Charge-on-spring polarizable water models revisited: from water clusters to liquid water to ice

The properties of two improved versions of charge-on-spring (COS) polarizable water models (COS/G2 and COS/G3) that explicitly include nonadditive polarization effects are reported. In COS models, the polarization is represented via a self-consistently induced dipole moment consisting of a pair of separated charges. A previous polarizable water model (COS/B2), upon which the improved versions are based, was developed by Yu, Hansson, and van Gunsteren. To improve the COS/B2 model, which overestimated the dielectric permittivity, one additional virtual atomic site was used to reproduce the water monomer quadrupole moments besides the water monomer dipole moment in the gas phase. The molecular polarizability, residing on the virtual atomic site, and Lennard-Jones parameters for oxygen-oxygen interactions were varied to reproduce the experimental values for the heat of vaporization and the density of liquid water at room temperature and pressure. The improved models were used to study the properties of liquid water at various thermodynamic states as well as gaseous water clusters and ice. Overall, good agreement is obtained between simulated properties and those derived from experiments and ab initio calculations. The COS/G2 and COS/G3 models may serve as simple, classical, rigid, polarizable water models for the study of organic solutes and biopolymers. Due to its simplicity, COS type of polarization can straightforwardly be used to introduce explicit polarization into (bio)molecular force fields.     

Determination of dissolved hexavalent chromium in river water, sea water and waste water

Summary A simple and reliable method for the determination of dissolved hexavalent chromium in aquatic systems is described. Chromium(VI) is quantitatively coprecipitated with lead sulfate from weakly acidic (pH 3.5) sample solutions. It is determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy at 357.9 nm. The detection limit of the method is 0.3 g/l at a 95% confidence level. Relatively high concentrations of chromium(III) do not interfere in the determination of hexavalent chromium. High chloride (> 6 g/l) or sulfate (> 800 mg/l) concentrations cause a significant decrease in the Cr(VI) recoveries. These interferences are mutually influenced.The sulfate interference is reduced, but not eliminated in the presence of high chloride concentrations, while chloride interferences are eliminated in the presence of a sufficient sulfate concentration in the original sample. Chromium(VI) is recovered quantitatively from river water and effluent samples, but its recovery from sea water is incomplete (83%), due to interferences by sulfate during the coprecipitation procedure.

---

Bestimmung von gelöstem Chrom(VI) in Fluß-, Meer- und Abwasser

Zusammenfassung Eine einfache und zuverlässige Methode zur Chrom(VI)-bestimmung in wäßrigen Systemen wurde ausgearbeitet. Dabei wird Chrom(VI) aus schwach saurer Lösung (pH 3,5) mit Bleisulfat mitgefällt und mit Hilfe der Graphitofen-AAS bei 357,9 nm bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 0,3 g/l bei 95% Vertrauensbereich. Relativ hohe Konzentrationen an Chrom(III) stören nicht. Hohe Gehalte an Chlorid (> 6 g/l) oder Sulfat (> 800 mg/l) können zu beträchtlichen Minderbefunden an Cr(VI) führen. Diese Störungen beeinflussen sich gegenseitig. So wird die Störung durch Sulfat in Gegenwart großer Chloridmengen herabgesetzt, aber nicht ganz eliminiert, während die Chloridstörung durch genügend Sulfat beseitigt wird. Chrom(VI) konnte aus Fluß- und Abwasser quantitativ wiedergefunden werden, aus Meerwasser nur zu 83% (wegen der Störung durch Sulfat bei der Mitfällung).

     

FTIR study of water clusters in water–triethylamine solutions

The FTIR study presented in this work, on water dissolved in triethylamine (TEA), reveals the formation of water clusters in the TEA liquid phase at tenths of water molar concentrations. In the OH stretching region, the FTIR spectra of water in TEA show, at high frequencies, a narrow band at 3682 cm⁻¹ and, at low frequencies, a wide band that can be resolved into four peaks with maxima at 3249 cm⁻¹, 3348 cm⁻¹, 3440 cm⁻¹ and 3545 cm⁻¹. The results have been rationalised assuming the formation of clusters containing tens of three- and four-coordinated water molecules. TEA molecules surrounding the clusters are hydrogen bonded to one OH of the water molecules at the surface, leaving dangling protons. Further, the analyses of the spectra suggest that, in the used range, the water cluster mean size does not depend strongly on the water concentration.     

