基于超声相控阵的环焊缝缺陷检测方法研究

针对传统超声探头焦距固定,检测位置的改变就要更换相应焦距的探头而影响检测效率的问题,提出一种基于超声相控阵换能器的环焊缝缺陷检测方法。而超声相控阵具有电子偏转和电子聚焦特性,能在不移动的情况下发射偏转聚焦超声束,有效地解决了上述问题。首先基于超声相控线阵换能器的声场特点,采用数值分析方法,研究了影响声束偏转聚焦性能的几个主要参数。然后给出了与超声相控阵换能器相连接的多通道数据采集系统结构。介绍了单通道声信号的硬件结构及相应的信号处理方法,实现了对换能器中单个阵元的精确延时的控制。实验结果表明,优化设计的超声相控线阵换能器具有较高的检测精度和检测效率。     

光弹法测量超声换能器声场

超声换能器声场的测试对于超声检测具有基础性作用,而传统的超声换能器声场测试方法具有一些局限性。本文介绍了搭建的动态激光光弹实验平台,并利用动态光弹法测量了纵波换能器和横波换能器辐射声场的特征,由瞬态声场图像获得了传声介质的声波速度及超声换能器的中心频率;由稳态声场图像获得了声场的近场长度、指向性和扩散角等参数;分析了光弹实验系统和测量方法可能引起测量误差。本文结果表明动态光弹法是一种有效的定量测量超声换能器声场的方法。     

多基元聚焦空气耦合超声换能器*

文中针对空气耦合超声换能器及其在表面缺陷检测中的应用开展了研究。选用1-3型压电复合材料及双匹配层结构来实现超声换能器压电材料与空气之间声阻抗的逐渐过渡,提高压电材料/空气界面的声能量透射率进而提高空气耦合超声换能器的灵敏度。在此基础上研发制作了440 kHz多基元聚焦空气耦合超声换能器,并对其性能进行了测试。其焦距、焦宽及焦深分别为41.44 mm、1.14 mm和20.30 mm,灵敏度和带宽分别为-50 d B和20.2%。测试结果表明该空气耦合超声换能器具有优良的性能,利用该超声换能器可以有效检测材料表面缺陷。     

《超声换能器》一书出版

在材料的无损检测、医学诊断、地球物理勘探、电子通讯(如体波延迟线和脉压线)以及许多科学研究中,超声换能器是关键部件之一。为此,改善超声换能器的性能、研制新型的超声换能器是人们十分重视的课题。有关工程技术人员和科研人员迫切希望能找到一本既有超声换能器工作原理又能较全面地反映超声换能器当今水平的著作。值得高兴的是,东南大学无线电工程系袁易全同志在教学和科研工作之余,及时撰写了《超声换能器》一书,以满足我国广大读者的需要。     

无损检测用换能器灵敏度的测量

在无损检测领域中换能器的灵敏度应该是一个重要的特性,但对于超声探伤用的换能器的灵敏度至今还没有一个有效的方法来进行测量。本文把换能器看成是平面源,推得了它在远场条件下的互易参量。并采用互易技术在固体样品中校准了超声换能器的灵敏度,实验表明超声探伤用的换能器的发送和接收灵敏度是能够精确测量的,在一定的耦合条件下,测试总精确度在±1dB以内。     

压电换能器阻抗匹配技术研究

超声测距传感器是由压电换能器及其收、发电路所组成的，其中压电换能器的阻抗特性直接影响着超声测距传感器的性能。为提高超声波回波信号的强度，扩大超声测距传感器的作用距离，对压电换能器的阻抗特性进行了分析与测试，设计了压电换能器的阻抗匹配电路，并进行了实验验证。     

能提高超声检测分辨率的新探头

为了提高无损检测的分辨率,超声换能器必须能产生很短的脉冲,并且在整个声场范围内保持确定不变的波形.本文讨论了这种换能器的理论基础、制作方法和运用情况.脉冲回波检测法的一个发展方向是宽带换能器的使用.这种换能器可以产生很短的超声脉冲,因而可以提高目标距离的检测精度,也可以满足运用频谱法定性对换能器的要求.要分析用宽带换能器得到的回波信号,必须了解暂态声场的结构.而常用的稳态声场理论不能直     

