Coal characterization by on-line pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry

Summary Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS) was used for the first time to directly characterize Chinese coals and their extracts. The summed mass spectra (about 30 magnetic scans) of four coal samples and the dimethylformamide extracts of two very different coals were registered between 50° and 750°C using linear heating in high vacuum (10^–3 Pa) and approximately 6 min temperature rise time. Utilizing temperature-programmed pyrolysis and FI as soft ionization mode, the spectra displayed almost exclusively molecular ions of the evolved products. The thermograms, i.e. the intensities of the total ion current and selected ions were plotted versus the scan number, heating time and temperature. In general, two maxima in these thermograms were observed, which were different for the coals and reflected their carbon/hydrogen content. Comparing the mass spectra of the low temperature part (first maximum) with summed spectra of the extracts shows an interesting similarity. In contrast, the high temperature part (second maximum) indicates the products of thermo-degradation. The applied method is a fast and convenient tool for the characterization of evolved volatiles and thermal degradation products of coals and coal extracts.

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Kennzeichnung von Kohlen mit direkter Pyrolyse und Feldionisations-Massenspektrometrie

     

吡啶预处理抑制煤热解过程中交联反应的研究

采用吡啶蒸气、吡啶溶液两种溶胀方式对伊泰褐煤进行了预处理,用热重结合在线质谱仪考察了两种处理方式对煤热解过程中交联反应的抑制效果。结果表明,两种预处理方法对煤热解过程的交联反应都有不同程度的抑制,但其作用温度和机理不同。吡啶蒸气预处理可能通过与煤形成N—OH氢键、断开煤本身含氧官能团之间的氢键,从而在400℃以前抑制煤本身含氧官能团之间的氢键交联反应;吡啶溶液预处理主要是通过改变煤的结构,减少煤小分子同大分子网络结构之间缔合,提高氢的传递效率等因素来抑制小分子同煤大分子网络结构及其热解过程中间碎片之间的交联反应。     

Temperature-controlled combustion and kinetics of different rank coal samples

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) has been used to obtain information on the temperature-controlled combustion characteristics of seventeen coals of different origin from Thrace basin of Turkey. Experiments were performed in air atmosphere up to 600°C at a heating rate of 10°C min^-1. The DSC/TG curves clearly demonstrate distinct transitional stages in the entire coal samples studied. Reaction intervals, peak and burn-out temperatures of the coal samples are also determined. Two different kinetic methods known as, Arrhenius and Coats-Redfern, were used to analyze the kinetic data and the results are discussed.     

Structural properties of non-combustion-derived refractory organic matter which interfere with BC quantification

Black carbon (BC), presenting the residue from incomplete combustion processes of fossil fuels and vegetation, has received special interest as a possible carbon sink in soils and sediments. In spite of this, there is still a need to develop accurate and comparable analytical protocols to determine the amount of BC stored in different environmental matrices and to characterise potentially interfering materials in the analysis of BC. Therefore in this study a melanoidin, a sample from the Green River Shale, a lignite and a bituminous coal were characterised by means of elemental analysis, thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC), pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis (TG–DSC) indicated larger contributions of labile OM in the melanoidin and in the shale samples than in the lignite and the bituminous coal, although the coals showed an intense exothermal peak at temperatures higher than 550 °C. This behaviour is in agreement with high thermal recalcitrance of the latter and was also found in earlier studies of BC-rich material. Comparable to the latter, Py-GC/MS of the coals reveals considerable amounts of lignin-derived products. This and the similar thermal behaviour of both refractory materials aggravate their discrimination during BC-analysis. The pyrogram of the melanoidin reveals an important contribution of furanes and pyrane-like structures that derive from carbohydrates. NMR spectroscopy supports that those compounds are original constituents of the melanoidin rather than solely pyrolysis products. Considering that those compounds are typically formed during charring of N-containing biomass, their contribution to the BC structure should not be neglected if one seeks for a better understanding of BC structural properties. For the shale sample, both analytical pyrolysis and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy confirm a high contribution of long alkyl-C chains. Due to their high hydrophobicity such structures can stand chemical oxidation and their presence in soil and sediment samples can obscure BC quantification by those methods. This study indicates that present approaches for BC-identification that are based on the assumption of BC being mostly a highly condensed polyaromatic network, have to be taken with caution and modified in accordance with a more heterogeneous composition of BC containing considerable fractions of only partly charred biopolymers.     

