湍流等离子体鞘套中高斯光束的传播特性分析

为了研究高斯光束在湍流等离子体鞘套中的传输特性,根据广义惠更斯-菲涅耳原理,采用基于快速傅里叶变换的功率谱反演法,用多随机相位屏来模拟湍流带来的影响.根据超声速飞行器绕流等离子体流场厚度在厘米级别的特点,光束在两个相位屏之间的传输过程中采用菲涅耳衍射积分的两次快速傅里叶变换算法(double fast Fourier transform algorithm),利用多随机相位屏模拟等离子体鞘套湍流对光束传输产生的影响,解决了多随机相位屏模拟湍流研究中的超短距离传输问题.当飞行高度为45 km,飞行速度为18马赫时,通过对超声速飞行器绕流等离子体流场的统计分析,发现在此飞行条件下折射率起伏方差的强度范围10~(–11)—10~(–14).对高斯光束在湍流等离子体流场中的传输特性进行了数值仿真.结果表明:在等离子体鞘套湍流中折射率起伏强度、波长、传输距离等都是影响高斯光束质量的重要因素.折射率方差越大,传输距离越长,光斑弥散越严重,光强起伏越大,光强减弱也越明显.光束的波长越长,高斯光束抑制湍流的能力越强,光斑弥散程度越小,光强起伏也越小.     

非均匀采样的功率谱反演大气湍流相位屏的快速模拟

对大气湍流功率谱非均匀采样可以有效改善传统功率谱反演法低频采样严重不足的缺陷, 实现高精度的大气湍流相位屏的模拟. 但采用的直接求和运算计算复杂度高, 相位屏的模拟速度极慢. 将非均匀快速傅里叶变换(NUFFT)引入到大气湍流相位屏的模拟, 可以实现相位屏的快速模拟. 从随机过程的谱分解出发, 将大气湍流相位随机过程表示为有限谐波分量叠加和的均方极限. 通过一个高斯核函数的卷积, 将非均匀分布的谐波复振幅映射到均匀网格空间, 进而利用快速傅里叶变换, 降低计算复杂度, 加快大气湍流相位屏的模拟速度. 以大气湍流的Kolmogorov 谱为例, 利用NUFFT仿真得到大气湍流相位屏, 并对相位屏的模拟精度、模拟速度和误差进行统计分析. 结果表明, NUFFT的引入可以实现快速、高精度的大气湍流相位屏的模拟.     

A three-dimensional refractive index model for simulation of optical wave propagation in atmospheric turbulence

Numerical modeling of optical wave propagation in atmospheric turbulence is traditionally performed with using the so-called “split”-operator method, when the influence of the propagation medium’s refractive index inhomogeneities is accounted for only within a system of infinitely narrow layers (phase screens) where phase is distorted. Commonly, under certain assumptions, such phase screens are considered as mutually statistically uncorrelated. However, in several important applications including laser target tracking, remote sensing, and atmospheric imaging, accurate optical field propagation modeling assumes upper limitations on interscreen spacing. The latter situation can be observed, for instance, in the presence of large-scale turbulent inhomogeneities or in deep turbulence conditions, where interscreen distances become comparable with turbulence outer scale and, hence, corresponding phase screens cannot be statistically uncorrelated. In this paper, we discuss correlated phase screens. The statistical characteristics of screens are calculated based on a representation of turbulent fluctuations of three-dimensional (3D) refractive index random field as a set of sequentially correlated 3D layers displaced in the wave propagation direction. The statistical characteristics of refractive index fluctuations are described in terms of the von Karman power spectrum density. In the representation of these 3D layers by corresponding phase screens, the geometrical optics approximation is used.     

Generation of infinitely long phase screens for modeling of optical wave propagation in atmospheric turbulence

Numerical modeling of optical wave propagation in atmospheric turbulence is traditionally performed by using the so-called 'split'-operator method, where the influence of the propagation medium's refractive index inhomogeneities is accounted for only within a set of infinitely narrow phase distorting layers (phase screens). These phase screens are generated on a numerical grid of finite size, which corresponds to a rather narrow slice (spatial area) of atmospheric turbulence. In several important applications including laser target tracking, remote sensing, adaptive optics, and atmospheric imaging, optical system performance depends on atmospheric turbulence within an extended area that significantly exceeds the area associated with the numerical grid.

In this paper we discuss methods that allow the generation of a family of long (including infinitely long) phase screens representing an extended (in one direction) area of atmospheric turbulence-induced phase distortions. This technique also allows the generation of long phase screens with spatially inhomogeneous statistical characteristics.     

