卤键在化学传感和分子识别中的应用

卤键是一种新的分子间非共价作用力,它存在于卤素原子(路易斯酸)和具有孤电子对的原子或π-电子体系(路易斯碱)之间,在超分子化学、材料科学、生物识别和药物设计等领域已经显示出独特的优势。本文主要从卤键的特征和在化学传感和分子识别中的应用以及发展前景等几方面进行了介绍,期望引起人们对卤键的更多关注。     

分子间卤键控制的氢键芳香酰胺折叠体组装(英文)

报道了六个分子内氢键诱导的芳香酰胺折叠体的合成,其多步合成中最后一步都通过形成腙键完成.所有分子的两端都引入三氟一碘代苯作为卤键供体及吡啶作为卤键受体.分子间形成的I…N卤键及其它卤键被用于调控折叠体骨架在固体中的自组装结构.晶体结构揭示,分子间卤键可以诱导不同分子形成扩展的之字形阵列,二聚体大环和超分子螺旋结构.当分子两端的卤键供体和受体平行排列时,折叠体倾向于形成超分子二聚体大环.长的四聚体和五聚体折叠结构两端的卤键供体和受体形成大的夹角,展示出不同的卤键模式.两个分子的端位碘原子与甲醇或水形成I…O卤键,其中一个五聚体分子与甲醇通过卤键形成超分子单股螺旋结构.另一个五聚体通过分子间I…O=C卤键形成另一种超分子单股螺旋.两个单股螺旋进一步相互堆积,形成新的超分子双股螺旋阵列.     

(CH2)2O, (CH2)2S与双卤分子间卤键的理论研究

运用量子化学密度泛函B3LYP方法, 采用6-311＋＋G(d,p)及aug-cc-pVDZ基组, 通过CP校正的几何梯度优化对(CH2)2O和(CH2)2S与双卤分子XY (XY＝Cl2, Br2, ClF, BrF, BrCl)形成的卤键复合物的几何构型、振动频率和相互作用能等进行了研究. 利用电子密度拓扑分析理论方法对卤键复合物的拓扑性质进行了分析研究, 探讨了该类分子间卤键的作用本质. 结果表明, (CH2)2O和(CH2)2S与双卤分子间的卤键介于共价键与离子键之间, 偏于静电作用成分为主. 形成卤键后, 双卤分子的键长增加, 振动频率减小, 原子积分性质发生改变. 卤键键长的变化、键能的强弱、键鞍点处的电子密度值与双卤分子的电负性有关.     

卤键的AIM研究

本文利用分子中的原子理论对一系列含卤分子与氨之间形成的卤键进行了分析，内容包括键关键点的确定、关键点的电子密度和拉普拉斯量以及复合物形成前后的若干原子性质，如电荷、能量、极化矩、卤键供体原子体积等的变化。结果显示：（1）所有卤键复合物中均存在一键关键点，其作用属于闭壳型相互作用；（2）卤键复合物键关键点的电子密度及其拉普拉斯量与卤键的强度间存在很好的线性关系；（3）键关键点电子密度的对数与卤键的距离d(X···N)高度相关。这一研究有望对卤键的本质提供进一步的认识。     

基于分子间卤键的超分子平面大环自组装

本工作报道了含卤键供体和受体片段的三种芳酰胺分子(化合物1~3)的设计和合成, 并对固相中卤键的不同作用模式进行了探索和分析. 化合物1的晶体数据显示, 由于没有分子内氢键, 组成分子的三个芳环相互扭转一定角度, 并且在分子间交替排列的N···I和O···I卤键的控制下, 组装成了一条线型的超分子组装体. 由于酰胺羰基和两个紧邻的氟原子之间的排斥作用, 化合物2未能形成分子内三中心氢键. 在此基础上, 将三氟碘代苯作为卤键供体片段引入到化合物3中, 并且在折叠体骨架中嵌入了嘧啶单元. 化合物3的晶体数据显示, 基于多组有效的分子内三中心氢键和分子间较强的卤键作用, 双分子间形成了[1+1]的超分子大环. 另外, 由于嘧啶环的引入, 使得该超分子大环接近共平面.     

