巷围岩应力大于机巷围岩应力,两巷的超前采动应力峰值位置在工作面前3～11m;顶板岩层同一层位中采动应力分布随工作面的距离不同而不同;不同层位应力分布也不同,离煤层越近的岩层中应力集中系数越大;底板岩层在工作面前方6m左右处应力达到最大,在工作面处应力为零。该研究结果有效地指导了该矿井同一煤层综放面巷道布置、两巷支护及工作面顶板管理。     

卸压开采损伤煤岩气体渗透率试验研究

我国煤系地层的煤岩体渗透率普遍较低,直接影响煤矿瓦斯抽采效果。卸压开采使采场围岩受采动应力作用具备了峰后力学行为,其渗透率也大幅度增加,有助于瓦斯的高效抽采。本文基于MTS815.02型电液伺服岩石渗透试验系统,对卸压开采后损伤煤岩的气体渗透率进行了测试。研究表明:(1)卸压损伤煤岩石的渗透率在10-5～10-4 m2之间,较受采动影响前要大107～108倍;(2)卸压过程中,煤样的气体渗透率与围压近似呈线性关系,与岩样呈双曲线关系;(3)卸压损伤煤岩逐渐加围压,气体渗透率近似为线性下降,卸压阶段,其渗透率增加;(4)加卸围压对煤岩的气体渗透率有很大影响。研究结果可为卸压瓦斯高效抽采提供理论依据。     

综放采场来压阶段支架载荷的计算

基于综放采场支架围岩关系,建立了综放采场来压阶段支架载荷计算模型,引入三铰拱平衡原理推导出来压阶段支架冲击载荷的计算公式.以山东某矿1306综放工作面为例,应用上述模型和公式,得到来压阶段支架冲击载荷为7.19MN,支架载荷为13.3MN,与实测结果13.11MN基本一致,验证了计算模型的有效性,从而为综放采场来压阶段支架载荷计算和支架选型提供了理论依据.     

瓦斯渗流场作用下煤层抽放钻孔弹塑性解

为研究瓦斯渗流场作用下的煤层抽放钻孔周围应力分布情况,假定钻孔周围煤体中瓦斯的流动为稳定径向流动状态,建立了渗流力学模型,给出了瓦斯径向稳定渗流方程;在考虑瓦斯渗流场作用下,推导了钻孔周围煤体的微元体力学平衡方程,并引入应力调整系数,求解出其弹性应力解析解;再应用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,求解出钻孔周围煤体的塑性应力和塑性半径的解析表达式。通过实例分析表明:钻孔内的抽放负压对钻孔周围煤体应力、塑性区的半径等参数影响较小;在一定的抽放负压(15k Pa)下,随着煤层原始瓦斯压力的增大,钻孔周围煤体的塑性区半径随之增大,距钻孔足够远处的弹性区煤体的应力也随之增大,这比不考虑瓦斯渗流场作用时的经典弹塑性解更加符合实际情况。     

含气多孔介质卸压层裂的间隔特征——突出的前兆

含气多孔介质在卸压下的拉伸破坏有两种模式－层裂和突出，达到或超过临界破坏条件，引发骨架层裂破坏，达到或超过更强一些的临界突出条件，则引发突出，从采煤实践中逐次掘进的长过程看，层裂是已达破坏条件而未到突出条件的情况，进一步发展可能引发突出。实验表明层裂显微镜规律的间隔特征，因而与层裂相关的瓦斯浓度变化和地音信息可以认作是突出的前兆，如果在内部形成破坏区，渗流场与应力场的耦合有可以导致延时突出，石门自     

潞安矿区综放与分层开采岩层移动的相似材料模拟试验研究

本文根据相似理论,对潞安矿区综放与分层开采岩层与地表移动规律进行了相似材料模拟试验研究,获得了岩层与地表移动参数,对指导潞安矿区减小采动损害及保护煤柱留设具有实际应用价值。     

岩石深孔爆破对邻近煤层的动应力作用

为解决松软煤体爆破孔成形困难导致深孔预裂爆破技术无法应用的问题,选择在运输巷底板距煤 层较近的岩石中进行爆破,利用数值模拟方法进行了相关理论探讨。分析了煤岩介质和单煤体介质中布孔的 差异,建立了单煤体和煤岩体深孔预裂爆破的5个数值计算模型。研究了单煤体和煤岩介质爆破孔与抽放孔 连心线上有效应力随距离的变化,从岩孔爆破传播到煤层其应力衰减的程度较单煤层中大得多,但在靠近抽 放孔附近煤层,二者的差距变小。抽放孔轴线方向所受有效应力的大小是决定爆破效果的重要因素,煤岩介 质中爆破孔与抽放孔间距为2.0m 时,抽放孔轴线方向上的平均有效应力与单煤层中爆破孔与抽放孔间距 为3.0m 时的相当,可作为实现岩孔爆破效果的布孔参数。     