神府东胜煤镜质组和惰质组的热化学反应差异

神府东胜(SD)煤的液化是我国能源多元化战略的重要环节, 然而由于我国西部煤种中的显微组分在液化过程中表现出的差异性, 传统煤化学知识无法解释神府东胜煤惰质组(SDI)和镜质组(SDV)在液化过程中表现出有别于我国东部煤对应煤种的性质; 此外, 由于煤结构基础理论上的局限, 镜质组和惰质组的热化学差异无法由常规热分析得到解释. 为了获取神府东胜煤镜质组和惰质组在液化过程中的差异性, 在建立两种煤岩显微组分平均分子模型的基础上, 应用分子力学、分子动力学和量子化学对所构建分子结构模型的成键特征及其在热化学环境中的变化做了定性分析, 模拟了由不同显微组分生成气、油和焦的过程. 结果表明, 在煤受热初始裂解释放CO2的过程中, SDI的活性高于SDV, 但这一过程对SDV和SDI的大分子骨架结构基本无影响. 在进一步的裂解中, 根据键级分析发现, SDV的化学键发生断裂的数目远大于SDI, 当SDV已基本裂解成小分子化合物时, SDI还需要进一步裂解才能形成小分子化合物, 而且SDV和SDI的裂解产物存在着差别, SDV以脂肪烃和单环芳烃为主, SDI以双环芳烃为主. 把量子化学计算推测的裂解小分子碎片与热重-质谱(TG-MS)实测结果进行对比, 证明了理论上的裂解过程与实验结果相吻合.     

煤高温快速热解规律研究

利用高温滴管炉在1000℃～1400℃考察了彬县烟煤在高温快速热解过程中失重的变化,同时比较了埃塞俄比亚褐煤和晋城无烟煤的热解规律。结果表明,热解失重率随温度的升高而增加,而且各种煤种的最大失重率在高温下大于工业分析的失重率。对于不同变质程度的煤种其热解特性也不相同,较低的热解温度对高阶煤的影响较小。彬县原煤经过热解后比表面积增加,且随着热解温度的提高而增大,当热解温度超过灰熔点时,总比表面积降低。通过数据回归,得到了三种煤的失重率和热解温度的关联式。     

Pyrolysis kinetics and chemical composition of Hazro coal according to the particle size

Summary The relationship between particle size and chemical composition of Hazro coal (origin: SE Anatolia, Turkey) has been examined by elemental analysis and by thermogravimetric pyrolysis. The chemical composition of the coal was determined by grinding sample particles physically and separating according to their size in mm by sieving. Particle size distribution of the coal and chemical composition of these fractions were given. The coal has been non-isothermally pyrolyzed in a thermogravimetric analyzer to determine the kinetic factors. Thermal gravimetric (TG/DTG) experiments were performed from ambient temperature to 800°C under a nitrogen atmosphere at heating rate 10 K min^-1 with five different particle size ranges. Kinetic parameters of the samples were determined using a Coats and Redfern kinetic model, assuming a first-order reaction. Depending on the particle size of the coal samples, the mean activation energy values varied between 49.1 and 84.6 kJ mol^-1. The results discussed indicate that activation energies increase as the particle size decreases.     

Chromatographic methods and techniques used in studies of coals, their progenitors and coal-derived materials

The use of chromatography in studies of coals, their progenitors and coal-related products was reviewed. The specificity of the coal structure was discussed. The use of extraction in preparing study samples was discussed paying special attention to the occurrence of undesirable phenomena such as aggregation of coal derivate molecules, resulting from the formation of their dimers and trimers, and degradation of polar solvents at temperatures above 350 °C. The following ways of fractionating samples of coal materials were considered: thermal, solvent, column with the use of preparative size exclusive chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography as well as membrane separation. The use of chromatography coupled with experimental techniques such as mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and pyrolysis was analysed.     

