The experimental equipment for type DZ-I single-freedom vibration

为了提高单自由度系统实验装置模型精度与测量精度,设计了新型数字型实验装置,该装置由扭振系统、激振系统、检测系统、阻尼系统等组成.可以自动测量系统自由振动的固有频率;测量阻尼振动的阻尼大小及阻尼受迫振动的幅频响应与相频响应,提高了系统结构模型的激励测量精度与准确度,从而增进学生对单自由度系统在简谐激励下受迫振动规律的感性认识,提高学习兴趣.     

离心力对干涉测量光路的影响及其修正

本文分析了旋转载体上离心力造成的干涉测量光路中空气介质压强的不均匀变化，给出了与光路介质折射率相应的分布规律，分析了由此引起的干涉测量系统动态测量的示值偏差，据此分析计算的结果可用于测量结果的精密修正。本文的讨论结果为精密离心机及类似的运动载体上的动态干涉测量系统的分析设计提供了依据。     

从栅线投影中自动提取物体表面三维形状信息的计算机处理方法

规则的一组栅线在物体表面的投影将发生畸变,这畸变的栅线投影图象中包含着被测物体表面深度的信息。结合计算机图象处理技术,本文提出了运用于该测量原理中的系统自我标定方法,使测量系统自动适应不同的量程、精度及不同的测量环境的三维形状自动测量。文中论述了该测量方法的计算机图象处理过程,给出了测量实例,并提出了进一步设想。     

基于微机械惯性传感器的卫星电视天线稳定系统

介绍了一套基于微机械惯性传感器测量的卫星电视接收天线稳定系统的组成、工作原理及技术要求，讨论了系统的几项关切技术，包括：微机械惯性姿态测量模块，步进电动机闭环伺服控制以及场强自动跟踪技术。计算仿真和样机实验的结果表明：系统达到了预期的技术指标，已能够满足舰船上的应用要求。由于微机械测量器件的采用，系统具有体积小、成本低、性能可靠的优点。     

红外热成像技术测量绝热剪切带温度的综述

绝热剪切是材料在高应变率载荷作用下的热粘塑性本构失稳现象,与材料失效有着密切的关系。采用红外热成像技术测量绝热剪切带内的温度变化,将有助于研究金属材料在高应变率下的力学性能及变形机理。简述了红外热成像技术及其系统组成;着重介绍了近年来采用红外热成像技术测量绝热剪切带温度的研究现状;讨论了采用红外热成像技术测量温度变化的应用需求及系统的设计要求。     

基于激光扫描法布里——珀罗干涉原理的压电常数测试系统

提出了由扫描法布里--珀罗干涉法测量微小形变的方法, 设计了 一种基于激光扫描法布里--珀罗干涉原理的压电常数$d_{31}$测试 系统. 文中给出了测量原理、测量装置及陶瓷样本的测量结果,并与用IEEE标准测量方 法的测量结果进行了对比,测试结果表明两者相差很小.     

关于加速度计参数的选定

本文介绍了线加速度计的基本原理及结构形式,计算了系统在各种外力作用下的响应,推导出影响加速度计测量精度的主要参数,同时说明了加速度计参数的测量与选定方法。     

数字图像相关方法若干关键问题研究进展

本文报道了作者及其所在课题组近期在数字图像相关(DIC)测量方法上取得的重要研究进展。主要包括:(1)通过对DIC方法中反向组合高斯-牛顿算法的理论误差分析,提出了新的理论误差公式,进一步证明了反向组合高斯-牛顿算法在提高计算速度和测量精度方面的综合优势;(2)采用提出的理论误差公式,发展了数字散斑场的优化及制作方法,保证了测量结果的一致性和正确性;(3)基于相机阵列和图像拼接技术,发展了超分辨率数字图像相关方法,大大提高了DIC测量方法的应变测量分辨率;(4)提出了大视场条件下的三维系统标定方法,实现了三维测量系统的外参实时标定和多相机测量系统中相机位姿的自动矫正;(5)研制了便携式原位三维测量仪和多尺度DIC测量系统,实现了三维实时数字图像相关测量,进一步满足了DIC方法在工业在线检测和医学领域中的应用需求。     

旋转式重力梯度测量系统试验及数据处理

旋转式重力梯度测量系统采用旋转调制方式求取重力梯度信息。首先,从旋转加速度计的基本原理出发,给出了重力梯度测量系统的主要工作模式;其次,构建了旋转加速度计重力梯度测量系统组成和主要功能模块,提出了采用引力产生装置开展实验室引力梯度测量的试验方案;最后,给出了旋转加速度计重力梯度测量系统的静态梯度试验验证基本条件、试验设备,并开展了重力梯度测量试验。试验结果表明,旋转式重力梯度测量系统在实验室条件下完成引力梯度试验,该系统可以检测优于200 Eu(1 Eu=10~(-9)/s~2)的引力梯度,该系统开展的试验验证为动态重力梯度仪的研制奠定了基础。     