不耦合爆破技术在高应力区域卸压效果

为了研究不耦合爆破技术在巷道高应力区域的卸压原理及效果，采用室内实验和现场验证相结合的方法开展了研究。研究结果表明:在承压试件的爆破实验中，爆破对承压试件具有明显卸压作用，但由于碎胀应力的存在使爆破后应力恢复速率有所升高，因此提出爆破与排粉预裂钻孔联合卸压方法。对现场高应力区域巷道帮部卸压效果进行验证的结果表明，该方法对缓解巷道近场高应力集中具有较好效果。     

煤层节理及其工程地质意义

煤层节理在煤层中普遍发育, 它不仅是矿井构造研究的重要内容, 同时也是极其重要的工程地质因素。煤层节理影响煤层的结构构造和物性特征, 从而影响煤层采落特征、顶板工程性质、瓦斯运移规律和煤层气储运采工程地质条件。研究掌握煤层节理几何和力学特征, 可指导井巷工程布置、采掘工艺的选择、安全措施的采用和煤层气开发方案的制定。     

Body shape with minimum total radiant energy flux toward its surface

During a space vehicle's entry into a planet's atmosphere at hypersonic speed one of the important problems is the aerodynamical surface heating due to convective and radiant heat fluxes from the gas after passing through a strong shock wave. Due to the high destructive action of this heating, an important problem is the selection of the aerodynamic shape allowing the minimum heat influx to its surface. The problem of determining the shapes of an axisymmetric body from the condition of minimum total convective heat flux along the lateral face of the body was considered under various assumptions in [1–7]. There are a number of entry conditions (for example, into the earth's atmosphere with a speed of 11 km/ sec at an altitude of about 60 km [12]) during which the radiative component becomes dominant in the total heat flux toward the body. A numerical solution of the problem of hypersonic flow of a nonviscous, non-heat-conducting radiating gas around a body is obtained at this time only for a limited class of bodies and primarily for certain entry conditions (for example, [8–12]). On the basis of these calculations it is impossible to make general conclusions concerning arbitrary body shapes. Therefore, approximate methods were proposed which permit the distribution of radiant heat flux to be obtained for an arbitrary axisymmetric body in a wide range of flight conditions [13–15]. In the present work an expression is derived for the total radiant heat flux over the entire body surface and similarity criteria are found. A variational problem is formulated to determine the shape of an axisymmetric body from the condition of minimum total radiant-heat flux over the entire body surface. It is solved analytically for the class of thin bodies and in the case of a strongly radiating gas.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 84–89, July–August, 1976.     

ELASTIC-PLASTIC DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF FULLY BACKED SANDWICH PLATES UNDER LOCALIZED IMPULSIVE LOADING

An analytical model is developed to assess the elastic-plastic dynamic response of fully backed sandwich plates under localized impulse load.The core is modeled as an elastic-perfectly plastic foundation.The top face sheet is treated as an individual plate resting on the foundation.The elastic-plastic analysis for the top face sheet is based on a minimum principle in dynamic plasticity associated with the finite difference technique.The effects of spatial and temporal distributions of the impulsive loading on the dynamic response of sandwich plates are discussed.The model can be used to predict the impulse-induced local effect on fully backed sandwich plates.     

Local heat transfer around a wall-mounted cube at 45° to flow in a turbulent boundary layer

The flow and local heat transfer around a wall-mounted cube oriented 45° to the flow is investigated experimentally in the range of Reynolds number 4.2 × 10³–3.3 × 10⁴ based on the cube height. The distribution of local heat transfer on the cube and its base wall are examined, and it is clarified that the heat transfer distribution under the angled condition differs markedly to that for cube oriented perpendicular to the flow, particularly on the top face of the cube. The surface pressure distribution is also investigated, revealing a well-formed pair of leading-edge vortices extending from the front corner of the top face downstream along both front edges for Re>(1−2)×10⁴. Regions of high heat transfer and low pressure are formed along the flow reattachment and separation lines caused by these vortices. In particular, near the front corner of the top face, pressure suction and heat transfer enhancement are pronounced. The average heat transfer on the top face is enhanced at Re>(1−2)×10⁴ over that of a cube aligned perpendicular to the flow.     

惯性效应对超高速倾斜端面气膜密封稳动态特性影响

研究了惯性效应和端面倾斜对超高速气膜端面密封稳动态特性的影响. 考虑气体惯性效应，建立了气膜端面密封稳动态特性数值分析模型，采用有限差分法求解稳态和微扰雷诺方程，获得端面膜压分布. 数值分析了惯性效应和端面倾斜度对开启力、气膜刚度和泄漏率等稳态性能参数以及刚度系数和阻尼系数等动态特性系数的影响规律，并以获得较大刚度系数为目标，获得了螺旋槽关键几何参数的优选值范围. 结果表明:在超高速条件下，考虑惯性效应后的干气密封泄漏率显著减小，刚漏比明显增大，而开启力、气膜刚度和动特性系数变化不大；倾斜端面气膜密封相较于平行端面气膜密封具有更佳的低频刚度和高频阻尼.      