溶液相中卤键驱动的超分子螺旋

<正>螺旋构象具有重要的生命科学研究价值,如DNA双股螺旋和蛋白质α-螺旋是生命组成中两类主要的螺旋结构。基于分子间非共价相互作用的超分子螺旋作为仿生螺旋的一种,因其结构可调控性和动态可逆性特征而备受关注,近年来已在不对称催化、手性传感和分离、仿生材料等研究领域展现重要的应用~(1,2)。传统构造超分子螺旋的非共价相互作用主要包括氢键、静电、π-π堆积、亲疏水以及金属配位等。卤键是存在于分子中卤素原子的亲电区域和     

过渡金属M (M=Cu,Ag, Au)对X…Cl (X = F,Cl, Br)卤键相互作用强度的影响

采用量子化学方法,通过MCH2X…ClF(M=Cu,Ag,Au;X=F,Cl,Br)和CH3X…ClF两类复合物的对比,探讨了过渡金属对卤键相互作用强度的影响.CH3X…ClF复合物只有卤键相互作用,而优化MCH2X…ClF复合物除了得到一种只含有卤键相互作用的构型外,还得到一种含有过渡金属和Cl原子相互作用的稳定构型.含有过渡金属的复合物稳定性明显增加,Ag取代的复合物稳定性增加最为明显,Cu次之,Au最不明显.X原子最负分子表面静电势(MEP)减小是复合物稳定性增加的根本原因.利用自然键轨道(NBO)及分子中原子(AIM)分析进一步对体系的分子间相互作用进行了探讨.二阶稳定化能与键鞍点处拓扑性质的计算结果与相互作用能符合得很好.     

分子间卤键和氢键控制的网络结构的组装（英文）

分别以四苯甲烷和四苯基卟啉为中心,端位引入四氟碘代苯,合成了两类四齿卤键供体分子,并合成了3,3’,5,5’-四甲基-4,4’-联吡啶(TMBP)作为卤键受体分子.以四苯甲烷为中心的卤键供体分子和TMBP基于分子间I…N卤键和H…N氢键在固相中自组装,得到一类超分子网络结构.晶体结构显示,一个四面体卤键供体分子通过两组I…N卤键和两组H…N氢键结合四个TMBP分子,与之对应,一个TMBP分子通过一组I…N卤键和一组H…N氢键结合两个四面体分子,形成单层网络结构,网格为宽度2.37nm的正方形结构,层与层之间通过其它氢键和卤键进一步堆积.卟啉类四齿卤键供体分子的晶体数据显示,通过较为复杂的分子间C—I…π及H…F等弱相互作用,供体分子自身进行平面组装,层与层之间通过π-π堆积等作用进一步堆积.     

取代1-氯蒽醌中分子内卤键的电子密度拓扑分析

运用量子化学密度泛函B3LYP方法,在6-311＋＋G（d,p）基组水平上对邻位和间位取代1-氯葸醌的分子内卤键进行了研究．用电子定域函数和“分子中的原子,,理论对分子内卤键的性质进行了电子密度拓扑分析．通过对计算得到的密度矩阵进行σ-π兀分离,得到了π-键的键径和分子图,并讨论了。电荷密度和兀电荷密度对卤键的影响．结果表明,键鞍点和环鞍点处的电子密度拓扑性质均可作为衡量分子内卤键强度的量度．键鞍点和环鞍点处的电荷密度P越大,键鞍点与环鞍点的距离越大,卤键强度越大．除σ电荷密度外,π电荷密度对分子内卤键的性质也有明显影响．     

