General results for complete contacts subject to oscillatory shear

In this paper, we consider the general interfacial characteristics of a square elastic block, pressed onto an elastically similar half-plane by a constant normal force, and subjected to oscillatory shear. It is found that there is a critical coefficient of friction, 0.543, above which the contact is permanently stuck along its entire length for a shearing force below about 55% of that needed to cause sliding. For shearing forces above this, the contact interface will either shakedown to a fully adhered state (depending on the degree of reversal of the shear loading) or will exhibit cyclic slip at an interior point. If the coefficient of friction is below 0.543, the application of normal load alone will produce equal and opposite slip zones attached to the contact edges. The subsequent imposition of a shear force causes the leading edge slip zone to increase in length while the presence of residual slipping tractions at the trailing edge causes the trailing edge to lift off. Under oscillatory loading, the contact edges cycle between slip and separation over a minute region while an interior point may exhibit cyclic slip if the loading history is sufficiently demanding. The results found are of practical relevance to the study of fretting fatigue of complete contacts, such as some types of spline joint.     

The generalized advancing conformal contact problem with friction,pin loads and remote loading – Case of rigid pin

The advancing, frictional contact problem for a rigid pin indenting an infinite plate with a circular hole is considered. The formulation is general, and considers remotely applied plate-stresses in addition to pin loads. Using the theory of generalized functions, it is found that the governing equation in full sliding is a singular integro-differential equation (SIDE). Partial-slip behavior is governed by an implicit, coupled singular integral equation (SIE) pair. Numerical solutions are presented for both types of problems. It is found that the contact tractions in monotonic loading become independent of the coefficient of friction above a certain threshold value. Finally, problems involving typical ‘fretting-type’ pin loads with and without remote-stresses are also investigated, revealing remarkable effects of the degree of conformality and load path on the steady-state traction distributions.     

磁电弹复合材料和刚性导电导磁圆柱压头的二维微动接触分析

本文求解平面应变状态下磁电弹复合材料半平面和刚性导电导磁圆柱压头的二维微动接触问题。假设压头具有良好的导电导磁性,且表面电势和磁势是常数。微动接触依赖载荷的加载历史,所以首先求解单独的法向加载问题,然后在法向加载问题的基础上求解循环变化的切向加载问题。整个接触区可以分为内部的中心粘着区和两个外部的滑移区,其中滑移区满足Coulomb摩擦法则。利用Fourier积分变换,磁电弹半平面的微动接触问题将简化为耦合的Cauchy奇异积分方程组,然后数值离散为线性代数方程组,利用迭代法求解未知的粘着/滑移区尺寸、电荷分布、磁感应强度、法向接触压力和切向接触力。数值算例给出了摩擦系数、总电荷和总磁感应强度对各加载阶段的表面接触应力、电位移和磁感应强度的影响。     

载荷对304不锈钢微动磨损性能的影响

采用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机,研究了在干摩擦和水介质润滑条件下,载荷对304不锈钢微动磨损行为的影响,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)对磨损表面形貌和成分进行分析.结果显示:载荷和介质对微动摩擦行为和磨损机理有显著影响.在干摩擦下,载荷明显改变了微动运行区域,当载荷增大到50 N时微动运行区域由滑移区变为部分滑移区.摩擦系数和磨痕深度随着载荷的增加依次减小.磨损机理由黏着、磨粒和氧化磨损转变为局部疲劳和轻微氧化.同干摩擦相比,由于水介质的润滑和冷却作用,表面黏着被抑制,摩擦系数显著减小,两接触面间易滑移,部分滑移区消失.随载荷的增大磨痕深度增大,因腐蚀与磨损的交互作用,在海水中的磨痕深度比去离子水中略大.磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损和轻微的腐蚀磨损.     

A study of contact non-linearities in pin-loaded lugs: Separation,clearance and frictional slipping effects

Pin-loaded lugs with bush fitting are widely encountered in industrial applications to connect parts and transmit loads and motions. Due to their mechanical function, frictional contact inevitably takes place on the pin–bush and lug–pin interfaces, and can lead to non-linear behaviours occurrence under monotonic or periodic loading, such as bush–lug contact separation, pin–bush conforming contact effects in the presence of initial clearance, or bush–lug frictional slipping mechanisms. The aim of this paper is not to present new results of finite element simulations for lugs involving contact with friction but to provide a comprehensive study of those contact non-linearities through a dedicated analytical contact model.     

