三腔整管RKA相位的理论与模拟的比较分析

首先采用运动学理论和空间电荷波理论推出了计算中间腔间隙入口处调制电流相位的经验公式。采用调制电子束激励中间腔的非线性理论估算中间腔和输出腔间隙电压的幅度和相位,并提出了估算输出腔间隙入口处调制电流相位的经验公式。采用这些理论和二维粒子模拟比较了中间腔和输出腔间隙入口处调制电流相位、中间腔和输出腔间隙电压相位。中间腔和输出间隙入口处调制电流相位误差为2.627°(模型1)和3.857°(模型2)。中间腔间隙电压幅度的相对误差是1.47%,输出腔幅度的相对误差是5.42%,中间腔相位的误差是4.017°(模型2)和5.427°(模型3),输出腔的相位的误差是12.32°。最后根据二维粒子模拟得出了三种模型调制电流的相位与距离的关系。相关理论计算结果与2D的PIC模拟结果进行了比对,验证了理论估算结果的可信度。     

Numerical study on the splitting of a vapor bubble in the ultrasonic assisted EDM process with the curved tool and workpiece

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a powerful and modern method of machining. In the EDM process, a vapor bubble is generated between the tool and the workpiece in the dielectric liquid due to an electrical discharge. In this process dynamic behavior of the vapor bubble affects machining process. Vibration of the tool surface affects bubble behavior and consequently affects material removal rate (MRR). In this paper, dynamic behavior of the vapor bubble in an ultrasonic assisted EDM process after the appearance of the necking phenomenon is investigated. It is noteworthy that necking phenomenon occurs when the bubble takes the shape of an hour-glass. After the appearance of the necking phenomenon, the vapor bubble splits into two parts and two liquid jets are developed on the boundaries of the upper and lower parts of the vapor bubble. The liquid jet developed on the upper part of the bubble impinges to the tool and the liquid jet developed on the lower part of the bubble impinges to the workpiece. These liquid jets cause evacuation of debris from the gap between the tool and the workpiece and also cause erosion of the workpiece and the tool. Curved tool and workpiece affect the shape and the velocity of the liquid jets during splitting of the vapor bubble. In this paper dynamics of the vapor bubble after its splitting near the curved tool and workpiece is investigated in three cases. In the first case surfaces of the tool and the workpiece are flat, in the second case surfaces of the tool and the workpiece are convex and in the third case surfaces of the tool and workpiece are concave. Numerical results show that in the third case, the velocity of liquid jets which are developed on the boundaries of the upper and lower parts of the vapor bubble after its splitting have the highest magnitude and their shape are broader than the other cases.     

采用AVR控制器的GPS授时与定位装置的设计与制作

本文以解析GPS的时间信息和位置信息为目标,通过使用嵌入式GPS模块和AVR控制器,设计和制作GPS授时与定位装置,实现时间信息和位置信息的解析和显示等问题。本文首先给出了基于GPS模块和AVR控制器的授时与定位装置的整体构架,然后对各个部分的 硬件进行详细设计,给出了硬件设计电路和软件设计框图。最后对所设计的基于GPS模块和AVR控制器的授时与定位装置进行实物制作,证明了设计内容的正确性和可行性,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding and Proton Transfer in the Ground and Lowest Excited Singlet States of the Ethyl Esters of 1- and 2-naphthoic Acid

The absorption spectra of ethyl 1-naphthoate in hexane and in water demonstrate normal dependences upon solvent hydrogen bonding and polarity properties while the absorption spectra of 1-naphthoic acid do not. This is attributed to inhibition of conjugation by steric interference between the carbethoxy group of the ester or the hydrated carboxyl group of the acid and the peri-hydrogen atom of the naphthalene ring in the 5-position, in the ground electronic state. The anomalous fluorimetric titration characteristics of the 1- and 2- naphthoic esters and of 1-naphthoic acid are attributed to hydrogen bonded exciplex formation in the lowest excited singlet state.

In a recent study of the solvent and acidity dependences of the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of 1- and 2-naphthoic acid (1) several phenomena were observed which were rather unusual and whose explanations were beyond the scope of the previous study. Among these were 1) the red shift of the absorption spectra upon going from water to hexane media and 2) the destruction of the conjugate relationship between the excited acidium cations and neutral molecules of the 1-isomer as evidenced by the fluorimetric titrations of these species occurring in different pH regions In order to more closely examine these phenomena and perhaps to explain them in terms of the interactions of the protonated and neutral car box y groups with the solvent and the naphthalene ring, the present study of the lectronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of the ethyl esters of 1- and 2-naphthoic acid was undertaken.     

