稀土基多模态纳米造影剂的最新研究进展

基于稀土元素特殊的电子结构、独特的光电磁性质及相对大的原子序数,近年来,多领域的科学家们将研究热点聚焦到稀土基纳米造影剂的理性合成及生物医学成像的相关研究上.长久以来,稀土元素的4f电子赋予其构建荧光探针的本能,稀土掺杂的上转换纳米材料已被广泛应用于荧光成像.因存在大量未配对的4f电子,钆离子修饰的纳米探针及基于钆的纳米材料常用于T_1加权磁共振成像.由于稀土元素相比碘元素具有更高的原子序数和更强的X射线衰减系数,稀土基纳米材料可用于X射线及X射线断层摄影术(CT)成像.本文将针对近年来稀土基多模态纳米造影剂的开发与应用进行介绍,综述其在生物医学领域的研究进展.     

核酸功能化稀土基纳米材料在生物检测中的应用

体内一些生物分子和离子的水平通常与细胞、组织、器官等结构和功能的变化相关,从而直接影响到疾病的预防、诊断和治疗,因此对体内这些物质的生物检测在医疗和健康领域具有重要的意义.基于稀土基纳米材料构建的纳米荧光探针具有灵敏度高、简单高效、抗干扰能力强等优点,在生物检测方面具有巨大的潜力.对稀土基纳米材料的核酸功能化能够进一步为纳米荧光探针提供更好的特异性识别能力和生物相容性,从而增强其在复杂样品中的生物检测能力.本综述总结了核酸功能化的稀土基纳米材料作为纳米荧光探针在生物检测领域的研究进展,简要介绍了其主要种类和性能、检测机理及检测物质,最后对该领域面临的挑战及未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

载药型硅基水凝胶角膜接触镜的研究进展

载药型角膜接触镜可以有效延长药物释放时间,提高药物的生物利用度,是一种较为理想的眼部给药方式。目前,在视力矫正领域,硅基水凝胶角膜接触镜因其具有高透氧和较低含水率的优点,已逐渐替代传统水凝胶角膜接触镜,被广泛使用,在眼科治疗及预防领域具有广阔的应用前景。本综述重点总结了近几年载药型硅基水凝胶角膜接触镜的研究进展,根据不同的载药方式对硅基水凝胶的基底结构、药物种类、药物释放机理等方面进行了详细分析,并对其发展前景进行展望。     

合成高分子基温敏水凝胶在眼病治疗中的研究进展

由于眼部存在角膜/结膜屏障、血-房水屏障和血-视网膜屏障等,有效的眼部给药依然面临巨大挑战.近年来,温敏水凝胶在眼部给药领域受到了广泛关注.在室温下,温敏水凝胶材料呈液态,便于以局部滴加或玻璃体内注射的方式给药;当与眼部接触升温并超过其临界成胶温度时,能以物理交联的方式快速凝胶化,从而实现原位缓释给药,提高药物生物利用度.在众多温敏水凝胶材料中,合成高分子具有材料和功能多样化等优势,其中较常见的为泊洛沙姆、聚乙二醇/聚酯和聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺).本综述首先介绍了以上3类合成高分子基温敏水凝胶材料的制备方法和成胶特性.然后,围绕眼部给药存在的难点,探讨这些温敏水凝胶在治疗角膜病、干眼症、青光眼和眼部炎症等各种眼病中的相关研究进展.最后,我们比较了这3种水凝胶在使用性能上的优缺点,并对未来眼科温敏水凝胶的材料设计提出了设想和展望.     

同步辐射X射线成像技术在纳米探针细胞成像中的应用

纳米探针在肿瘤的高灵敏成像和高效治疗可视化方面具有重要的应用前景.通过细胞原位成像技术揭示纳米探针与细胞间的相互作用将为其临床应用奠定生物学基础.同步辐射X射线成像技术是研究纳米探针细胞原位摄取、胞内代谢及构效关系的重要方法.本文系统总结了基于同步辐射光源X射线成像技术在纳米探针细胞原位成像方面的研究进展,包括纳米探针的细胞原位成像、亚细胞结构原位成像、细胞原位价态分析、细胞原位定量成像以及细胞原位三维成像.此外,本文还对可用于纳米探针细胞成像的X射线成像技术的发展趋势进行了探讨.     