煤与废塑料共焦化基础研究Ⅲ. 协同作用的热重研究

采用加压热天平研究煤与废塑料共焦化过程中,不同废塑料对太钢焦煤的热解行为,以及德国废塑料对不同煤种的热解行为的影响。认为不同的废塑料对太钢焦煤热重行为的影响不尽相同;不同的煤种在与德国塑料共热解时的协同作用也不相同,德国废塑料与焦煤的相互作用更大些。共热解中废塑料与煤的协同作用受煤与废塑料二者之间的热解温区、失重峰温、失重速率的重叠程度及煤所形成的胶质体数量的影响。废塑料与煤之间的相互作用使得两者     

用热重红外光谱联用技术研究混煤热解特性

用热重分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪，对混煤在惰性气氛中的慢速热解特性进行了动态分析，考察了煤种、掺混比例以及加热速率对热解的影响。结果表明，混煤的热解与单煤的热解有相似之处，热解组分的析出随温度的变化规律一致，但其组分析出量并不是单煤热解析出量的简单叠加。由于掺混煤种间的相互作用，混煤热解气体在析出时间和析出量上均发生了变化。通过对红外吸收光谱的分析，发现混煤热解气体析出规律受掺混煤种的影响很大，高活性煤种的存在会降低混煤热解的初析温度，增加热解气体的析出量，其掺混比例越高，影响也越明显。     

神木煤与不同黏结煤共热解交互作用规律的研究

利用程序升温热天平研究了神木煤（SMC）分别与气煤（QM）、肥煤（FM）、焦煤（JM）不同比例配合后的共热解交互作用规律,通过分布活化能模型（DAEM）对配合煤的热解动力学进行了考察。结果表明,随着SMC配入比例的增加,配合煤水分集中释放的速率增大,挥发分释放速率峰对应的温度t_max降低,配合煤在塑性固化温度后（>460-480 ℃）的热解过程中抑制作用减弱,表明配合煤黏结性降低。随着升温速率增加,配合煤热解抑制作用增强,表明配合煤黏结性提高。随着黏结煤变质程度加深（QM、FM、JM）,配合煤共热解发生促进作用（促进挥发分释放）的温度分别低于、介于、高于黏结煤塑性温度区间,因此,对缓解胶质体膨胀压力及改善胶质体分散性的作用逐渐降低。通过分布热解活化能实验值与理论值的比较,证实了配煤共热解过程中的交互作用规律。     

Study on the kinetics and reactivity at the ignition temperature of Jurassic coal in North Shaanxi

Thermal analysis of seven Jurassic coal samples from North Shaanxi in West China and three permo-carboniferous coal samples from East China was studied to identify ignition temperatures in the process of the oxidation and spontaneous combustion. The experiments were carried out under non-isothermal heating conditions up to 700 °C at the heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C min^?1 in an air atmosphere. Through the FTIR spectrometer experiments, the absorbance peaks of functional groups of coal samples were analyzed at the ignition temperatures, pre-ignition of the 10 °C, post-ignition of the 10 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C min^?1. By the differential spectrum method, the changes of functional groups were discussed with the aim to determine characteristics and reactivity of the ignition temperature around. The results showed that ignition temperatures of experimental coal samples increased with the rising heating rates, and ignition temperatures of Jurassic coals were lower than that of the permo-carboniferous coal samples at the same heating rate. Apparent activation energy of experimental Jurassic coals at the ignition temperatures was calculated by Ozawa method based on the non-isothermal and differential heating rates, ranging from 80 to 105 kJ mol^?1, which were lower than that of the eastern permo-carboniferous samples. On the basis of Pearson correlation coefficient method which can signify the degree of correlations ranging from ?1 to 1, the correlation analyses were conducted between activation energy and functional groups variation within 10 °C before and after ignition temperature. It was concluded that the key functional groups of Jurassic coals in the oxidation and ignition reaction were methyl and alkyl ether within 10 °C before ignition temperature, and carboxyl and carbonyl within 10 °C after ignition temperature.     