载荷及位移幅值对DLC薄膜微动磨损行为的影响

为了提高TC4钛合金表面的抗微动磨损性能,在本文中采用非平衡磁控溅技术(Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering)在TC4钛合金表面沉积了类金刚石(DLC)薄膜. 采用球/平面接触形式研究了DLC薄膜的微动摩擦磨损行为. 在不同法向载荷和位移幅值下,结合微动运行工况图研究了DLC薄膜滑移状态和损伤机理. 利用原子力显微镜、纳米压痕仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、激光共聚焦显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜和SRV-V微动摩擦磨损试验机等设备对DLC薄膜进行性能的表征和微动摩擦磨损性能测试. 通过微动图,摩擦耗散能,磨痕形貌、化学成分分析揭示其损伤机理. 结果表明:载荷和位移幅值对DLC薄膜微动摩擦磨损行为和损伤机理有显著影响. 当位移幅值为25 μm 时,微动运行于混合滑移(mixed slip regime,MSR)情形下,当位移幅值为100 μm时,微动运行于完全滑移(gross slip regime,GSR)情形下. 小位移幅值时,DLC薄膜磨损机理是磨粒磨损为主;大位移幅值时,DLC薄膜磨损机理是黏着磨损为主. 干摩擦条件下,DLC薄膜有良好的抗微动磨损性能,关键就在于其优异力学性能和自润滑特性.      

Fretting contact of two elastic solids with graded coatings under torsion

In this paper, the fretting contact problem for two elastic solids with graded coatings is investigated. We assume a conventional axisymmetric Hertzian contact takes place between two elastic solids under the action of the normal pressure. The application of the torque produces an annulus of slip. It is assumed that the surface shear traction within the contact area is limited by Coulomb’s friction law and the torsion angel was produced within the central adhesion zone as a rigid body. The linear multi-layer model is used to model the functionally graded coating with arbitrarily varying shear modulus. This model divides the coating into a series of sub-layers with the elastic modulus varying linearly in each sub-layer and continuous on the sub-interfaces. By using the transfer matrix method and Hankel integral transform technique, this problem is formulated as the solution of the Cauchy singular integral equations. The contact tractions are calculated by solving the equations numerically. The results show that the appropriate gradual variation of the shear modulus can significantly alter the contact tractions. Therefore, graded coatings may have potential applications in improving the resistance to fretting contact damage at the contact surfaces.     

位移幅值对铜镁合金微动磨损行为的影响

在研制的多功能微动磨损试验机上,开展了不同位移幅值下铜镁合金微动磨损试验,以研究位移幅值对铜镁合金微动磨损行为的影响. 微动过程中记录摩擦系数曲线与F_t-D-N曲线,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)及三维形貌仪对损伤区域进行了微观分析. 结果显示:随着位移幅值的增加,铜镁合金微动运行状态由部分滑移进入完全滑移,未发现混合滑移状态;部分滑移区中呈现由弹性变形协调逐渐向塑性变形协调转变的趋势. 磨损体积随位移幅值的增加而增加,在完全滑移区中体积损失非常严重. 在弹性变形协调的部分滑移状态下,接触表面损伤轻微,而由塑性变形协调的部分滑移状态下,接触中心出现较大切应力,疲劳裂纹扩展至接触表面导致材料剥落,接触边缘有磨粒磨损和氧化磨损的痕迹. 在完全滑移状态下,接触表面损伤主要为疲劳剥层,磨粒磨损和氧化磨损.      

碳纤维切向微动磨损特性研究

在自制的多功能微动腐蚀试验机上,通过改变法向载荷和位移幅值,以碳纤维为研究对象开展球-面接触模式下的微动磨损试验. 建立了微动运行工况图、F_t-D曲线和摩擦系数曲线,探究了碳纤维的微动磨损运行特性;结合光镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、白光干涉仪和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对磨损形貌及磨屑成分进行了分析,探究了碳纤维的微动磨损机理. 结果表明:随法向载荷的减小、位移幅值的增加,微动磨损区域由部分滑移区、混合区向滑移区转变. 摩擦系数随法向载荷的增加而减少,随位移幅值的增加而增加. 磨损体积随法向载荷和位移幅值的增加而增加;在部分滑移区和混合区,磨损率随载荷的增加而减小,在滑移区,磨损率存在波动,但依旧呈上升趋势. 混合区和滑移区的磨损机理为磨粒磨损、剥层和氧化磨损,但混合区氧化磨损较为严重. 位移幅值和法向载荷对碳纤维微动磨损行为影响较大,对摩擦系数以及磨损体积也有较为显著的影响. 混合区和滑移区微动磨损机理主要表现为磨粒磨损、剥层和氧化磨损.      