纳米荧光探针用于核酸分子的检测及成像研究

核酸,包括脱氧核糖核酸和核糖核酸,在生物的生长、发育、突变、炎症、癌症等正常或异常的生命活动中发挥着重要的作用,它们的异常表达与多种疾病的发生、发展也密切相关.因此,发展准确、有效的方法实现核酸分子的检测,对深入探究核酸的功能调控以及相关疾病的早期检测与治疗都具有重要的意义.荧光检测法与荧光成像技术具有灵敏度高、时空分辨率高等优点,为实时、准确的检测核酸分子提供了有力的工具.本文着重综述了近年来发展的纳米荧光探针用于疾病相关核酸分子的检测与细胞和活体成像工作的研究进展,最后提出了进一步构建新型纳米荧光探针用于核酸检测面临的挑战、未来发展方向与展望.     

体内多肽自组装纳米材料在非肿瘤相关疾病诊疗中的研究进展

基于"活体自组装"策略发展的体内多肽自组装纳米探针和纳米药物,具有高的特异性和生物利用度,被广泛应用于肿瘤的诊断和治疗方面.基于体内多肽自组装纳米材料的独特优势,目前也已经被用于肿瘤诊断与治疗之外的其他生物医学领域,如对细菌感染的精准检测、组织修复和神经性退行疾病的治疗.本文主要对体内多肽自组装纳米材料在非肿瘤诊疗之外的其他重大疾病诊疗中的应用进行了综述.     

稀土纳米材料在高分辨活体成像及诊疗中的应用

荧光成像具有时空分辨率高、 反馈快、 非侵入和无电离辐射等优点, 是一种重要的生物成像技术. 与传统用于荧光成像的可见光和近红外一区(NIR-I, 600~950 nm)相比, 近红外二区(NIR-Ⅱ, 1000~1700 nm)窗口具有低生物组织散射系数和低生物自发荧光, 采用NIR-Ⅱ光进行活体荧光成像能有效提高成像的分辨率、 信噪比和穿透深度. 稀土纳米颗粒(RENPs)具有大斯托克斯位移、 高化学稳定性、 可调的荧光寿命以及较窄的发射带, 是一种重要的荧光成像探针. 近年来, 一系列具有优异的NIR-Ⅱ发光性能的稀土纳米材料被用于高分辨活体荧光成像. 本文综合评述了近年来RENPs用于高分辨活体成像及诊疗中的研究进展, 概述了RENPs的掺杂调控、 基质晶格选择和复合敏化等NIR-Ⅱ发光增强策略, 介绍了其在多种生物医学场景中的靶向聚集、 荧光传感和疾病治疗等功能, 并总结了其在多路成像、 多模态成像和疾病诊疗中的应用. 最后, 简要分析了RENPs在未来生物医学应用中面临的挑战和发展的方向.     

基于纳米材料的表面辅助激光解吸离子化质谱研究

基质辅助激光解吸离子化质谱(MALDI-MS)作为一种常规的分析表征方法主要用于生物大分子的分析,如蛋白质、多肽、多糖及核酸等.然而,MALDI-MS中使用的有机小分子基质在低分子量区会产生背景干扰,很难分析小分子量化合物(m/z < 700).最近,基于纳米材料的免有机基质的激光解吸离子化质谱(又称为表面辅助激光解吸离子化质谱,SALDI-MS)有效解决了上述问题.SALDI-MS分析中使用的起到能量转移作用的纳米材料在低分子量区间不会产生背景干扰峰,可以将分析对象由大分子扩展到小分子.另外,SALDI-MS还具有许多其他优点,如样品制备简单、信噪比高、耐盐性好、基底表面信号重复性好及可实现样品的定量分析等,显示了较好的应用前景.本文综述了研究较多的四大类纳米材料在SALDI-MS分析、检测及成像方面的应用,包括碳纳米材料(富勒烯、碳纳米管、石墨烯及氧化石墨烯)、硅纳米材料(多孔硅、硅纳米纤维、硅纳米粒子)、其他材料纳米粒子(包括金属纳米粒子、金属氧化物纳米粒子、无机盐纳米粒子及量子点等)及纳米杂化多孔材料,详细介绍了最近的一些研究进展;并讨论了纳米材料在SALDI-MS应用中的能量转移机理.最后,讨论了该领域未来的研究内容和方向以及亟待研究的重要问题.     