纵－扭复合模式夹心式功率超声压电换能器的研究

本文对纵－扭复合模式功率超声换能器进行了研究，该换能器由指数型前后金属喇叭盖板以及轴向极化和切向极化的两组压电陶瓷晶片组成。文中推出了换能器中纵向及扭转两种振动模式的共振频率方程。通过改变换能器前后指数型盖板的半径减编系数，得出了换能器中纵向与扭转两种振动模式同频共振的条件。实验表明，换能器的设计频率与测试频率基本一致，而且，换能器的纵向及扭转共振频率也比较接近，该换能器可望应用于超声加工及焊接等高振幅的功率超声技术中。     

中科院声学所超声室生产复合材料等超声换能器

中科院声学所超声研究室的换能器研究，曾获得中国科学院重大成果一等奖和国家自然科学奖，在国内外有较大影响．在理论研究的基础上，研究室近年来推出超声检测用换能器系列产品，其中包括气介式检测、液浸式检测和固体耦合式检测几大类换能器．每一类中又有特殊的空间响应和时间响应探头和常规探头，频率一般在几千赫至100兆赫．使扶探头：．高灵敏度窄脉冲探头（灵敏度和相对带宽普遍高于市场商品探头6－20dB）．无旁瓣高斯探头．平面接触绳声束聚焦窄脉冲探头（专利产品）．首次波幅度比大于1的测量探头．直接耦会横渡直探头．有信号处…     

在线超声检测系统中螺旋线圈换能器的应用*

针对在线车轮超声检测系统的工程应用,研究了圆形螺旋线圈电磁超声换能器由洛伦兹力换能机制在钢中产生的辐射声场。给出了涡流、等效表面力源和辐射声场的计算方法,分析了圆形螺旋线圈换能器在钢试块上的辐射指向性。结果表明,辐射的圆周径向偏振横波为两边瓣中空指向性,对理解圆形螺旋线圈换能器的辐射声场和在重载货车车轮轮辋在线辋裂缺陷检测中的工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Study on the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer in flexural vibration

A new type of compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer is analyzed in this paper. The compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer consists of two sandwiched ultrasonic transducers and a rectangular radiator. In virtue of the coupling between longitudinal vibration of the sandwiched ultrasonic transducers and flexural vibration of the rectangular radiator, the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer can produce several resonance frequencies. Some compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducers are designed and simulated by finite element method (ANSYS), and modal shapes and harmonic response are analyzed. The compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured. The resonance frequencies are measured and compared with the numerical results. The effect of the geometrical dimensions of the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer and the location of two sandwiched ultrasonic transducers on the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer is discussed. It is shown experimentally and numerically that the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer has several resonance frequencies.     

New Techniques and Designs of Focusing Piezoelectric Transducers for Ultrasonic Diagnostics and Therapy

New techniques of forming high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) fields using dynamic focusing and harmonic multifrequency excitation are developed for ultrasonic diagnostics and therapy. New designs of HIFU transducers based on high-performance composite materials are developed and studied. Finite-element and finite-difference simulations of HIFU transducers and processes of ultrasonic wave propagation in biological tissues are performed. The parameters of piezoceramic materials, piezoelements, and the acoustic fields of focusing ultrasonic transducers are measured. Experiments are performed on biological tissues ex vivo that confirm the efficiency, selectivity, and safety of the developed HIFU transducers and techniques of forming acoustic fields.     

Loss effects on adhesively-bonded multilayer ultrasonic transducers by self-heating

Multilayer ultrasonic transducers are widely being used for high power applications. In these applications, typical Langevin/Tonpilz structures without any adhesive bondings however have the disadvantage of limited bandwidth. Therefore adhesively-bonded structures are still a potential solution for this issue. In this paper, two-layer piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducers with two different adhesive bondlines were investigated comparing to a single-layer transducer in terms of loss effects during operation with excitation signals sufficient to cause self-heating. The theoretical functions fitted to the measured time–temperature dependency data are compared with experimental results of different piezoelectric transducers. Theoretical analysis of loss characteristics at various surface displacements and the relationship with increasing temperature are reported. The effects of self-heating on the practical performance of multilayer ultrasonic transducers with adhesive bondlines are discussed.     