GPS载波相位差分技术实时测姿的研究与应用

从运动载体姿态测量实时性的要求出发，介绍了应用GPS相位差分技术，进行实时姿态测量系统的研究和开发，介绍了系统的设计思路和信息处理的基本过程，实现了载体姿态的实时测量，达到了要求的技术指标。该系统适用于静态姿态测量与定位和中、低动态载体的姿态测量与定位。     

Evaluation of instationary flow fields using crosscorrelation in image sequences

In order to investigate the temporal behavior of dynamic flow processes, a movie version of particle image velocimetry (PIV) with a high framing capability has been developed. The experimental setup includes a copper vapor laser capable to produce pulse sequences with more than 100 pulses with a repetition rate of up to 30 kHz and a rotating drum camera to record the Mie scattering signals from the particles seeded to the flow. With this setup, image sequences with a number of consecutive images (40–70 depending on the image size) of a dynamic process can be taken on high resolution 36 mm film.To evaluate the 2-dimensional velocity vector fields, an algorithm based on the crosscorrelation of subareas in consecutive images has been developed and optimized in terms of computing time. The technique was applied to resolve the instationary flow field in a single cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine during the compression stroke.     

A new video technique to capture images generated by a smoke-wire

Conclusions The most advantageous feature of this setup is the real time viewing capability of the captured image. Not only does this allow the user to immediately modify the recording system's parameters, but major changes in the flow characteristics themselves can be adapted and appreciated immediately. The captured image can then be photographed, hard-copied, or stored on video tape, video disk, or other archiving system for later analysis. The technique is not limited to the capture of smoke-streak images alone, it can be used to freeze other high speed visual events as well.     

Experimental Investigation of Wheel/Rail Rolling Contact at Railhead Edge

Wheel-rail rolling contact at railhead edge, such as a gap in an insulated rail joint, is a complex problem; there are only limited analytical, numerical and experimental studies available on this problem in the academic literature. This paper describes experimental and numerical investigations of railhead strains in the vicinity of the edge under the contact of a loaded wheel. A full-scale test rig was developed to cyclically apply wheel/rail rolling contact load to the edge zone of the railhead. An image analysis technique was employed to determine the railhead vertical, lateral and shear strain components. The vertical strains determined using the image analysis method have been validated with the strain gauge measurements and used for the calibration of a 3D nonlinear Finite Element Model (FEM) that simulates the wheel/rail contact at the railhead edge and use suitable boundary conditions commensurate to the experimental setup. The FEM was then used to determine other states of strains.     

Three dimensional movement measurement for the wing of a flying airplane

The movement parameters of a wing of a flying airplane are important for its design, analysis and life-estimation, while the three dimensional (3D) measurement of these parameters is a difficult task. A measurement setup is proposed as well as its corresponding calibration methods for the camera system on both ground condition and air condition, image processing algorithms and a new method of locating 3D straight lines through plane-plane intersection are developed. The test results show that the 3D measurement accuracy in the condition of flying in the air can be better than 1 mm.     

Investigation of Impact Response of Composites with Projection Moiré Enhancement

As a method for measuring full-field out-of-plane displacement, projection moiré provides high measuring quality with simple experimental setup. Based on an image processing program developed by Heredia and Patterson, this article presents the implementation of projection moiré in low-velocity impact testing. Results from projection moiré agree reasonably well with those obtained from the commonly used load cell method. In an attempt to better document composite response to impact loading, the possibility of correlating the external out-of-plane displacement measurement with the internal delamination is discussed. The technique is further applied to composites with various microstructures, including laminated, two-dimensional woven and quasi-three-dimensional (Q3D) woven composites. Projection moiré is able to provide some insights of the delamination propagation of the composites under impact loading.     

Three-dimensional particle tracking method using FPGA-based real-time image processing and four-view image splitter

We present a cost-effective solution of the three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) system based on the real-time image processing method (Kreizer et al. Exp Fluids 48:105–110, 2010) and a four-view image splitter. The image processing algorithm, based on the intensity threshold and intensity gradients estimated using the fixed-size Sobel kernel, is implemented on the field-programmable gate array integrated into the camera electronics. It enables extracting positions of tracked objects, such as tracers or large particles, in real time. The second major component of this system is a four-view split-screen device that provides four views of the observation volume from different angles. An open-source ray-tracing software package allows for a customized optical setup for the given experimental settings of working distances and camera parameters. The specific design enables tracking in larger observation volumes when compared to the designs published up to date. The present cost-effective solution is complemented with open-source particle tracking software that receives raw data acquired by the real-time image processing system and returns trajectories of the identified particles. The combination of these components simplifies the 3D-PTV technique by reducing the size and increasing recording speed and storage capabilities. The system is capable to track a multitude of particles at high speed and stream the data over the computer network. The system can provide a solution for the remotely controlled tracking experiments, such as in microgravity, underwater or in applications with harsh experimental conditions.     

