基于课程标准的教学目标叙写研究——高中化学“离子反应”为例

简述了教师制订教学目标时可能存在的问题,介绍了基于课程标准的教学目标叙写程序和方法,包括厘清内容标准与课时目标的相互关系、内容标准具体化、内容标准分析、叙写目标的方法等,并提供了"离子反应"案例;阐明了教学目标叙写研究的意义。     

发展高中生有机物化学性质核心概念理解的研究——“卤代烃”教学案例

在"卤代烃"的教学中,基于探查学生的迷思概念,采用在教师引导下进行实验探究的策略,发展高中生有机物化学性质核心概念的理解能力。主要介绍教学内容分析、核心概念分析、学生情况分析、教学目标、教学过程和教学效果评价等。     

基于课程标准的教学——以常见阴、阳离子的检验为例

以常见的阴、阳离子的检验为例，研究了如何实施基于标准的教学。校本教材的开发为标准、教材、教学、评价的一致性提供保障；以学生应知的和能做的驱动课堂活动；根据达成标准应有怎样的质量表现，试卷编制先于教学设计。课堂上，“教”“学”双方都明确学习目标，教师提供多种策略来满足学生多样的学习需要，如提供工具，搭建脚手架，并以“微”研究性学习的方式展开教学，给学生提供了充分的进步空间。     

从课程标准到单元学习目标*——以化学学习单元设计为例

将课程标准转化为学习目标是进行单元设计的核心问题。基于北京市十一学校化学学科在不同化学学习模块中的单元教学实践,总结了将课程标准转化为学习目标的通用策略,包括基于课程标准的关键词解构,基于核心素养的单元核心重构,基于单元学习任务的学习者目标的转化,以及学习迁移和学习建构的互补。这一方法对于化学学科不同模块下的学习单元设计乃至其他学科都具有一定的通用性。     

初中化学青年教师常态课教学课例研究* ——基于弗兰德斯互动分析系统

弗兰德斯互动分析系统可以量化课堂教学中的语言行为。以初中化学一节常态课为研究课例,基于弗兰德斯互动分析系统,结合教师他评和自评,从教学目标、教学内容、教学过程和教学效果等4方面进行了全面的分析与评价,并根据评价结果,针对教学目标制订、有效提问、科学的课堂语言结构的营造以及实验探究的实施等提出了可行性的有效策略,从而为青年教师通过教学实践来促进个人专业发展提供依据。     

元素周期律复习教学中认识模型建构的有效策略

探查了元素周期律复习教学中认识模型构建的有效策略。从学生对于元素周期律的学后障碍点及相应的发展核心入手,在北京市选择了2所学生水平不同的学校分别进行了2课时的元素周期律复习教学。教学过程中基于学生认识发展的核心,选取了不同的模型构建组织策略,通过进阶式的教学任务对元素周期律的“位置-结构-性质”认识模型和物质性质的认识模型进行了构建。在问卷测查以及将本研究授课效果与常规授课进行对比后,证明并提炼了基于模型构建的元素周期律复习教学的有效策略。     

基于化学学科理解的“化学平衡常数”教学设计与实施研究*

基于化学学科理解,凝练了化学平衡主题的学科本原性问题,抽提了认识视角,建构了概念的层级结构。从教学目标和教学思路、教学实施、学生收获、教师反思及专家评价等方面,系统呈现了基于化学学科理解的“素养为本”的课堂教学研究过程。     

论基于学科观念的化学概念教学——以离子反应教学设计为案例

就“概念教学”对学生的重要意义及现状,指出化学概念教学的惯有误区和常用方法。以“离子反应”教学设计为案例,论基于培养学生学科观念的概念教学之要义、注意事项及相关策略。     

化学类专业课程思政要素与途径的探索和实践

探讨了化学类专业课程思政要素、教学方法和途径,提出了“六维度、四构建”思政教学策略。从化学中的哲学思想、化学的价值观、化学科学精神、化学思维方法、化学伦理、化学文化“六维度”确定化学类专业课程思政要素;以教学目标创建为基础、教学内容和教学资源重构为重点、教学方法构建为关键、成绩评定体系建立为保障的“四构建”系统设计课程思政的教学方法和途径。基于“六维度、四构建”课程思政策略,对无机及分析化学课程进行了教学实践。实施结果表明,这些策略能有效提高课程育人的针对性和有效性,为高校同类课程思政建设提供一个可借鉴的思路和模式。     

