毛竹纤维细胞壁的黏弹性力学性能研究

以毛竹纤维细胞壁(BFCW)为研究对象,运用纳米压痕技术对BFCW的蠕变性能和松弛性能进行了研究。通过设计不同的加载方式,得到了纳米压痕的载荷与压入深度的关系曲线;通过拟合不同应变率的实验结果数据,计算得出了BFCW的蠕变应力指数。研究了BFCW在不同压入深度、加载速率、保载时间下的松弛行为,分析了不同的载荷、加载速率、保载时间对BFCW蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:BFCW纵向和横向具有不同的力学性质,在纵向表现出更明显的松弛特性和更强的抗蠕变变形能力;BFCW的蠕变行为随着压入载荷的增大愈加明显,表现为蠕变位移和蠕变速率增大;BFCW纵向的压入深度和蠕变位移量均比横向的小,在最大压入载荷为15mN时,其差值分别达到了24.96%和32.25%;BFCW的松弛模量、载荷松弛量与压入深度呈正比;BFCW纵向的松弛能力比横向的强,在加载速率为50nm/s时纵向载荷松弛量较横向高34.58%。     

聚合物纳米复合材料蠕变性能研究进展

聚合物在室温甚至低温条件下的蠕变被认为是制约其更广泛应用的主要瓶颈之一.实验研究发现添加很低含量(1{\%}重量或体积含量)的纳米颗粒,在基本上不影响基体其他力学和物理性能的前提下,能够大幅度提高聚合物的耐蠕变性能; 另外和静态性能相比较,蠕变和松弛等特性对于聚合物微观结构的变化和分子链的相互作用更加敏感,能够在新型纳米复合材料(如多层级纳米复合材料)的力学设计中为我们提供更加丰富的微观结构及其相互作用的信息.本文综述了多种形貌纳米颗粒(包括金属氧化物、碳纳米管、层状纳米黏土等)对聚合物耐蠕变性能影响的研究现状和进展.讨论了纳米颗粒的种类、形貌和含量,以及外部应力水平和温度等因素对聚合物基体材料蠕变性能的影响规律;分析了目前一些常用的模拟和预测蠕变行为的模型, 并利用这些模型,结合纳米复合材料特点, 对蠕变实验结果进行了模拟和预测;结合多层级纳米复合材料的实验研究结果,阐述了蠕变条件下纳米复合材料分子链间相互作用的特点;进而探讨了纳米颗粒影响聚合物蠕变性能的机理,展望了该领域研究的发展态势.      

多壁碳纳米管-高聚物纳米复合材料的抗蠕变性能

通过双螺杆挤出机和模压成型设备制备了两种不同长径比的多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)增强的聚丙烯(PP)纳米复合材料.实验表明,通过添加1%体积含量的MWNT,聚丙烯的抗蠕变性能得到很大提高,即长时间加载后,基体的蠕变变形量和蠕变率均显著降低.同时,在特定载荷下,纳米复合材料的蠕变寿命比纯基体提高了10倍.几种载荷传递机理导致了材料抗蠕变性能的增强:(1)碳纳米管和基体之间较好的界面性能,(2)碳纳米管限制了基体内无定型分子链的活动性,以及(3)碳纳米管的较高的长径比.差分热扫描(DSC)的结果显示了材料蠕变前后结晶的变化和载荷传递机理分析是一致的.这些实验结果显示,在不增加成本的基础上可以大大提高抗蠕变的聚合物纳米复合材料的工程应用.     

电刷镀镍/镍包纳米Al_2O_3颗粒复合镀层微动磨损性能研究

应用电刷镀技术制备了含有镍包纳米 Al2 O3颗粒的镍基复合镀层 .与快速镍镀层对比考察了该复合镀层高温硬度的变化 ,同时还从微动磨损角度考察了该复合镀层耐磨性和摩擦系数的变化 .结果表明 :与快镍镀层相比 ,镍 /镍包纳米 Al2 O3复合镀层具有更高的高温硬度和更好的抗微动磨损性能 ;复合镀层在 40 0℃左右表现出较明显的强化趋势 ,具有较好的综合性能 ;纳米 Al2 O3颗粒使复合镀层的结构致密和细化 ,在磨损过程中起到了一定的减轻粘着和降低摩摩的作用 ;复合镀层的微动磨损机理主要为粘着磨损 .     

