Instrumentation of coherent X-ray imaging and the primary experimental results

Coherent X-ray microscopy has advanced towards higher-energy, more brilliant sources over the past decade since its demonstrations, and many advancements have been made towards optimizing this imaging technique. Here we present both the experimental instrument for obtaining diffraction patterns and the primary reconstruction of yeast cell 2D projection. In addition, the characteristics of the existing optics at BL29XUL of SPring-8 Facility and the method of image reconstruction are discussed.     

Using Regularization Methods for Image Reconstruction of Electrical Capacitance Tomography

Image reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a typical inverse problem owing to non‐linearity and ill‐posedness. At the same time, progress towards the solution of this kind of problem has been made at good speed as a branch of mathematics in the past three decades. In this paper, most of the regularization tools developed for the inverse problem are applied to the reconstruction of various simulated images by ECT. The results show promise for ECT image reconstruction by regularization methods. The non‐linearity of the sensitivity matrix seems to be the major problem.     

Determination of surface reconstruction with impact-collision alkali ion scattering

The method of low energy ion scattering in the impact collision mode (ICISS) has been substantially improved by the use of alkali ions. Alkali ions extend the capabilities of ICISS towards the relative positioning of atoms lying in the first and deeper layers, which is a premise for the characterization of surface reconstruction. The self calibration procedure based on the experimental determination of an effective shadow cone is an important advantage. The small contribution of multiple scattering effects in ICISS allows a straightforward determination of the locations of surface atoms. On the basis of a large number of ICISS data the oxygen induced surface reconstruction of Cu(110) has been shown to be correctly described by the missing row model.     

Bi-Event Subtraction Technique at hadron colliders

We propose the Bi-Event Subtraction Technique (BEST) as a method of modeling and subtracting large portions of the combinatoric background during reconstruction of particle decay chains at hadron colliders. The combinatoric background arises when it is impossible to know experimentally which observed particles come from the decay chain of interest. The background shape can be modeled by combining observed particles from different collision events and be subtracted away, greatly reducing the overall background. This idea has been demonstrated in various experiments in the past. We generalize it by showing how to apply BEST multiple times in a row to fully reconstruct a cascade decay. We show the power of BEST with two simulated examples of its application towards reconstruction of the top quark and a supersymmetric decay chain at the Large Hadron Collider.     

Three-dimensional profile measurement of small lens using subpixel localization with color grating

In this paper a measurement method of three-dimensional profiles and a reconstruction system using subpixel localization with color gratings projection is described. The system has the effects of identical contrast on gratings for easier identification, switchable picture-in-picture on the display, and adjustable gratings with an adjustment module.The measurement method includes the following: the projection step; image extraction step; image fine-tuning step; subpixel localization processing step; and reconstruction step. A projection apparatus emits a grating towards a small lens under measurement, and forms a grating image on the small lens under measurement. The contrast values of the plurality of grating stripes of the grating image are identical. The grating image and picture-in-picture of a display can be fine-tuned and reconstruct the three-dimensional profiles of the small lens. This method can help improve measurement competence in the reverse engineering industry.     

Research on Temperature Field Reconstruction Based on RBF Approximation with Polynomial Reproduction Considering the Refraction Effect of Sound Wave Paths

The temperature field distribution directly reflects the combustion condition in a furnace．In this paper, acoustic thermometry to reconstruct temperature distribution is investigated. A method based on radial basis function approximation with polynomial reproduction (RBF-PR) is proposed in order to improve the accuracy and stability of the method based on RBF approximation. In addition, the refraction effect of sound wave paths is considered in the process of reconstruction. The curved lines with refraction effect are numerically calculated by solving differential equations, which show that sonic waves curve towards the zones of higher temperature. The reconstructed performance is validated via numerical simulation using four temperature distribution models. Results and analysis show that the proposed method has much greater accuracy than the method based on RBF approximation, and when considering the effect of refraction, our method can reconstruct more excellent reconstruction performance than others, which do not take into account the refraction effect of sound wave paths.     

Formation of atom wires on vicinal silicon

The feasibility of creating atomic wires on vicinal silicon surfaces via pseudomorphic step-edge decoration has been analyzed for the case of Ga on Si(112). Scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations indicate the formation of Ga zigzag chains intersected by quasiperiodic vacancy lines or "misfit dislocations." This structure strikes a balance between the system's drive towards chemical passivation and its need for strain relaxation in the atom chains. Spatially fluctuating disorder, intrinsic to the reconstruction, originates from the two symmetry-degenerate orientations of the zigzag chains on vicinal Si.     