Study on imaging method for measuring droplet size in large sprays

Information of droplet size and size distribution lays the basis for investigations of atomization mechanisms and performance optimization.However,the laser diffraction and phase Doppler particle analyzers have difficulty in accurately characterizing sprays with a wide range of droplet sizes and very large droplets,especially if a large number of droplets are aspherical.A method to measure size in such largedroplet sprays based on digital imaging with backward illumination was developed,including an image acquisition system and image process programs.Calibration of the measurement system was performed using a dot calibration target with different dot sizes.An experimental setup was designed and established to characterize spray nozzles under different operation loads,as well as different nozzle arrangements.Results show that the droplet size of sprays ranges from dozens of microns to several millimeters.The superiority of wide load range for such nozzles was indicated by the size-measurement results under half-load to full-load operations.The present study revealed that the image processing technique can be effectively implemented for in-line size measurements of sprays with a wide distribution of droplet size and aspherical droplets,which would be difficult to characterize by other methods.     

Measurement of a microchamber flow by using a hybrid multiplexing holographic velocimetry

A hybrid multiplexing holographic velocimetry used for characterizing three-dimensional, three-component (3D–3C) flow behaviors in microscale devices was designed and tested in this paper. Derived from the concept of holographic particle image velocimetry (HPIV), a new experimental facility was realized by integrating a holographic technique with a state-of-the-art multiplexing operation based on a microPIV configuration. A photopolymer plate was adopted as an intermedium to record serial stereoscopic images in the same segment. The recorded images were retrieved by a scanning approach, and, afterwards, the distributions of particles in the fluid were analyzed. Finally, a concise cross-correlation algorithm (CCC) was used to analyze particle movement and, hence, the velocity field, which was visualized by using a chromatic technique. To verify practicability, the stereoscopic flow in a backward facing step (BFS) chamber was measured by using the new experimental setup, as well a microPIV system. The comparison indicated that the photopolymer-based velocimetry was practicable to microflow investigation; however, its accuracy needed to be improved.     

A color-coded backlighted defocusing digital particle image velocimetry system

Defocusing digital particle image velocimetry (DDPIV), as a true three-dimensional (3D) measurement technique, allows for the measurement of 3D velocities within a volume. Initially designed using a single CCD and 3-pinhole mask (Willert and Gharib in Exp Fluids 12:353–358, 1992), it has evolved into a multi-camera system in order to overcome the limitations of image saturation due to multiple exposures of each particle. In order to still use a single camera and overcome this limitation, we have modified the original single CCD implementation by placing different color filters over each pinhole, thus color-coding each pinhole exposure, and using a 3-CCD color camera for image acquisition. Due to the pinhole mask, there exists the problem of a significant lack of illumination in a conventional lighting setup, which we have solved by backlighting the field-of-view and seeding the flow with black particles. This produces images with a white background superimposed with colored triple exposures of each particle. A color space linear transformation is used to allow for accurate identification of each pinhole exposure when the color filters’ spectrum does not match those of the 3-CCD color camera. Because the imaging is performed with a multi-element lens instead of a single-element lens, an effective pinhole separation, d _e, is defined when using a pinhole mask within a multi-element lens. Calibration results of the system with and without fluid are performed and compared, and a correction of the effective pinhole separation, d _e, due to refraction through multiple surfaces is proposed. Uncertainty analyses are also performed, and the technique is successfully applied to a buoyancy-driven flow, where a 3D velocity field is extracted.     

Study on imaging method for measuring droplet size in large sprays

Information of droplet size and size distribution lays the basis for investigations of atomization mechanisms and performance optimization. However, the laser diffraction and phase Doppler particle analyzers have difficulty in accurately characterizing sprays with a wide range of droplet sizes and very large droplets, especially if a large number of droplets are aspherical. A method to measure size in such large-droplet sprays based on digital imaging with backward illumination was developed, including an image acquisition system and image process programs. Calibration of the measurement system was performed using a dot calibration target with different dot sizes. An experimental setup was designed and established to characterize spray nozzles under different operation loads, as well as different nozzle arrangements. Results show that the droplet size of sprays ranges from dozens of microns to several millimeters. The superiority of wide load range for such nozzles was indicated by the size-measurement results under half-load to full-load operations. The present study revealed that the image processing technique can be effectively implemented for in-line size measurements of sprays with a wide distribution of droplet size and aspherical droplets, which would be difficult to characterize by other methods.