电刷镀镍／镍包纳米Al2O3颗粒复合镀层微动磨损性能研究

应用电刷镀技术制备了含有镍包纳米Al2O3颗粒的镍基复合镀层。与快速镍镀层对比考察了该复合镀层高温硬度的变化,同时还从微动磨损角度考察了该复合镀层耐磨性和摩擦系数的变化。结果表明：与快镍镀层相比,镍／镍包纳米Al2O3复合镀层具有更高的高温硬度和更好的抗微动磨损性能;复合镀层在400℃左右表现出较明显的强化趋势,具有较好的综合性能;纳米Al2O3颗粒使复合镀层的结构致密和细化,在磨损过程中起到了一定的减轻粘着和降低摩擦的作用;复合镀层的微动磨损机理主要为粘着磨损。     

基于纳米压痕法无铅焊锡连接各层材料力学性能的研究

利用SMT全自动回流焊机和高温恒温试验箱,制备出经2次回流焊时效20天的Sn-0.7Cu/Cu焊点试件.采用纳米压痕法,对其焊点金属间化合物力学性能进行测试.根据OliverPharr算法,利用接触刚度连续测量技术得到该化合物(IMC)的弹性模量及硬度,并与同种工况下的焊料及铜进行对比,发现其硬度明显大于二者.并得到了Sn-0.7Cu焊料、金属间化合物和Cu的室温蠕变速率敏感指数,对三者的蠕变性能做了对比分析,发现Sn-0.7Cu的室温蠕变速率敏感指数明显大于IMC和Cu.     

纳米SiO2颗粒增强镍基复合镀层的组织与微动磨损性能研究

采用电刷镀技术在45#钢表面制备了纳米SiO2颗粒增强镍基复合镀层,用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察分析了复合镀层的表面形貌和微观组织形貌,用纳米压痕仪测试了复合镀层的微观力学性能,并采用PLINT型高温微动疲劳试验机考察了复合镀层在室温至500 ℃下的微动磨损行为.结果表明:纳米SiO2颗粒促进了镀层的晶粒细化,提高了镀层的力学性能,复合镀层的硬度和弹性模量分别比镍镀层提高了2.01GPa和5 GPa,从而改善了镀层的微动磨损性能;复合镀层的耐磨性能约为镍镀层的2倍,这是由于纳米SiO2颗粒对复合镀层具有超细晶强化、硬质点弥散强化以及高密度位错强化机制所致.     

纳米Al2O3增强PA6复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用MMW-1型摩擦磨损试验机考察了纳米Al2O3增强PA6复合材料同45#钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了试样磨损表面形貌.结果表明:纳米Al2O3可以提高PA6的耐磨性能;在小于100 N低载荷下纳米Al2O3填充PA6复合材料的滑动摩擦系数符合粘弹性材料的变化规律;只有当填充量适当时,纳米Al2O3微粒才能有效地增强聚合物基体的抗磨粒磨损性能,并阻碍聚合物基体向偶件磨损表面的粘着转移;纳米Al2O3质量分数为10%的PA6复合材料的抗磨性能最佳.     

超高分子量聚乙烯及其纳米Al2O3填充复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

采用MM - 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机考察了载荷及对摩偶件表面SiC粒度对超高分子量聚乙烯及其纳米Al2 O3填充复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响 ,利用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌并分析了其磨损机理 .结果表明 :纳米Al2 O3 可以提高超高分子量聚乙烯的硬度及抗磨粒磨损性能 ;随着载荷的增大 ,超高分子量聚乙烯及纳米填充复合材料的磨损加剧 ;纳米Al2 O3 填充超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料的摩擦系数较超高分子量聚乙烯的略有增大 ;纳米Al2 O3 含量的增加有利于超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料抗磨粒磨损性能的提高 ;偶件表面喷涂SiC粒度的大小对超高分子量聚乙烯及其纳米Al2 O3 填充复合材料的磨损影响较大     