Kinetic study of pyrolysis of waste water treatment plant sludge

Activated sewage sludge samples obtained from two different waste water treatment plants were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. Due to a very high content of water in the sludge samples, these had to be dried at 160°C in an electrical oven in order to remove all adsorbed water. To ensure pyrolysis conditions, nitrogen atmosphere was applied. The pyrolysis decomposition process was carried out in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 900°C at three different heating rates: 2 K min⁻¹, 5 K min⁻¹, 10 K min⁻¹. TGA and DTG curves of the decomposition processes were obtained. Temperature of onset decomposition, final temperature of decomposition, maximum decomposition rate, and decomposition temperature were determined by thermogravimetric analysis for both sludge samples used. The main decomposition process takes place at temperatures in the range from 230°C to 500°C. Above this temperature, there are only small changes in the mass loss which are often attributed to the decomposition of carbonates present in the sewage sludge samples. To determine the apparent kinetic parameters such as the activation energy and the preexponential factor, the so called Friedman isoconversional method was used. Because of the requirements of this method, initial and final parts of the decomposition process, where crossings of the decomposition lines occurred, were cut off. Obtained dependencies of the apparent activation energies and preexponential factors as a function of conversion were used backwards to calculate the modeled decomposition process of sewage sludge and the experimental data were in good accordance with the data obtained by simulation.     

Release and enrichment of 44 elements during coal pyrolysis of Yima coal, China

The coal samples were collected from Yima coal district, China. The pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a simulated bed quartz reactor with a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The 44 elements in raw coal and chars were determined by inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry instrument (ICP-MS). The release and enrichment behavior of 44 trace elements during coal pyrolysis of Yima coal was studied.

According to the transformation behaviors, chemical features and thermal features under different pyrolysis temperatures, the 44 elements can be categorized to 4 groups: light elements (Li and Be), nonmetal elements (Se, As, B, etc.), heavy metal elements (including 24 elements, Cu, V, Co, etc.) and rear earth elements (REE) (14 elements). The results showed that (1) the higher pyrolysis temperatures, the higher release ratio and release ratio of REE are very low; (2) the enrichment ratios of the elements in chars increase by the sequence of nonmetal elements < light elements < heavy metal elements < REE. The nonmetal elements, light elements and a few heavy metal elements will be emitted out from coal during coal pyrolysis and they will pollute environment.     

Lifetime simulation and thermal characterization of PVC cable insulation materials

Thermal behavior of commercial PVC cable insulation both before and after extraction of plasticizers, fillers and other agents were tested by TG/DTG and DSC during heating in the range 20-800°C in air. The ultrasound enhanced hexane extraction and dissolution in THF with subsequent precipitation of PVC were used to prepare 'extracted' and 'precipitated' samples. The total mass loss measured for the 'non-treated', 'extracted' and 'precipitated' PVC samples was 71.6, 66.6 and 97%, respectively. In the temperature range 200-340°C the release of dioctylphthalate, HCl and CO₂was observed by simultaneous TG/FTIR. From TG results measured at different heating rates (1.5, 5, 10, 15 K min^-1) in the range 200-340°C the non-isothermal kinetics of the PVC samples degradation was determined. Activation energy values of the thermal degradation processes calculated by ASTM E 698 method, for 'non-treated', 'extracted' and 'precipitated' PVC samples were 174.6±17 kJ min^-1, 192.8±19 kJ min^-1, 217.1±20 kJ min^-1, respectively. These kinetic parameters were used for the lifetime simulation of the materials.     