Optimizing calculation of phase screen distribution with minimum condition along an inhomogeneous turbulent path

When building an experimental platform for light propagation along an inhomogeneous turbulent path,it is very essential to set up the reasonable distribution of phase screen.Based on multi-layered model of phase screen,an iterative optimization algorithm of phase screen position is given in this paper.Thereafter,the optimal position of phase screens is calculated under the Hufnagel-Valley5/7 and Hefei-day turbulence profile.The results show that the positions of phase screen calculated by the iterative algorithm can fit well with the turbulence profile rather than mechanically placed phase screens at equal distance.Compared with the uniform distribution of phase screens position,the residual phase error of the iterative algorithm decreases very significantly.The similarity degree between them is minimal when number of layers is equal to two.     

大气湍流随机相屏模拟方法研究

对几种模拟随机湍流相位屏的方法进行了总结,利用结构函数对每种方法进行了分析,并从Zernike多项式分解的思路和激光大气传输的角度,通过焦斑扩展和焦斑质心漂移对几种方法进行了完整比较,最后对湍流低频倾斜信息的补偿方式进行了探讨。通过分析发现:傅里叶变换(FFT)法模拟的相屏体现的湍流高频信息较充分,但低频信息不足;Zernike法模拟的相屏体现的湍流低频信息较充分,但高频信息不足。随着采用的Zernike多项式阶数的增加,其体现的高频信息会得到改善,但这些高频信息主要集中在圆域的边缘区域。分形法模拟的相屏体现的湍流高低频信息均较好。针对焦斑扩展和焦斑质心漂移,除分形法外,其他算法均存在不同缺陷。采用FFT法与Zernike多项式展开法相结合的方式或FFT法与湍流自相似理论相结合的方式模拟大气湍流随机相屏,也不失为一种较有效的方式,但从激光大气传输的角度来说,采用分形法模拟湍流随机相屏最好。     

非Kolmogorov湍流相位屏仿真及对光束传输模拟的影响

采用正态分布模型来描述传播路径上功率谱幂值的非均匀性,利用功率谱反演法构建了基于等效结构常数的非Kolmogorov湍流相位屏,并利用多重相位屏法进行了高斯光束在均匀各向同性湍流与非Kolmogorov湍流两种模型下的传输模拟。通过观察模拟光束的光强均匀度、光束漂移以及闪烁指数等,研究了非Kolmogorov湍流对光束传输模拟的影响。结果发现,当光束通过单个非Kolmogorov相位屏时,光强最大值与光强均匀度随着幂值先增大后减小,光束漂移随幂值在一定范围内单调变化。当光束通过多重相位屏时,发现模拟光束的光强闪烁指数会受到相位屏数量以及湍流模型的影响,当相位屏数量较多时,均匀各向同性湍流模型下模拟得到的光强闪烁指数会大于非K湍流模型下的结果,且非K湍流模拟的光束漂移与均匀各项同性湍流模拟得到的光束漂移的相对误差会随着相位屏数量增多而趋于0。     

Design of Continuous Phase Screens by Global/Local United Search Algorithm for Focal-plane Irradiance Profile Control

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Accurate and fast simulation of Kolmogorov phase screen by combining spectral method with Zernike polynomials method

A new method is proposed to simulate the Kolmogorov phase screen. A hybrid phase screen is achieved by linearly combining two phase screens simulated by both spectral and Zernike polynomials methods. Unlike the imperfection of phase structure function existing at some spatial frequencies in each of the two methods, the mean structure function of the hybrid phase screens coincides remarkably well with theory in the whole spatial frequency domain. Apart from advantage on accuracy, the proposed method also saves considerable computational time. For a phase screen with certain accuracy, the new method is ten times and seven times faster compared with the spectral method and Zernike polynomials method, respectively.     

功率谱反演大气湍流随机相位屏采样方法的研究

从产生大气湍流随机相位屏的功率谱反演法原理出发,分析了均匀采样造成的随机相位屏大量低频信息泄漏的不足,提出利用非均匀采样方法对功率谱进行滤波产生随机相位屏.建立了非均匀采样模型,并分析比较了两种采样方法覆盖的采样频率范围和单边采样频率区域的湍流功率,理论证明了非均匀采样功率谱反演产生大气湍流随机相位屏的可行性和有效性.针对大气湍流的Kolmogorov谱,分别仿真计算了两种采样模型下功率谱反演生成的大气湍流随机相位屏.仿真结果表明,在不增加采样点和计算量条件下,非均匀采样方法生成的大气湍流随机相位屏具有丰富的低频和高频信息,有效改善了传统功率谱反演大气湍流随机相位屏时低频信息严重不足的缺陷.     

The determination of electron density profiles from refraction measurements obtained using holographic interferometry

The angles a fourth-harmonic holographic interferometer probing beam is refracted upon passing through a neodymium laser-produced plasma have been measured by varying the focus during reconstruction of the hologram. A method (not requiring the numerical inversion of an integral equation) for using such refraction measurements to give the plasma electron density profile is shown to produce a profile in agreement with that obtained from the phase information on the reconstructed in-focus interferogram.     