动脉粥样硬化光学成像探针研究进展

心血管疾病(Cardiovascular disease, CVD)是全球疾病致死的主要原因之一. 动脉粥样硬化(Atherosclerosis, AS)是引发各种CVD的首要危险因素, 其发生发展通常经历持续的慢性炎症过程. 因此, 及时高效地检测AS, 对于早期评估、 诊断和治疗CVD具有重要临床意义. 光学探针成像拥有极高的灵敏度和空间分辨率以及超快的信号采集处理速度, 被广泛应用于生物医学检测与成像. 本文综合评述了6种常见用于AS成像的光学探针, 涉及小分子荧光探针、 聚集诱导发光(Aggregate-induced emission, AIE)纳米探针、 量子点探针、 上转换纳米探针、 光声探针和多模态探针等; 并对各种探针的优缺点进行了分析比较. 在此基础上, 展望了光学探针在AS成像领域的发展前景, 并提出了相应建议.     

Fluorescent Silicon-based Nanomaterials Imaging Technology in Diseases

Fluorescence imaging analysis of microscale dynamic process (e.g., metabolism, mitosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, etc.) is of particular significance to study the related pathogenesis and design the intracellular drug delivery systems. Owing to unique physical, chemical and/or biological properties, silicon(Si)-based nanomaterials have been employed to design and construct diffe-rent types of nanoprobes for the imaging analysis of diseases. Thus, we herein present an overview of recent advances in fluorescent silicon nanomaterials imaging technology for analyzing and diagno-sing diseases. Firstly, we mainly introduce the construction of Si nanomaterials-based bioprobes for long-term fluorescence imaging analysis of cancer-related biological information, such as tumour cells, biomarkers and nanocarriers. Afterwards, we focus on the Si nanomaterials-based imaging technology for monitoring the dynamic process of pathological changes of various ocular diseases (e.g., ocular angiogenesis, bacterial keratitis, etc.). Then, we outline the construction of Si-based nanoprobes and their applications in simultaneously imaging and treating the bacteria-induced diseases caused by broad-spectrum bacteria-related pathogens. Finally, we further discuss the major challenges and prospects for developing silicon-based fluorescence imaging technology.     

过渡金属掺杂磁性纳米粒子在生物医学领域中的研究进展

在过去50多年中,磁性纳米粒子(MNPs)由于其可协调的磁性、非侵入性、易操控性和良好的生物相容性等优点得到了广泛的关注.从具有复合结构或不同形状的MNPs的合成方法到与MNPs相关的大量表征技术,其应用领域也与我们的生活紧密相关.然而,MNPs的复杂磁行为受到多种参量的影响,包括粒径、成分、形状和结构等.基于此,通过...     

多功能Aβ有机小分子探针的构建及诊疗应用进展

阿尔茨海默症(AD)是最主要的进行性神经类疾病之一. β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的形成、 错误折叠和聚集沉积被认为是该类疾病的重要病理学标志. 近年来, 研究人员基于荧光成像灵敏度高、 操作简便及副作用小的优点, 围绕脑部特殊的血脑屏障(BBB)系统和Aβ蛋白结构, 开发了一系列多功能Aβ探针应用于AD的诊疗研究. 本文分别从检测和治疗两个角度出发, 综合评述了Aβ诊疗探针的脑靶向设计、 波长调控和诊疗一体化的化学调控策略, 并展望了功能性荧光探针在该领域的应用前景.     

Self-assembled fluorescent tripeptide nanoparticles for bioimaging and drug delivery applications

Peptide self-assembled nanomaterials have attracted more and more attention due to their wide applications such as drug delivery, cell imaging, and real-time drug monitoring. However, the application of the peptide is still limited by its inherent optical properties. Here we proposed and prepared a series of fluorescent tripeptide nanoparticles (TPNPs) through π-π stacking and zinc coordination. The experimental results show that the nanoparticles (TPNPs1) formed by the self-assembly of the tripeptide tryptophan-tryptophan-tryptophan have the highest fluorescence intensity, uniform and appropriate size, and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, there was fluorescence resonance between TPNPs1 and doxorubicin, which has been successfully applied for real-time cell imaging and drug release monitoring.     

Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase Acting as “Armor” to Protect the Anode Materials for High-performance Lithium-ion Battery

The electrochemical performances of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) are closely related to the interphase between the electrode materials and electrolytes. However, the development of lithium-ion batteries is hampered by the formation of uncontrollable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI) and subsequent potential safety issues associated with dendritic formation and cell short-circuits during cycling. Fabricating artificial SEI layer can be one promising approach to solve the above issues. This review summarizes the principles and methods of fabricating artificial SEI for three types of main anodes:deposition-type(e.g., Li), intercalation-type(e.g., graphite) and alloy-type(e.g., Si, Al). The review elucidates recent progress and discusses possible methods for constructing stable artificial SEIs composed of salts, polymers, oxides, and nanomaterials that simultaneously passivate anode against side reactions with electrolytes and regulate Li⁺ ions transport at interfaces. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of artificial SEIs was briefly analyzed, and the research prospect was also discussed.     