Energetics of steps and kinks on Ag and Pt using equivalent crystal theory (ECT)

Using the equivalent crystal theory (ECT), we have calculated the energies of steps and kinks on vicinal {001} and {111} surfaces of Ag and Pt. We compare with some semiempirical calculations, particularly our recent embedded atom method (EAM) results, and with available experimental data, considering both trends and magnitudes: ECT values are roughly double those from EAM, and may well be more accurate. Like EAM, ECT incorrectly predicts an instability of Ag{110} towards missing row reconstruction.     

Electron spin polarization esp at surfaces of ferromagnetic metals

Fundamental information on surface magnetic order (SMO) of ferromagnetic metals can be obtained from electron-capture, photoemission, fieldemission, spin-dependent tunneling and spin-polarized LEED experiments. The different techniques, new experimental advances and developments are discussed with particular emphasis given to electron-capture spectroscopy. This review will focus on new experimental and theoretical results (long-range and “local” SMO of ferro- and antiferromagnetic metals, surface states, SMO of thin films, new magnetic surface phases, magnetic surface reconstruction, chemisorption) obtained in the years past which have brought outstanding progress towards a deeper comprehension of the physics of ferromagnetism and towards the unravelling of the physical processes inherently involved in the various methods for spin spectroscopy. Recent data on the SMO received from experiments performed at surfaces of single crystals of 3d-TM and 4f-RE metals reveal new scientific insights and perspectives for the theoretical analysis of experimental results within the framework of the currently refined knowledge about ferromagnetism.     

Laser microscopy of tunneling magnetoresistance in manganite grain-boundary junctions

Using low-temperature scanning laser microscopy we directly image electric transport in a magnetoresistive element, a manganite thin film intersected by a grain boundary (GB). Imaging at variable temperature allows reconstruction and comparison of the local resistance versus temperature for both the manganite film and the GB. Imaging at low temperature also shows that the GB switches between different resistive states due to the formation and growth of magnetic domains along the GB. We observe different types of domain wall growth; in most cases a domain wall nucleates at one edge of the bridge and then proceeds towards the other edge.     

Review of Fresnel incoherent correlation holography with linear and non-linear correlations

Fresnel incoherent correlation holography(FINCH) is a well-established incoherent imaging technique. In FINCH, three selfinterference holograms are recorded with calculated phase differences between the two interfering, differently modulated object waves and projected into a complex hologram. The object is reconstructed without the twin image and bias terms by a numerical Fresnel back propagation of the complex hologram. A modified approach to implement FINCH by a single camera shot by pre-calibrating the system involving recording of the point spread function library and reconstruction by a nonlinear cross correlation has been introduced recently. The expression of the imaging characteristics from the modulation functions in original FINCH and the modified approach by pre-calibration in spatial and polarization multiplexing schemes are reviewed. The study reveals that a reconstructing function completely independent of the function of the phase mask is required for the faithful expression of the characteristics of the modulating function in image reconstruction. In the polarization multiplexing method by non-linear cross correlation, a partial expression was observed, while in the spatial multiplexing method by non-linear cross correlation, the imaging characteristics converged towards a uniform behavior.     

Quantitative imaging of single, unstained viruses with coherent x rays

We report the recording and reconstruction of x-ray diffraction patterns from single, unstained viruses, for the first time. By separating the diffraction pattern of the virus particles from that of their surroundings, we performed quantitative and high-contrast imaging of a single virion. The structure of the viral capsid inside a virion was visualized. This work opens the door for quantitative x-ray imaging of a broad range of specimens from protein machineries and viruses to cellular organelles. Moreover, our experiment is directly transferable to the use of x-ray free electron lasers, and represents an experimental milestone towards the x-ray imaging of large protein complexes.     

Neutrino masses and particle physics beyond the standard model

The evidence for non‐vanishing neutrino masses from solar and atmospheric neutrinos provides the first solid hint towards physics beyond the standard model. A full reconstruction of the neutrino spectrum may well provide a key to the theoretical structures underlying the standard model such as supersymmetry, grand unification or extra space dimensions. In this article we discuss the impact of absolute neutrinos masses on physics beyond the standard model. We review the information obtained from neutrino oscillation data and discuss the prospects of the crucial determination of the absolute neutrino mass scale, as well as the intriguing connection with the Z‐burst model for extreme‐energy cosmic rays.     