A novel ultrasonic clutch using near-field acoustic levitation

This paper investigates design, fabrication and drive of an ultrasonic clutch with two transducers. For the two transducers, one serving as a driving element of the clutch is connected to a driving shaft via a coupling, and the other serving as a slave element of the clutch is connected to a slave shaft via another coupling. The principle of ultrasonic levitation is first expressed. Then, a series-resonant inverter is used to generate AC voltages at input terminals of each transducer, and a speed measuring system with optic sensors is used to find the relationship between rotational speed of the slave shaft and applied voltage of each transducer. Moreover, contact surfaces of the two transducers are coupled by the frictional force when both the two transducers are not energized, and separated using the ultrasonic levitation when at least one of the two transducers is energized at high voltages at resonance.     

A novel ultrasonic clutch using near-field acoustic levitation

This paper investigates design, fabrication and drive of an ultrasonic clutch with two transducers. For the two transducers, one serving as a driving element of the clutch is connected to a driving shaft via a coupling, and the other serving as a slave element of the clutch is connected to a slave shaft via another coupling. The principle of ultrasonic levitation is first expressed. Then, a series-resonant inverter is used to generate AC voltages at input terminals of each transducer, and a speed measuring system with optic sensors is used to find the relationship between rotational speed of the slave shaft and applied voltage of each transducer. Moreover, contact surfaces of the two transducers are coupled by the frictional force when both the two transducers are not energized, and separated using the ultrasonic levitation when at least one of the two transducers is energized at high voltages at resonance.     

Acoustical fields from rectangular ultrasonic transducers for non-destructive testing and medical diagnosis

Theoretical results are given for pressure and intensity in the acoustical field produced by rectangular ultrasonic transducers. Comparison between the fields of square, circular and rectangular transducers is made showing that the field of a rectangular transducer, by comparison with that produced by square and circular transducers, may be divided into three zones rather than two: the very nearfield, the nearfield and the farfield. Some experimental results are shown confirming the general shape of the predicted curves. Emphasis is put on the difficulty of interpreting quantitative ultrasonic results with rectangular probes.     

Theoretical analysis of an ultrasonic interferometer for precise measurements at high pressures

Expressions making it possible to calculate the transmission coefficient of an ultrasonic interferometer, its Q factor and errors of interferometric measurements are presented. These expressions are obtained on the basis of a one-dimensional model which takes into account the non-ideal reflection of acoustic waves from the transducers, diffraction losses and electromechanical properties of transducers. Fixed path ultrasonic interferometers which are widely used for high precision measurements of ultrasound absorption and velocity in liquids, include air-backed transducers. Air-backing limits the application of these interferometers for the measurements under the high pressures. The influence of non-gaseous backing of transducers on the characteristics of an interferometer is theoretically analysed by means of suggested expressions. Frequency dependences of main parameters of the interferometer are obtained. The possibility of high precision measurements of velocity and absorption of ultrasound in liquids under the high pressures by means of fixed path interferometers with liquid-backed transducers is shown.     

Fabrication and comparison of PMN-PT single crystal, PZT and PZT-based 1-3 composite ultrasonic transducers for NDE applications

This paper describes fabrication and comparison of PMN-PT single crystal, PZT, and PZT-based 1-3 composite ultrasonic transducers for NDE applications. As a front matching layer between test material (Austenite stainless steel, SUS316) and piezoelectric materials, alumina ceramics was selected. The appropriate acoustic impedance of the backing materials for each transducer was determined based on the results of KLM model simulation. Prototype ultrasonic transducers with the center frequencies of approximately 2.25 and 5 MHz for contact measurement were fabricated and compared to each other. The PMN-PT single crystal ultrasonic transducer shows considerably improved performance in sensitivity over the PZT and PZT-based 1-3 composite ultrasonic transducers.     

功率超声振动系统的研究进展

功率超声振动系统是功率超声技术中的关键部分,其主要部分包括功率超声换能器、超声变幅杆以及超声工具头或超声辐射器。本文就功率超声换能振动系统设计中经常遇到的一些关键问题进行了简要的归纳和总结,目的在于为功率超声换能器的优化设计和性能改善提供一些有用的设计指南和解决措施。同时,对一些新的功率超声振动系统进行了介绍,并简要分析了其发展趋势和应用领域。