Functionalization of bismuth sulfide nanomaterials for their application in cancer theranostics

Multifunctional bismuth sulfide (Bi₂S₃) nanomaterials exhibit significant potential as nanomedicines for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. These nanomaterials act as excellent photothermal agents and radiation sensitizers for the treatment of tumors, and they can also act as contrast agents for computed tomography (CT) imaging, photoacoustic imaging (PA), and other forms of imaging to provide real-time tumor monitoring and testing guidance. Compared with other nanomaterials, Bi₂S₃ nanomaterials can readily adapt to different applications by virtue of the fact that they can be easily functionalized. However, these nanomaterials have some limitations that cannot be ignored and need to be addressed, such as poor biocompatibility, toxicity, and low chemical stability. It is widely believed that appropriate functionalization of Bi₂S₃ nanomaterials could remedy such defects and significantly improve performance. This review summarizes the ways in which Bi₂S₃ nanomaterials can be functionalized and discusses their applications in cancer theranostics over the last few years, focusing particularly on imaging and therapy. We also discuss issues relating to how Bi₂S₃ nanomaterials can be analyzed, including how we might be able to use these systems to inhibit and treat tumors and how current limitations might be overcome to improve treatment efficacy. Finally, we hope to provide inspiration and guidance as to how we might create a more optimized multifunctional nano-system for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors.     

In vivo Self-assembled Peptide Nanoprobes for Disease Diagnosis

In vivo imaging is creating great opportunities for disease diagnosis as a research tool. Probes are usually used to observe physiological structures in vivo clearly. Recent progresses of nanoprobes are important for the generation of high resolution and high contrast images required by accurate and precision disease diagnosis. In vivo self-assembled peptide(SAP) nanoprobes are playing major roles in in vivo imaging by modularity of design, high imaging contrast, response to the location of the lesion, and long-time retention in the lesion. And the response to lesion and long-term retention in there can enhance imaging sensitivity and specificity of in vivo SAP nanoprobes. Therefore, in vivo SAP nanoprobes are simple ancillary contrast entities to optimize the imaging effect. In this review, the recent progress of in vivo SAP nanoprobes for in vivo imaging, from molecular design of peptides to biomedical and clinical applications including disease diagnosis and disease-related molecular imaging is systematically summarized. We evaluate their ability, including sensitivity and specificity to provide relevant information under preoperative and during surgery circumstances and critically their likelihood to be clinically translated. Finally, a brief outlook on remaining challenges and potential directions for future research in this area is presented.     

金纳米复合材料:制备、性质及其癌症诊疗应用

由于可调的局域表面等离子体共振、丰富的表面可修饰性、良好的生物相容性,金纳米粒子(AuNPs)在生物医药领域具有广泛的应用前景。金与其他无机纳米粒子相结合,既集成了单个组分的性质又有望开发组分间的协同效应,这为构建多功能金纳米复合材料提供了基础。本文阐述了金纳米复合材料的制备方法,包括一步合成法,种子生长法及非原位组装法等;对近期金纳米复合材料在癌症诊疗方面的应用进行总结;最后,讨论了多功能金纳米诊疗平台存在的主要问题及未来发展前景。     

In situ Activatable Peptide-based Nanoprobes for Tumor Imaging

Owing to its excellent biological properties, peptide has been widely used in the design of nanoprobes capable of enhancing tumor imaging signals. In recent years, a number of peptide-based nanoprobes with strong loading capacity and great biocompatibility have been developed for precision tumor imaging by coupling peptide motifs with different imaging agents. It is worth noting that, compared with "always on" mode, the use of stimulus-mediated in situ activatable mode to design and control the self-assembly or nanostructure transformation of peptide-based nanoprobes in vivo can achieve the significant improvement of imaging efficiency. Herein, we summarize the recent progress of in situ activatable peptide-based nanoprobes for tumor imaging in diverse imaging modes, including magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), fluorescence imaging(FI), photoacoustic imaging(PAI), radionuclide imaging(RI) and multimodal imaging. Finally, we briefly prospect the challenges and potential development directions of this field.