中国有机氟化合物卤键研究

综述了中国学者在有机碘代和溴代氟化物的卤键研究方面的进展.从1987至1993年,陈庆云等发现全氟碘代烷作为Lewis酸可以和胺、醚和六甲基磷酰胺等Lewis碱形成供体-受体相互作用,代表了早期研究现在被称为卤键的非共价键作用力的重要进展.2001年以来,多个研究组利用卤键开展晶体工程研究.朱士正等首次证实,全氟-α,■-二碘烷烃可以和胺、醚和六甲基磷酰胺等通过卤键形成一维扩展阵列结构,晋卫军等研究了卤键驱动的全氟碘代芳烃与氮杂芳环的共晶结构,张丹维和黎占亭等利用卤键诱导产生了双螺旋及四螺旋超分子聚合物.晋卫军等研究了C-I…p卤键在晶体工程中的应用.利用卤键诱导,王栋和万立骏等在表面实现了三角型芳香分子共组装形成二维蜂窝型阵列结构,王力彦等从两个聚合物或有机分子构筑了单层膜结构和实现了层-层自组装控制.赵新和黎占亭等合成了并入三个二氟碘甲基的三臂分子,基于氢键诱导的折叠型受体,建立了溶液相多位点卤键结合的识别模式.胡文平、龚和贵、廖良生等利用卤键提高了若干共轭有机分子的不同的材料性能.多个研究组利用卤键成功控制或提高不同类型的有机反应的选择性.     

Halogen Bonding in Solution: Anion Recognition,Templated Self‐Assembly,and Organocatalysis

The halogen bond is a supramolecular interaction between a Lewis‐acidic region of a covalently bound halogen and a Lewis base. It has been studied widely in silico and experimentally in the solid state; however, solution‐phase applications have attracted enormous interest in the last few years. This Minireview highlights selected recent developments in halogen bond interactions in solution, with a focus on the use of receptors based on halogen bonds in anion recognition and sensing, anion‐templated self‐assembly, as well as in organocatalysis.     

Preorganization: A Powerful Tool in Intermolecular Halogen Bonding in Solution

Preorganization is a powerful tool in supramolecular chemistry which has been utilized successfully in intra- and intermolecular halogen bonding. In previous work, we had developed a bidentate bis(iodobenzimidazolium)-based halogen bond donor which featured a central trifluoromethyl substituent. This compound showed a markedly increased catalytic activity compared to unsubstituted bis(iodoimidazolium)-based Lewis acids, which could be explained either by electronic effects (the electron withdrawal by the fluorinated substituent) or by preorganization (the hindered rotation of the halogen bonding moieties). Herein, we systematically investigate the origin of this increased Lewis acidity via a comparison of the two types of compounds and their respective derivatives with or without the central trifluoromethyl group. Calorimetric measurements of halide complexations indicated that preorganization is the main reason for the higher halogen bonding strength. The performance of the catalysts in a series of benchmark reactions corroborates this finding.     

Molecular mechanical study of halogen bonding in drug discovery

A halogen bond is a noncovalent bond between a halogen atom (X) and a Lewis base (Y). This type of bond is attributed to the anisotropic distribution of the charge density on the halogen atom, resulting in the formation of a positive cap (called the σ-hole) centered on the A-X axis. The current research is the first reported molecular mechanical study of halogen bonding, the positive region centered on the halogen atom was represented by an extra-point (EP) of charge. The correlation between the X-EP distance and the X…Y bond length was explored to determine the optimal position of the EP. A test set of 27 halogen-containing molecules complexed to various Lewis bases was studied using molecular mechanical potentials. The molecular mechanical minimized halogen bond lengths and binding energies were in good agreement with the corresponding quantum mechanical values. The EP inclusion on the halogen atom resulted in an improvement in the accuracy of the electrostatic-potential derived charges. The solvation free energies of halobenzene molecules relative to benzene were calculated with and without EP inclusion to assess the accuracy of the developed approach. Molecular mechanical study of halo derivatives of benzotriazole complexed to cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CDK2) was performed, and MM-PB(GB)SA binding energies were calculated as a case study in finding potent halogenated inhibitors that can serve as antitumor drugs.     