单色散压缩编码光谱成像系统研究

随着光谱成像技术向高空间分辨率、高光谱分辨率、高信噪比方向发展, 传统的光谱成像系统面临着数据采集量过大的问题,同时,系统分辨率受探测器帧频与像元尺寸影响较大、大口径长焦距系统难于精密装调、系统能量受限引起信噪比提高困难。为了解决上述问题,研究了一种单色散压缩编码光谱成像系统, 并针对国内压缩编码光谱成像系统工程实现与试验验证不足的问题,重点研究了该新系统的设计与实现,模板平移下的系统数学模型及多帧重构算法,并给出实际样机试验及数据处理结果。最后,根据试验情况,总结提出该新技术后续发展需重点关注的研究内容,包括编码模板误差分析,多维稀疏重构模型与算法,压缩编码光谱成像系统标定技术,重构算法/重构图谱评价技术。单色散压缩编码光谱成像系统通过编码、色散、甚至下采样,由探测器接收得到成像观测图像,然后,利用该成像数据,通过重构算法,得到目标光谱图像数据,其优点是低数据量采样、工程实现硬件要求减低、多通道高通量探测。相关研究结果表明,该系统获取的数据有效,样机设计合理,重构算法与标定方法较为准确,其得到的字母HSI目标光谱图像的空间信息清晰,光谱信息较为准确,符合钨灯光谱,其系统设计与实现具有工程可行性。     

Electronic surface resonances and the thermally induced W(001) structure transition

The surface weighted effective potentials of the clean W(001) surface at temperatures T = 550 K[(1×1)] and T = 440 K[(√2×√2)R45°] are experimentally obtained from the surface resonance band structure. It is deduced that the transition W(001)-(1×1) → (√2×√2)R45° is a temperature-dependent reconstruction in which there is a contraction of the top layer atoms towards the bulk involving periodic displacements of the atoms normal to the surface.     

Model band structure of reconstructed (111) 2 × 1 surface of silicon

We have computed the electronic band structure for a model of the 2 × 1-reconstructed (111) surface of Si, based on 2 two-dimensional net of dangling bonds. A pairing of surface atoms is assumed, involving a displacement and a tilting of the dangling bonds towards each other. The energy gap that separates the two bands of surface states obtained increases with the degree of reconstruction, which is taken as a parameter. Experimental data, particularly surface optical absorption, find a satisfactory explanation in terms of this calculation, which indicates in Si (111) 2 × 1 a shift of the surface atoms by about 8% of their ideal distance.     

Second order phase transition in neural rate coding: binary encoding is optimal for rapid signal transmission

Here, we derive optimal tuning functions for minimum mean square reconstruction from neural rate responses subjected to Poisson noise. The shape of these tuning functions strongly depends on the length T of the time window within which action potentials (spikes) are counted in order to estimate the underlying firing rate. A phase transition towards pure binary encoding occurs if the maximum mean spike count becomes smaller than approximately three. For a particular function class, we prove the existence of a second-order phase transition. The analytically derived critical decoding time window length is in precise agreement with numerical results. Our analysis reveals that binary rate encoding should dominate in the brain wherever time is the critical constraint.     

Formation of a missing row reconstruction on a Cu(100) surface: An atom scale density functional theory based study

The oxygen-induced reconstruction of Cu(100) surfaces has been studied in great detail. Experimentally, missing row reconstruction occurs with an O coverage of 0.5 monolayer (ML). Several DFT-based calculations of vacancy-surface Cu pairs were performed at O coverage between 0 and 0.5 ML. No structure was identified in these calculations as being energetically favoured over the ideal Cu(100) structure. When a Cu atom (0.125 ML) was added to the system, a new energetically favourable missing row and added Cu-O-Cu row structure was found. It has been suggested that this structure is an important intermediate step towards the missing row formation. The transition from the missing and added row structure to the (2√2 × √2)R45^o-O reconstruction has the energetic requirement of very good binding sites for the Cu atoms, which can be found on the step boundaries. These results are in excellent agreement with the step edge growth and the formation of strongly anisotropic islands observed by Lahtonen et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 129 (2008) 124703).     

计算层析成像光谱技术研究进展

从技术特点和研究热点的角度,综述了近些年来计算层析成像光谱技术的国内外进展,主要包括计算层析成像光谱仪的系统结构改进及与其他技术联用的新集成设计,新器件新设备的研发和应用,仪器定标技术和目标重建算法的优化与改进等;并按照应用范围的特点进行了分类,对在探测波段扩展和应用领域拓展等方面的应用现状进行了总结.介绍了光栅型和旋转棱镜型计算层析成像光谱技术的原理,并展望了计算层析成像光谱技术的发展趋势.