化学学科理解视域下的教材单元整体备课*

基于学科理解进行单元整体备课,是教师把握学科知识体系、提升教学设计的站位、实现“素养为本”教学的重要基础。化学学科理解视域下的教材单元整体备课内容主要是对教材内容逻辑顺序与认识思路结构化的系统梳理,确定单元总体与课时教学目标,挖掘教材单元内容所内隐的学科核心素养与教育教学价值,对教学内容、策略进行重构与设计等。对课程标准进行解读理解和对不同教材版本相关内容进行比较整合是提升教材单元整体备课质量的有效途径。     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemical study of aliphatic and phenyl-substituted geminal diacetates

The standard enthalpies of combustion _c H ^o of aliphatic diacetates1 and aromatic diacetates2 were measured calorimetrically. The enthalpies of vaporization _vap H ^o or sublimation _sub H ^o of1 and2 were obtained from the temperature function of the vapor pressure measured in a flow system. From _f H ^o(g) of1 and2 new values of group increments for the estimation of standard enthalpies of formation of these classes of compounds were derived. The geminal interaction energy between the geminal acyloxy groups shows no anomeric stabilization.Geminal Substituent Effects, Part 12, for part 11 see Ref. 7.     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

Relation between characteristic adsorption energy and internal pressure in the theory of volume filling of micropores

An equation for the internal pressure acting on an adsorbate in micropores was obtained on the basis of the assumption that the chemical potential of an adsorbate in micropores is equal to that in an equilibrium gas phase and using the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation. The empirical relation between the characteristic adsorption energy and the half width of pores was expressed in terms of internal pressure and diameter of adsorbate molecules. The two-dimensional pressure was calculated for micropores with plane-parallel walls, where the width of a micropore coincides with the diameter of an adsorbate molecule. The results obtained were compared with the two-dimensional pressure of a monolayer on a free planar surface for an adsorbate and adsorbent of the same nature.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1928–1930, October, 1995.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

STUDIES ON THE REACTIVITY PATTERNS OF HETEROCYCLICS IN AQUEOUS DMSO‐INTERACTION BETWEEN POSITIVE END OF SULFOXIDE DIPOLE AND LONE PAIR ON RING NITROGEN IN PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES

Abstract

The signals for the α, β, and γ protons of pyridine exhibit a downfield shift in DMSO-d₆, compared to CCl₄ as solvent, the order being γ > β > α. This is attributed to an interaction between the positive end of the DMSO dipole and the lone pair of electrons on the ring nitrogen. This effect is also reflected in the faster rate of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl isonicotinate over ethyl nicotinate and ethyl picolinate in aqueous DMSO relative to aqueous ethanol. Similar solvent effects are also observed in the pmr spectrum of pyrazine.     

Protonation of leucoemeraldine in the solid state and in solution

The protonation of leucoemeraldine in power form and in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solution by HCIO₄ and HBF₄ has been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy. In powder form, less than 25% of the amine nitrogens can be protonated in the absence of oxygen. The effects of oxygen on the degree of protonation and the distribution of amine and imine units upon deprotonation of the salt are investigated. The degree of protonation in leuccemeraldine can be increased to about 50% with 3 M HCIO₄, similar to that achievable with emeraldine base in powder form. In NMP solution, leucoemeraldine is easily oxidized by dissolved oxygen. Protonation of both leucoemeraldine and emeraldine base in NMP solutions results in metastable species which gradually undergo deprotonation. The resulting products are affected by the O₂ content of the solutions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

钾明矾溶液水解度计算公式

根据盐类水解关系式和水的离子积计算公式,建立了计算盐类水解度和水解产物离解常数的完全方程式。计算值同实验值比较,钾明矾溶液水解度平均偏差为0.6％,离解常数pK_b=11.6±0.1,水的离子积pK_w平均偏差小于0.06,从而改进了苏联的计算公式。     

碳量子点上转换材料的制备及其应用研究进展

碳量子点(CQD)具有化学惰性,生物相容性和低毒性等优势,可能在能源、生物医药等领域得到广泛的应用. CQD可通过表面被聚合物(例如PEG)钝化而表现出很强的光致发光特性.在生物成像,疾病检测和药物输送中使用表面钝化后的功能化生物分子更为有效.并且碳材料由于其优异的电化学性能还展现出在催化、电子器件等许多领域广泛的应用前景.我们将对近年来碳量子点发光材料的研究进行总结,并讨论碳量子点在能源、环境和其他一些领域的应用.