Cooperative and substitution effects in enhancing strengths of halogen bonds in FCl⋯CNX complexes

In this paper, the cooperative effect of halogen bond with hydrogen bond has been used to make a halogen bond in FCl-CNH dimer vary from a chlorine-shared one to an ion-pair one. The halogen bond is strengthened in FCl-CNH-CNH trimer and its maximal interaction energy equals to -76 kJ∕mol when the number of CNH in FCl-CNH-(CNH)(n) polymer approaches infinity. Once the free H atom in FCl-CNH-CNH trimer is replaced with alkali metals, the halogen bond becomes strong enough to be an ion-pair one in FCl-CNH-CNLi and FCl-CNH-CNNa trimers. An introduction of a Lewis acid in FCl-CNH dimer has a more prominent effect on the type of halogen bond. A prominent cooperative effect is found for the halogen bond and hydrogen bond in the trimers. FH-FCl-CNH-CNH and FH-FCl-CNH-CNLi tetramers have also been studied and the interaction energy of halogen bonding in FH-FCl-CNH-CNLi tetramer is about 12 times as much as that in the FCl-CNH dimer. The atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital analyses have been carried out for these complexes to understand the nature of halogen bond and the origin of the cooperativity.     

Halogen bond and its counterparts: Bent's rule explains the formation of nonbonding interactions

Ab Initio calculations were carried out on complexes of F(3)CCl. The Cl center may act as the Lewis acid as well as the Lewis base. Hence various interactions are analyzed for several complexes of F(3)CCl: halogen bond, dihalogen bond, halogen-hydride bond, hydrogen bond, and others. It was found that Lewis acid-Lewis base interactions lead to the electron charge redistribution being in agreement with Bent's rule. This rule explains the formation of nonbonding interactions. For example, if the C-Cl bond acts as the Lewis acid thus the increase of the s-character in C-orbital of C-Cl is observed as a result of complexation. However, if the C-Cl bond acts as the Lewis base thus the mentioned above s-character decreases. Numerous analogies between the halogen bond and the hydrogen bond are analyzed and various relationships between energetic, geometrical and the natural bond orbitals method (NBO) parameters are shown.     

The Bright Future of Unconventional σ/π‐Hole Interactions

Non‐covalent interactions play a crucial role in (supramolecular) chemistry and much of biology. Supramolecular forces can indeed determine the structure and function of a host–guest system. Many sensors, for example, rely on reversible bonding with the analyte. Natural machineries also often have a significant non‐covalent component (e.g. protein folding, recognition) and rational interference in such ‘living’ devices can have pharmacological implications. For the rational design/tweaking of supramolecular systems it is helpful to know what supramolecular synthons are available and to understand the forces that make these synthons stick to one another. In this review we focus on σ‐hole and π‐hole interactions. A σ‐ or π‐hole can be seen as positive electrostatic potential on unpopulated σ* or π⁽*⁾ orbitals, which are thus capable of interacting with some electron dense region. A σ‐hole is typically located along the vector of a covalent bond such as X?H or X?Hlg (X=any atom, Hlg=halogen), which are respectively known as hydrogen and halogen bond donors. Only recently it has become clear that σ‐holes can also be found along a covalent bond with chalcogen (X?Ch), pnictogen (X?Pn) and tetrel (X?Tr) atoms. Interactions with these synthons are named chalcogen, pnigtogen and tetrel interactions. A π‐hole is typically located perpendicular to the molecular framework of diatomic π‐systems such as carbonyls, or conjugated π‐systems such as hexafluorobenzene. Anion–π and lone‐pair–π interactions are examples of named π‐hole interactions between conjugated π‐systems and anions or lone‐pair electrons respectively. While the above nomenclature indicates the distinct chemical identity of the supramolecular synthon acting as Lewis acid, it is worth stressing that the underlying physics is very similar. This implies that interactions that are now not so well‐established might turn out to be equally useful as conventional hydrogen and halogen bonds. In summary, we describe the physical nature of σ‐ and π‐hole interactions, present a selection of inquiries that utilise σ‐ and π‐holes, and give an overview of analyses of structural databases (CSD/PDB) that demonstrate how prevalent these interactions already are in solid‐state structures.     