增强颗粒对铝基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

采用自制的摩擦磨损试验机考察了增强颗粒对铝基复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：在基体合金、陶瓷颗粒尺寸和体积分数相同的条件下,SiC增强铝基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能优于Al2O3增强铝基复合材料;增大颗粒尺寸或增加颗粒体积分数均使得SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的平均摩擦系数略有降低,耐磨性能提高;在与半金属摩擦材料配副时,颗粒增强铝基复合材料的摩擦系数与基体合金的相近,耐磨性能提高了3个数量级。     

Viscoelastic solutions for conical indentation

The aim of indentation analysis is to link indentation data, typically an indentation force vs. indentation depth curve, P–h, to meaningful mechanical properties of the indented material. While well established for time independent behavior, the presence of a time dependent behavior can strongly affect both the loading and the unloading responses. The paper presents a framework of viscoelastic indentation analysis based on the method of functional equations, developed by Lee and Radok [1960, The contact problem for viscoelastic bodies, J. Appl. Mech. 27, 438–444]. While the method is restricted to monotonically increasing contact areas, we show that it remains valid at the very beginning of the unloading phase as well. Based on this result, it is possible to derive closed form solutions following the classical procedure of functional formulations of viscoelasticity: (1) the identification of the indentation creep function, which is the indentation response to a Heaviside load; and (2) a convolution integral of the load history over the indentation creep function. This is shown here for a trapezoidal loading by a conical indenter on three linear isotropic viscoelastic materials with deviator creep: the 3-parameter Maxwell model, the 4-parameter Kelvin–Voigt model and the 5-parameter combined Kelvin–Voigt–Maxwell model. For these models, we derive closed form solutions that can be employed for the back-analysis of indentation results from the loading and holding period and for the definition of unloading time criteria that ensure that viscous effects are negligible in the unloading response.     

Evaluation of Viscoelastic Characteristics of Short-fiber Reinforced Composite by Indentation Method

Indentation tests are performed to evaluate the viscoelastic characteristics of a short-fiber reinforced composite. Finite element analysis is also carried out to estimate the macroscopic viscoelastic characteristics of the composite by using a unit cell models. The results of indentation tests show that a force-displacement curve obtained by the indentation test depends on the area of the fibers appeared in the impression. The creep compliance evaluated by these indentation tests is compared to that by the finite element analysis. As the results, it is suggested that the result of indentation test performed on the surface of the composite without fibers means the measurement result for isotropic composite or anisotropic composite in the direction of the smallest rigidity. On the other hand, indentation test performed on the fiber indicates the measurement result of anisotropic composite in the direction of the largest rigidity. These results present the method to measure the macroscopic characteristics of short-fiber reinforced composite by indentation tests.     

Elastic properties of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>–NiAl: a modified version of Hashin–Shtrikman bounds

The modified nonlinear relations for the estimation of elastic constants of Al₂O₃–NiAl composite material are developed. The concept of microstructure and interconnectivity of phases at the interface is used. Hashin–Shtrikman relations are described in their actual form and modified version of Hashin–Shtrikman relations for bulk and shear moduli are discussed. These relations for elastic and mechanical properties are applied mainly for Al₂O₃–NiAl composite material. Theoretical predictions using modified relations are compared with Hashin–Shtrikman bounds and experimental results of elastic properties for Al₂O₃–NiAl matrix-inclusion-based composite. It is found that the predicted values of elastic and mechanical properties using modified relations are quite close to the experimental results.     

Crack growth rate and cracking velocity in fatigue for a class of ceramics

Fatigue crack growth rate data and cracking velocity data are studied for a class of ceramics including SiC, TiB₂, Si₃N₄, ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃. Both sine and square wave cyclic loading are combined such that the data could be converted to cracking velocity for a given frequency of cyclic load. An effective stress intensity factor range is defined and used in an relation for computing the crack growth rate and cracking velocity. As for the metal alloys, the data for ceramics also fall into three regimes identified with near-threshold, stable growth and rapid crack extension, except that the slope of the da/dN (the crack growth rate) curves for ceramics are steeper in comparison with that for metals. Reported are the empirical constants in the relations for the crack growth rate and the cracking velocity for a variety of ceramics.     