水溶性卟啉光还原水产氢的研究

自1977年Lehn报道Ru(bPy)_3~(2+)-TEOA-Rh(bPy)_3~(3+)-Pt催化体系光解水放氢以来,以金属配合物为光敏剂光解水产氢的研究日趋活跃。这些光化学体系通常由光敏剂、电子给体、中继物和氧化还原催化剂四组分组成。为了有效地实现阳光分解水产氢,选择一个在可见光区有强吸收的光敏剂是十分重     

The permittivity of water and water vapor in saturation states

The applicability of several well-known equations describing the dependences of the relative permittivities of liquid water and water vapor on their densities and temperature is analyzed. An original semiempirical equation was suggested to relate the permittivity of equilibrium vapor to that of the liquid phase. The temperature intervals within which the equations under consideration described experimental data most accurately were established. The results were used to tabulate the calculated permittivities of water and water vapor in saturation states.     

Strategy for pesticide control in ground water and drinking water

Summary The analysis of pesticides is quite difficult and expensive. It is shown in this paper which analytical methods and systems have to be used for pesticide-monitoring in ground water and drinking water. Clear identification, control of positive results, quantitative determination, accuracy and precision are very important points for pesticide analysis.     

The dynamic crossover in water does not require bulk water

Many of the anomalous properties of water may be explained by invoking a second critical point that terminates the coexistence line between the low- and high-density amorphous states in the liquid. Direct experimental evidence of this point, and the associated polyamorphic liquid-liquid transition, is elusive as it is necessary for liquid water to be cooled below its homogeneous-nucleation temperature. To avoid crystallization, water in the eutectic LiCl solution has been studied but then it is generally considered that "bulk" water cannot be present. However, recent computational and experimental studies observe cooperative hydration in which case it is possible that sufficient hydrogen-bonded water is present for the essential characteristics of water to be preserved. For femtosecond optical Kerr-effect and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, we observe in each case a fractional Stokes-Einstein relation with evidence of the dynamic crossover appearing near 220 K and 250 K respectively. Spectra obtained in the glass state also confirm the complex nature of the hydrogen-bonding modes reported for neat room-temperature water and support predictions of anomalous diffusion due to "worm-hole" structure.     

Monitoring of water content and water distribution in ischemic hearts

We determined water content and water distribution by fitting dielectric spectra of ischemic canine hearts between 5 MHz and 3 GHz with a newly developed model which describes heart cells and subcellular organelles as rotational ellipsoids filled with electrolyte enclosed by an isolating membrane. The fraction of dry material is modelled by spherical particles with a small dielectric permittivity. Free model parameters were water content, cell volume fraction, and the conductivity of the electrolytes. Resulting model parameters were compared to data from tissue desiccation and to conductivity changes produced by protons and lactate ions. We investigated hearts in two states: during ischemia after interruption of blood flow (pure ischemia, PI, n=5) and during ischemia after resuscitation with Tyrode's solution (IAR, n=14).The difference between water content determined by tissue desiccation and by dielectric spectroscopy was less than 0.5%. During 360 min of ischemia, water content in IAR decreased from 85+/-1.6% to 83+/-2.2% and in PI from 80+/-0.8% to 78+/-1.5%. Cellular volume fraction in IAR increased from 0.47+/-0.045 to 0.63+/-0.031 and in PI from 0.62+/-0.014 to 0.73+/-0.013, which is consistent with published morphometric data. After 180 min of ischemia, the increase of the cytosolic conductivity was 0.14+/-0.02 S/m as calculated from the dielectric spectrum and was similar to the conductivity increase which was roughly estimated on the basis of tissue lactate concentration.In conclusion, dielectric spectroscopy combined with our model analysis facilitates the monitoring of water content and distribution by means of nondestructive surface probes.     

Diffusive dynamics of water in tert-butyl alcohol/water mixtures

Quasielastic neutron scattering has been used to investigate the dynamical behavior of H(2)O in water/tert-butyl alcohol solutions. The measurements were made at fixed temperature (293 K) as a function of tert-butyl alcohol molar fraction, x, in the range 0-0.042. The data have been compared to those of pure water in the temperature range 269-293 K. The effect of tert-butyl alcohol addition on water dynamics is equivalent to that obtained by lowering the temperature of pure water by an amount proportional to the alcohol concentration. The temperature dependence of the diffusivity parameters in pure water and their concentration dependence in tert-butyl alcohol/water solutions can be rescaled to a common curve attributing to each solution a concentration-dependent "structural temperature" lower than the actual thermodynamic one. These results can be understood in terms of Stillinger's picture of water structuring and of other more recent theoretical pictures that emphasize the influence of the geometrical properties of hydrogen bond networks on water mobility.     