Bidentate Chiral Bis(imidazolium)‐Based Halogen‐Bond Donors: Synthesis and Applications in Enantioselective Recognition and Catalysis

Even though halogen bonding—the noncovalent interaction between electrophilic halogen substituents and Lewis bases—has now been established in molecular recognition and catalysis, its use in enantioselective processes is still very rarely explored. Herein, we present the synthesis of chiral bidentate halogen‐bond donors based on two iodoimidazolium units with rigidly attached chiral sidearms. With these Lewis acids, chiral recognition of a racemic diamine is achieved in NMR studies. DFT calculations support a 1:1 interaction of the halogen‐bond donor with both enantiomers and indicate that the chiral recognition is based on a different spatial orientation of the Lewis bases in the halogen‐bonded complexes. In addition, moderate enantioselectivity is achieved in a Mukaiyama aldol reaction with a preorganized variant of the chiral halogen‐bond donor. This represents the first case in which asymmetric induction was realized with a pure halogen‐bond donor lacking any additional active functional groups.     

Activating Chalcogen Bonding (ChB) in Alkylseleno/Alkyltelluroacetylenes toward Chalcogen Bonding Directionality Control

Activation of a deep electron-deficient area on chalcogen atoms (Ch=Se, Te) is demonstrated in alkynyl chalcogen derivatives, in the prolongation of the (C≡)C−Ch bond. The solid-state structures of 1,4-bis(methylselenoethynyl)perfluorobenzene ( 1Se ) show the formation of recurrent chalcogen-bonded (ChB) motifs. Association of 1Se and the tellurium analogue 1Te with 4,4′-bipyridine and with the stronger Lewis base 1,4-di(4-pyridyl)piperazine gives 1:1 co-crystals with 1D extended structures linked by short and directional ChB interactions, comparable to those observed with the corresponding halogen bond (XB) donor, 1,4-bis(iodoethynyl)-perfluorobenzene. This “alkynyl” approach for chalcogen activation provides the crystal-engineering community with efficient, and neutral ChB donors for the elaboration of supramolecular 1D (and potentially 2D or 3D) architectures, with a degree of strength and predictability comparable to that of halogen bonding in iodoacetylene derivatives.     

“Anti-electrostatic” Halogen Bonding between Ions of Like Charge

Halogen bonding occurs between molecules featuring Lewis acidic halogen substituents and Lewis bases. It is often rationalized as a predominantly electrostatic interaction and thus interactions between ions of like charge (e. g., of anionic halogen bond donors with halides) seem counter-intuitive. Herein, we provide an overview on such complexes. First, theoretical studies are described and their findings are compared. Next, experimental evidences are presented in the form of crystal structure database analyses, recent examples of strong “anti-electrostatic” halogen bonding in crystals, and the observation of such interactions also in solution. We then compare these complexes to select examples of “counter-intuitive” adducts formed by other interactions, like hydrogen bonding. Finally, we comment on key differences between charge-transfer and electrostatic polarization.     

Polymeric Halogen‐Bond‐Based Donor Systems Showing Self‐Healing Behavior in Thin Films

The synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a systematic series of cleft‐type anion receptors imbedded into a polymeric architecture is presented. For the first time, isothermal calorimetric titrations on polymeric halogen‐bond‐based donors were exploited to evaluate the dependence of the anion affinity on different key parameters (i.e. monomeric versus polymeric receptor, halogen versus hydrogen bonding, charge assistance). The combination of these donor systems with a copolymer bearing accepting carboxylate groups led to supramolecular cross‐linked polymer networks showing excellent intrinsic self‐healing behavior. FT‐Raman spectroscopy and nano‐indentation measurements were utilized to clarify the thermally induced self‐healing mechanism based on the formation of halogen bonds. These first self‐healing materials based on halogen bonds pave the way for new applications of halogen‐bond donors in polymer and material science.