Multiscale Creep Compliance of Epoxy Networks at Elevated Temperatures

Epoxy networks are thermoset polymers for which an important structural length scale, molecular weight between crosslinks (M _c), influences physical and mechanical properties. In the present work, creep compliance was measured for three aliphatic epoxy networks of differing M _c using both macroscale torsion and microscale depth-sensing indentation at temperatures of 25 and 55°C. Analytical relations were used to compute creep compliance (J(t)) for each approach; similar results were observed for the two techniques at 25°C, but not at 55°C. Although creep compliance measurement differed at elevated temperatures, there were clear correlations between M _c, glass transition temperature, T _g, and the observed time-dependent mechanical behavior via both techniques at 55°C, but these correlations could not be seen at 25°C. This work demonstrates the capacity of depth-sensing indentation to differentiate among epoxy networks of differing structural configurations via J(t) for small material volumes at elevated temperatures.     

An indentation technique for estimating the energy density as fracture toughness with Berkovich indenter for ductile bulk materials

A technique is proposed to estimate the energy density as fracture toughness for ductile bulk materials with an indentation system equipped with a Berkovich indenter based on the theory of plastic deformation energy transforming into the indentation energy of fracture. With progressive increase of penetration loads, the material damage is exhibited on the effective elastic modulus. A quadratic polynomial relationship between the plastic penetration depth and penetration load, and an approximate linear relationship between logarithmic plastic penetration depth and logarithmic effective elastic modulus are exhibited by indentation investigation with Berkovich indenter. The parameter of damage variable is proposed to determine the critical effective elastic modulus at the fracture point. And the strain energy density factor is calculated according to the equations of penetration load, plastic penetration depth and effective elastic modulus. The fracture toughness of aluminum alloy and stainless steel are evaluated by both indentation tests and K_IC fracture toughness tests. The predicted S_cr values of indentation tests are in good agreement with experimental results of CT tests.     

硅晶体纳米压痕试验与应力场分析

采用纳米压入法测量了4种硅晶体的微压痕特性,讨论了加载过程与卸载过程的特征,分析了硅晶体的纳米压入测量结果,同时计算了硅晶体中的应力分布,计算结果表明,剪应力为硅晶体微薄片剥落失效的原因。     

Synthesis and characterization of PMMA/Al2O3 composite particles by in situ emulsion polymerization

In order to improve its dispersibility, superfine alumina （A1203） was encapsulated with poly（methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） by in situ emulsion polymerization. It was found that only when the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） was much higher than its critical micelle concentration, could PMMA/Al2O3 composite particles with high percentage of grafting （PG） be prepared. The same results were obtained between the experimental and stoichiometric amounts of tris（dodecylbenzenesulfonate） isopropoxide （NDZ）, indicating that single-molecule-layer adsorption had taken place between NDZ and Al2O3. Analysis using FTIR, TEM and XPS showed that PMMA/Al2O3 composite particles with core-shell structure had been successfully synthesized by in situ emulsion polymerization. Compared to Al2O3, thermal stability and dispersibility of the composite particles showed marked improvement.     

球形WC增强铁基复合等离子堆焊层的组织与摩擦学性能

为提高304不锈钢的摩擦学性能,将质量分数为30%和60%的球形WC添加到铁基复合粉末,采用等离子堆焊技术在其表面制备了WC增强铁基复合涂层.分析其显微组织结构、物相和显微硬度,在恒定载荷(50 N)和滑动速度(20 mm/s)下进行干摩擦磨损试验,研究其干滑动摩擦学性能.结果表明:富含Cr的固溶强化奥氏体、高硬度的Cr7C3和WC增强相的存在,提高了WC增强铁基堆焊层的硬度,30%WC和60%WC涂层的显微硬度达到HV0.2665和HV0.2724,比铁基涂层提高了21.1%和31.9%,是304基体的3.7和4倍;30%WC和60%WC涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率分别为0.59和2.639×10~(–6) mm~3·N~(–1)·m~(–1),0.42和1.111×10~(–6) mm~3·N~(–1)·m~(–1).30%WC和60%WC涂层均表现出优异的耐磨性能,其磨损机理分别为黏着磨损和二体磨粒磨损的混合机制,和三体磨粒磨损.