天体目标斑点成象的模拟

根据大气湍流的统计特性规律,对孔径为1.5m望远镜的随机相位屏的产生以及望远镜成象特性进行了模拟.对相位屏的方差、低频特性进行了有效控制和改善.用大气的结构函数和大气望远镜的散斑传递函数两种方法对随机相位屏的光学特性进行了评估,证明了模拟算法及其结果的正确性.     

非均匀湍流路径光传播数值模拟中相位屏间C_n~2的选取

针对非均匀湍流路径光传播的数值模拟,为减小相位屏间湍流强度均匀的假设所引起的模拟误差,数值分析了五种选择相位屏间折射率结构常数Cn2的可能方案。通过计算平面波和球面波的Rytov指数和Fried参数,对比五种方案得到的Rytov指数和Fried参数与理论结果的相对误差。结果表明,当相位屏间C2n选择为相位屏间湍流大气实际的折射率结构常数的路径平均值时,模拟误差最小,该选择方案为相位屏间C2n选取的最佳方案;当根据相位屏间湍流大气的Rytov指数相等的原则来设置相位屏分布时,选择相位屏间C2n为两相邻相位屏处折射率结构常数的几何平均值时,在一定的误差允许范围内,该选择方案具有可取性。     

Simulation of extended phase screens in problems of optical wave propagation through the atmosphere

Turbulent medium in problems of optical wave propagation through the atmosphere is usually nodeled as a set of statistically independent plane screens with a random two-dimensional field of phase progress. In this paper, we develop methods for the formation of nonperiodic phase screens infinitely extended in a certain direction, which are required in problems of dynamic simulation of wave propagation. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 21–34, January 2006.     

Spacetime correlation functions of dynamic speckles produced by a series of moving phase screens

Spacetime correlation functions of the time-varying speckle intensity have been evaluated for the case where speckle patterns are produced in the Fresnel diffraction region by light propagating through a series of moving random-phase screens. The correlation functions are given by a set of recursion formulae which are useful for numerical computations. Three statistical quantities relating to the motion of speckle patterns are derived to examine the relationship between the velocity distribution of the phase screens and the temporal behaviour of resultant speckle patterns. It is found that the velocity differences between the phase screens have a strong effect on both the decorrelation of speckle patterns and the fluctuating speed of the speckle intensity.     

Diffractive optical elements with a double identical microstructure for determination of statistical parameters of random phase objects

Physical processes of interference pattern formation in partially coherent and coherent optical systems containing special diffractive optical elements with a double identical microstructure are studied in the case when a thin scattering object is present in the optical system. Methods for determining the spatial coherence function of the light field, the autocorrelation function of transmission of random phase screens, and the statistical parameters of the screens are considered.     

非均匀湍流路径上光传播数值模拟的相位屏分布

针对非均匀湍流路径上光传播的数值模拟,研究了相位屏分布的三种不同设置方案,即均匀分布相位屏（UDPS）、等Rytov指数间隔的相位屏（ERPS）和等Fried参数间隔的相位屏（EFPS）.结果表明,ERPS方案根据折射率起伏的强弱设置密疏相间的相位屏,实现了对不同折射率起伏区的充分采样,是非均匀路径上相位屏分布的首选方案.在满足相位屏间距基本要求的前提下,决定相位屏间隔的Rytov指数间隔的选取具有较大的任意性,统计结果显示,尽管相位屏间Rytov指数变化超过一个数量级,但光束有效半径、能量Strehl比的变化均小于2.1%,模拟结果与理论结果符合很好,表明了ERPS方案的可靠性和稳定性. 关键词： 光传播 非均匀湍流路径 数值模拟 相位屏分布     

Intensity and phase distribution in deep Fresnel diffraction region generated by multi-pinhole aperture

The Kirchhoff diffraction theory is applied to the multi-pinhole aperture diffraction screens, and the intensity, the zero-contour of the real and imaginary parts of complex amplitude and the phase distribution in deep Fresnel diffraction region are simulated. It is found that the number of bright spots, the zero-contours of the real and imaginary parts of complex amplitude and the phase singularities are all related to number of pinholes in diffraction screens. The brightness of bright spots in center of each pattern would become larger with increasing number of pinholes. In addition, there are many lines, on which the intensity value is close to 0.     

Spacetime correlation functions of dynamic speckles produced by a series of moving phase screens

Abstract

Spacetime correlation functions of the time-varying speckle intensity have been evaluated for the case where speckle patterns are produced in the Fresnel diffraction region by light propagating through a series of moving random-phase screens. The correlation functions are given by a set of recursion formulae which are useful for numerical computations. Three statistical quantities relating to the motion of speckle patterns are derived to examine the relationship between the velocity distribution of the phase screens and the temporal behaviour of resultant speckle patterns. It is found that the velocity differences between the phase screens have a strong effect on both the decorrelation of speckle patterns and the fluctuating speed of the speckle intensity.