微动磨损对过盈配合结构微动参量的影响

基于Archard磨损模型与Abaqus自适应网格技术建立了仿真分析过盈配合结构微动磨损的计算模型,对配合面轮廓随循环周次的变化进行了预测,并详细研究了微动磨损对接触压应力、摩擦剪切应力及微动滑移幅值等微动参量的影响.结果表明:该计算模型能够较为准确地对配合面轮廓随循环周次的变化进行预测;由于微动磨损的作用,配合边缘处接触压应力的峰值逐渐增大,且其位置逐渐向配合内部移动;摩擦剪切应力的最大值逐渐由黏着-滑移过渡位置向磨损-未磨损过渡位置移动;张开区域的宽度以及滑移区内各位置处的微动滑移幅值均随着循环周次的增加而增大.     

A numerical analysis of partial slip problems under Hertzian contacts

In this study the tangential partial slip problems in Hertzian contact regions are treated by a numerical technique. The tangential loading may include tangential forces in the contact plane and a twisting moment normal to the contact plane. The Coulomb’s law of friction and the property that the direction of friction must oppose the relative motion lead to nonlinear equations. The Newton-Raphson method is utilized to solve these nonlinear equations. Numerical results for tangential tractions and sizes of stick and slip zones may be determined, and they agree with existing analytical results for circular contacts.     

扭动微动条件下含水气氛对氧化行为的影响

对7075铝合金/GCr15摩擦副在不同湿度条件下扭动微动的损伤行为、氧化行为进行了研究.建立了7075铝合金在不同湿度条件下的扭动微动运行工况微动图.采用SEM、XPS对不同湿度环境下的磨损机制、氧化行为及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:湿度对7075的扭动微动运行存在显著影响,随着湿度的增加,摩擦扭矩明显降低;部分滑移区的磨损发生在接触边缘,损伤轻微;混合区和滑移区发生强烈的塑性变形,损伤严重,其主要磨损机制是磨粒磨损和剥层;潮湿空气增加了界面滑移,反应生成的氧化磨屑起到了润滑剂的作用,减轻了磨损.     

碱性腐蚀环境下接触载荷对钢丝微动疲劳行为的影响

以矿用钢丝为研究对象,在自制的钢丝微动疲劳试验机上开展钢丝在碱性腐蚀环境下的微动疲劳试验,考察钢丝在应变比为0.8时不同接触载荷下钢丝的微动运行特性,并用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察钢丝的磨痕和断口形貌,分析其微动磨损和疲劳断裂机理.结果表明:不同接触载荷下钢丝的摩擦系数具有相同的变化趋势,均可以分为4个阶段:跑合期、上升期、下降期和稳定期;4种不同接触载荷下钢丝摩擦副均运行于滑移状态,磨损机制以腐蚀磨损、磨粒磨损、疲劳磨损和塑性变形为主;钢丝疲劳寿命与磨损量成反比,疲劳断口可分为3个区:疲劳源区、扩展区和瞬断区.     

润滑油脂对钢丝微动磨损特性的影响

在自制的微动摩擦磨损试验机上,以矿用钢丝为研究对象,探讨润滑油脂对钢丝微动磨损特性的影响规律.结果表明:润滑油脂使钢丝微动运行区域中部分滑移区和混合区显著缩小,滑移区增大;摩擦系数和磨损量显著降低,跑合期延长;润滑油脂条件下,部分滑移区损伤轻微,环状区域较光滑,混合区和滑移区摩擦氧化减少,损伤以表面疲劳及磨粒磨损为主,磨痕表面较平滑,损伤程度明显小于干摩擦条件.     