Separation of trace elements from natural water and waste water

Summary Methods of discrimination between different chemical forms of trace elements in natural waters and for their separation are discussed and results given for their application to Rhine water. Various methods of trace element separation are presented: separation from sea-water by adsorption on activated carbon in presence of complexing agents, separation from mineral waters by use of the chelating cellulose exchanger Hyphan, separation of actinide elements by co-precipitation with barium sulphate, co-precipitation from waste water with hydrous ferric oxide and with ferric phosphate.

---

Trennung von Spurenelementen aus natürlichem Wasser und Abwässern

Zusammenfassung Methoden der Unterscheidung verschiedener chemischer Formen der Spurenelemente in natürlichen Wässern und ihre Trennung werden diskutiert und für Rheinwasser angewendet. Folgende Ergebnisse von Spurenelement-Trennungen werden beschrieben: Abtrennung aus Meerwasser durch Adsorption an Aktivkohle in Gegenwart von Komplexbildnern, Abtrennung aus Mineralwässern unter Verwendung des chelatbildenden Zelluloseaustauschers Hyphan, Abtrennung der Actinidenelemente M^IV durch Mitfällung mit Bariumsulfat, Mitfällung mit Eisenhydroxid und Eisenphosphat aus Abwasser.

---

---

Presented at the 8th International Microchemical Symposium, Graz, August 25–30, 1980.     

Argon and water

Computer simulation of liquid argon and water has shown that the structural inhomogeneity pattern visualized by coloring their instantaneous structures according to the volumes of the Voronoi polyhedra is the same for both liquids. The dynamics of argon atoms in the cavity of a clathrate hydrate and in liquid water is considered. The argon atoms included in the network of hydrogen bonds in liquid water are involved in concerted motion. As a result of this concerted motion, the distance between two argon atoms can fluctuate around some value for a fairly long time. The environment of argon atoms in a liquid aqueous solution differs significantly from their environment in clathrate hydrates.     

Determination of water

The complexity of the subject and the problems involved in the estimation of water in the many materials required to be tested are explained. The various methods available are classified, their techniques summarized, and their applications and limitations indicated. In many materials the determination of absolute moisture is impossible and a compromise must be accepted. Trade and industry require rapid results for many processes and products, and optical or electronic methods are increasingly used in conjunction with reference methods. For official purposes the method of determination must be agreed and stated in detail. More progress in international standardization is very desirable.     

Electrostatic water models

The possiblity of creating a useful model for the electrostatic potential around the water molecule is examined from two different starting points. It is suggested that the simplest and most accurate model will have three point charges on the nuclei together with a diffuse Gaussian charge centered near the nuclear center of the charge. This will represent the lone-pair cloud, include the penetration effects, and improve the representation of the electron density. The alternative use of atomic dipoles is explored but seen to be less effective.     

Self-diffusion in water

Applicability of the quasicrystal concept of thermal molecular motions in normal and overcooled water has been studied. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of transition from one temporary position of vibrating molecule to another. Detailed analysis of experimental data about the dependence of the half-width of the quasielastic incoherent peak on the square of the wave vector revealed that the quasicrystal concept is applicable to the overcooled and normal states of water below T _* ≈ 310 K. A new mechanism of self-diffusion in water is suggested for the temperature range T < T _* corresponding to a developed net of hydrogen bonds.     

Ferroelectric mobile water

In molecular dynamics simulations single-domain ferroelectric water is produced under ordinary ambient conditions utilizing carbon nanotubes open to a water reservoir. This ferroelectric water diffuses while keeping its proton-ordered network intact. The mobile/immobile water transitions and the step-wise changes in net polarization of water are observed to occur spontaneously. The immobile water becomes mobile by transforming into the single-domain ferroelectric water. Our general notion of relating a more highly ordered structure with a lower temperature has so far restricted researchers' attention to very low temperatures when experimenting on proton-ordered phases of water. The present study improves our general understanding of water, considering that the term 'ferroelectric water' has so far practically stood for 'ferroelectric ice,' and that single-domain ferroelectric water has not been reported even for the ice nanotubes.