Catalytic effect of bases in impregnation of guanidine nitrate on Poplar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis>) wood

Wood, one of the flammable material, was treated with aqueous solution of guanidine nitrate (GUN) and also with small amount of bases like N,N-dimethylformamide, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, pyridine, and triethylamine in the treating solution. These bases catalyze the impregnation of GUN as indicated by increase in mass gain percentage, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. To study their thermal behavior, dynamic thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analysis under nitrogen atmosphere have been applied from ambient temperature to 973 K on all samples, at multiple linear heating rates 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 K min⁻¹. Non-isothermal, “model free” iso-conversional multiple heating rate methods, Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (O–F–W) and modified Coats–Redfern are used to calculate activation energy of samples. The activation energy of samples is found in the range 109–208 kJ mol⁻¹. Thermal parameters like overall pyrolysis duration, maximum mass loss rate, corresponding to DTG peak maximum and percentage char yield calculated at 873 K from TG curves are used to appraise the flammability of samples. Also, flammability of samples is determined by reliable methods namely limiting oxygen index and underwriters laboratories 94 (UL 94) test. The aforesaid study indicates that base catalyzed impregnated samples are less flammable than those impregnated with only GUN and untreated ones.     

CO_2气氛对煤热解过程中硫逸出的影响

采用热解-质谱(Py-MS)与热解-气相色谱(Py-GC)相结合的方法对平朔(PS)和义马(YM)原煤、脱灰煤及其脱黄铁矿煤进行了热解实验,考察了CO_2气氛对煤热解过程中硫逸出行为的影响。并采用质谱在线分析H_2S、COS和SO_2的逸出曲线,利用气相色谱分析H_2S、COS和SO_2在气相中的逸出量。结果表明,CO_2气氛有利于H_2S、COS和SO_2进入气相,且逸出量增加,而COS增加幅度更大。同时,CO_2气氛有利于H_2S和SO_2最大逸出峰温提前。另外,CO_2气氛对原煤的H_2S、COS和SO_2逸出温度影响较大,但对脱灰煤的影响较小。在较高的温度下,CO_2有利于煤中稳定有机硫的分解。这进一步验证了在较高温度下COS形成与CO相关,而在较低温度下与CO无关。     

Pyrolysis and combustion model of oil sands from non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis data

Thermogravimetric (TG) data of oil sand obtained at Engineering Research Center of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization were studied to evaluate the kinetic parameters for Indonesian oil sand samples. Experiments were carried out at heating rates of 5, 15, and 25 °C min^?1 in nitrogen, 10, 20, and 50 °C min^?1 in oxygen atmosphere, respectively. The extent of char combustion was found out by relating TG data for pyrolysis and combustion with the ultimate analysis. Due to distinct behavior of oil shale during pyrolysis, TG curves were divided into three separate events: moisture release, devolatilization, and evolution of fixed carbon/char, where for each event, kinetic parameters, based on Arrhenius theory, were calculated. Coats–Redfern method, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, and distributed activation energy model method have been used to determine the activation energies of degradation. The methods are compared with regard to their characteristics and the ease of interpretation of the thermal kinetics. Activation energies of the samples were determined by three different methods and the results are discussed.     

中国煤中磷的分布特征

以“中国煤种资源数据库”为基础,结合新采集煤样,对中国不同煤田1117个煤层煤样的磷含量数据进行了统计分析.结果表明,中国煤中磷可采储量加权平均质量分数为224x10-6,大约90％的煤中磷质量分数低于500x10-6,为特低磷煤或低磷煤,全国总体上呈“北低南高”的趋势.按不同聚煤区、不同成煤时代和不同煤炭类别讨论了中...     

两种煤在热解过程中汞的析出和形态分布实验研究

在程序升温热解反应系统上,研究了大同煤和宝日希勒煤在N2气氛下热解过程中汞析出及形态分布规律。实验结果表明,温度是影响煤热解过程中汞释放的主要因素。煤中汞释放率随着温度的升高而明显升高,当热解温度为600℃时,煤中汞已基本逸出,汞释放率在92%以上。元素汞(Hg0)是气态汞释放的主要形态,随着热解温度的升高,大同煤释放的元素汞在气态汞中的质量分数先增加后减小,而宝日希勒煤中元素汞的质量分数逐渐降低。随着停留时间的延长,煤中汞释放率和元素汞的质量分数都呈增加趋势,宝日希勒煤的增幅较大同煤更为显著。较高的加热速率促进了煤中汞的释放,同时也在一定程度上提高了氧化汞的质量分数,其中宝日希勒煤的氧化汞增幅明显大于大同煤,达19.5%。