Frictional energy dissipation in contact of nominally flat rough surfaces under harmonically varying loads

If the nominal contact tractions at an interface are everywhere below the Coulomb friction limit throughout a cycle of oscillatory loading, the introduction of surface roughness will generally cause local microslip between the contacting asperities and hence some frictional dissipation. This dissipation is important both as a source of structural damping and as an indicator of potential fretting damage. Here we use a strategy based on the Ciavarella-Jäger superposition and a recent solution of the general problem of the contact of two half spaces under oscillatory loading to derive expressions for the dissipation per cycle which depend only on the normal incremental stiffness of the contact, the external forces and the local coefficient of friction. The results show that the dissipation depends significantly on the relative phase between the oscillations in normal and tangential load—a factor which has been largely ignored in previous investigations. In particular, for given load amplitudes, the dissipation is significantly larger when the loads are out of phase. We also establish that for small amplitudes the dissipation varies with the cube of the load amplitude and is linearly proportional to the second derivative of the elastic compliance function for all contact geometries, including those involving surface roughness. It follows that experimental observations of less than cubic dependence on load amplitude cannot be explained by reference to roughness alone, or by any other geometric effect in the contact of half spaces.     

脂润滑对100C6钢微动磨损特性的影响

探讨了在不同振幅及载荷作用下脂润滑对１００Ｃ６钢微动磨损特性的影响,研究表明,脂润滑可缓解微动接触表面的损伤,滑移区域中润滑脂减摩效果优于部分滑移区和混合区,润滑脂在接触界面之间很难保持有效润滑;在稳定的脂润滑上微动区域的划分变化不大。     

Analytical solutions for inherently incremental,similar elastic contact problems with bulk stress

Analytical solutions are obtained for a class of inherently incremental, similar elastic half-plane frictional contact problems which involve simultaneous application of a changing, remote bulk-stress during oblique loading. The method is based on Abel Integral Equations. The spatial gradient of the slip function is obtained uniquely by the conditions determining the existence of a bounded solution to the shear traction Cauchy SIE and global shear equilibrium, provided there is stick at all points in the contact throughout the loading. Solutions are obtained for both the cylindrical indenter and the flat punch with rounded edges. The method also lends itself easily to generalization to non-linear load paths and a number of such problems are considered. Problems involving the development of slip zones within the contact may be solved in some special cases.     

缠绕提升钢丝绳绕入冲击摩擦特性研究

为掌握多层缠绕提升钢丝绳层与层之间滑动摩擦磨损特性,在自制缠绕式矿井提升机钢丝绳层间摩擦试验台上,以6×19热镀锌钢丝绳为研究对象,对不同载荷、滑移速度、冲击速度下钢丝绳滑动摩擦磨损规律及接触区域温升变化规律进行试验探究.研究结果表明:摩擦系数变化分为快速增长阶段、过渡阶段、稳定阶段;摩擦系数随载荷增加小幅减小,随滑移速度增大总体呈降低趋势;缠绕钢丝绳滑动摩擦温升集中于接触区域,最大温升受滑移速度影响明显,随速度增加而增大;冲击摩擦系数明显低于稳定滑动摩擦系数,最大冲击摩擦系数随冲击速度、滑移速度增大而增大,随着冲击载荷增大出现多次冲击摩擦.     

A note on the crack analogue model for fretting fatigue

The contact of a flat punch over a half-plane under constant normal loads, and oscillating tangential and bulk loads is studied, with the aim to improve the crack analogue (CA) model for fretting fatigue (FF) (Acta Mater. 46(9) (1998) 2955). New analytical results are found for a range of conditions, finding the effect of bulk loads and of partial slip which were not considered in the original CA model. Implications for the FF life assessment methodology are found to be significant.     

摩擦信号分形维数与载荷和速度的关系研究

在立式万能摩擦磨损试验机上对GCr15/45#钢摩擦副进行不同接触载荷和滑动速度下的摩擦磨损试验,对初始滑动距离1 000 m内的摩擦系数信号进行数据采集,运用结构函数测度方法对摩擦系数信号进行分形表征,计算不同载荷和速度下的分形维数,研究摩擦信号的分形维数随载荷和速度的变化规律.结果表明,摩擦系数信号具有显著的分形特征,其分形维数随载荷和速度而变化.在相同载荷下,分形维数随滑动速度增加而增大;在相同速度下,分形维数随着接触载荷增加而增大.磨损率与摩擦系数信号的分形维数正相关.