A Model of Buoyancy-Driven Two-Phase Countercurrent Fluid Flow

We seek simple analytical solutions in a model of gas flow driven by a combination of buoyancy, viscous, and capillary forces. Traveling-wave solutions describe propagation of the top and bottom of the gas plume. The top of the plume has low gas saturation, but propagates much faster than the bottom. The theoretical maximum of the velocity of propagation of the top of the plume provides a simple conservative estimate of the time until plume evolution will dramatically slow down. A sequence of rarefaction and traveling-wave solutions characterizes the transition zones between the top and bottom stable regions. The analytical results are applied to studying carbon dioxide flow caused by leaks from deep geological formations used for CO₂ storage. The results are also applicable for modeling flow of natural gas leaking from seasonal gas storage, or for modeling of secondary hydrocarbon migration.     

Flow in the coolant passages of an internal combustion engine cylinder head

Detailed measurements of the coolant flow field have been made in the water passages of the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine. They were obtained by casting a transparent acrylic model of the cylinder head and using a mixture of hydrocarbon fluids at a predetermined temperature and concentration which ensured that the refractive index of the fluid was identical to that of the acrylic. This arrangement allowed the use of laser Doppler velocimetry to measure local velocities throughout the cooling passages. The results show that the flow was unevenly distributed with around three quarters of the total passing through the exhaust-portside passages and larger coolant velocities close to the top of the head than close to the gas face. The results of this study aimed to assist the improvement of the specific cylinder head design.     

Effect of Cold Working on Crack Growth from Holes in Fiber Metal Laminates

Cold expansion has proven to be an effective technique for extending the fatigue life of monolithic materials. Although fiber metal laminate materials show improved fatigue performance compared to their monolithic counterparts, the nucleation and growth of small cracks tends to occur early on in the fatigue life of the material, making acceptance of fiber metal laminates in aerospace more difficult. This work examined whether cold expansion could delay this process in fiber metal laminates and increase the fatigue life of these materials at the same time. The results showed that significant differences existed in the residual strain field between the mandrel exit and entry faces resulting in slower fatigue crack growth on the exit face, which also had higher residual strains in the region surrounding the cold expanded hole. Overall, cold expansion is effective at increasing the fatigue life of fiber metal laminate materials, but is less effective at delaying nucleation and growth of small cracks on the entry face.     

带内环槽的螺旋槽干式气体端面密封的静压性能

针对现场使用的带内环槽的螺旋槽干式气体端面密封,建立了用于预测其端面气膜压力的等温可压缩流二维雷诺方程,在只考虑静压效应的条件下应用有限元法计算了端面开启力、泄漏率、气膜刚度和刚漏比等密封性能参数,并与典型螺旋槽干式气体端面密封（S-DGS）进行了比较.结果表明：与S-DGS相比,前者具有更好的稳定性、润滑性能和开启特性.以获得最大刚漏比为优化原则,综合考虑密封的稳定性、密封性和开启特性,获得了带内环槽S-DGS在静压作用下的端面规则微槽几何参数的优选值,研究结果对有关密封的设计与选用具有指导意义.     

The influence of the upper wall on the die entry flow of viscoelastic fluids

The influence of the upper wall on the die entry flow of viscoeleastic fluids was investigated experimentally. Aqueous solutions of Separan AP-30 were pushed out by a compressed gas pressure through a capillary attached to the bottom of a reservoir having a height-adjustable upper wall. The driving gas pressure, the flow rate and the pressure at the center of the upper wall were measured and the flow patterns in the entry region above the inlet section of the capillary were observed. Flow rate measurements under the condition of constant driving pressure reveal that the maximum height of the upper wall required to reduce the flow rate is much larger for viscoelastic fluids than for Newtonians, and that this effect of the upper wall becomes more conspicuous with increasing driving pressure. What is curious is that under some conditions the flow rate is larger for a moderate upper wall height than for an infinite. These phenomena are shown to be attributed to the increasing and the reducing effects of the entry pressure loss by the upper wall. The latter effect may be called a new type of pressure-loss reduction phenomenon of viscoelastic fluids. The observation of the flow and the measurement of the pressure at the upper wall center show that typical flow patterns of the die entry flow of viscoelastic fluids are responsible for the far greater pressure loss than for Newtonians, and that the entry pressure loss for a spiralling flow is a little smaller than for the other two types even at an equal driving pressure.