Optical Spectroscopy and the Structure of Polyfunctional Hydrocarbon Compounds and Oil Products

The optical and physicochemical properties associated with the change (oxidation, thermolysis and photolysis), during the operation, of the spatial and electronic structures of the polyfunctional hydrocarbon compounds, oils, oil products, and N-, O-, and S-containing heteroaromatic compounds and additives, which comprise a variety of fuel and lubricant compositions involved in the structural and phase rearrangements, as well as in the formation of colloidal and micelle aggregates altering the structure with respect to their hydrocarbon, chemical, and fractional compositions, are investigated. The spectroscopic-luminescent properties of the compounds and their ion-radical forms were studied using optical and spectroscopic methods and quantum-chemical calculations when the excitation energy in the full spectra of singlet and triplet (for the ion, quartet and doublet) electronic excited states was deactivated. Intramolecular mechanisms of the hyperfine electron–nucleus interaction between the active groups of quasi-oscillators in the structure of polyfunctional compounds in the paramagnetic states of hydrocarbons, which form the electronic structure of the triplet–triplet transitions induced by pumping in the optical absorption spectra, are studied. It is shown that the mechanism of multistep ionization, fragmentation, and appearance of radicals and the electronic-vibrational mechanism of an increase in the vibration temperature up to T = 6000–7000 K are developed during the action of the ultraviolet (UV) pumping pulse of a nanosecond duration until the light emission, which gives rise to thermolysis and recombination that create the conditions for the combustion and explosion when the excitation energy is localized on a limited number of groups of quasi-oscillators in the structure.     

某机载惯导设备原位测试仪设计

针对某机载惯导设备在外场的测试需求,设计了以PC-104为显示、控制和数据处理核心,并扩展程控数字表、多通道矩阵板,构建了原位测试仪的硬件电路。根据系统的功能要求和硬件电路特性,利用LabWindows/CVI虚拟仪器平台编制了人机接口界面和测试程序,控制硬件电路对某惯导设备的静态电阻和在线电压进行测试,并接收、分析、处理惯导原位工作时输出的实时串行数据,完成对惯导设备的静态测试和动态性能监测,实现对某机载惯导设备原位测试过程的自动化和测试结果管理的智能化,提高了测试效率和测试精度。该仪器通过改变或控制测试仪器的类别,可实现对多路信号多种性能指标的测试。应用结果表明,该测试仪具有性能稳定、操作简便、应用领域广、通用性强等特点。     

Features and states of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum-mechanics systems

In this paper, we present the elementary principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics (NLQM), which is based on some problems in quantum mechanics. We investigate in detail the motion laws and some main properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum systems using these elementary principles. Concretely speaking, we study in this paper the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation, the stability of microscopic particles described by NLQM, invariances and conservation laws of motion of particles, the Hamiltonian principle of particle motion and corresponding Lagrangian and Hamilton equations, the classical rule of microscopic particle motion, the mechanism and rules of particle collision, the features of reflection and the transmission of particles at interfaces, and the uncertainty relation of particle motion as well as the eigenvalue and eigenequations of particles, and so on. We obtained the invariance and conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum and angular momentum for the microscopic particles, which are also some elementary and universal laws of matter in the NLQM and give further the methods and ways of solving the above questions. We also find that the laws of motion of microscopic particles in such a case are completely different from that in the linear quantum mechanics (LQM). They have a lot of new properties; for example, the particles possess the real wave-corpuscle duality, obey the classical rule of motion and conservation laws of energy, momentum and mass, satisfy minimum uncertainty relation, can be localized due to the nonlinear interaction, and its position and momentum can also be determined, etc. From these studies, we see clearly that rules and features of microscopic particle motion in NLQM is different from that in LQM. Therefore, the NLQM is a new physical theory, and a necessary result of the development of quantum mechanics and has a correct representation of describing microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve problems disputed for about a century by scientists in the LQM field. Hence, the NLQM built is very necessary and correct. The NLQM established can promote the development of physics and can enhance and raise the knowledge and recognition levels to the essences of microscopic matter. We can predict that nonlinear quantum mechanics has extensive applications in physics, chemistry, biology and polymers, etc.      

Features and states of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum-mechanics systems

In this paper, we present the elementary principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics (NLQM), which is based on some problems in quantum mechanics. We investigate in detail the motion laws and some main properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum systems using these elementary principles. Concretely speaking, we study in this paper the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the stability of microscopic particles described by NLQM, invariances and conservation laws of motion of particles, the Hamiltonian principle of particle motion and corresponding Lagrangian and Hamilton equations, the classical rule of microscopic particle motion, the mechanism and rules of particle collision, the features of reflection and the transmission of particles at interfaces, and the uncertainty relation of particle motion as well as the eigenvalue and eigenequations of particles, and so on. We obtained the invariance and conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum and angular momentum for the microscopic particles, which are also some elementary and universal laws of matter in the NLQM and give further the methods and ways of solving the above questions. We also find that the laws of motion of microscopic particles in such a case are completely different from that in the linear quantum mechanics (LQM). They have a lot of new properties; for example, the particles possess the real wave-corpuscle duality, obey the classical rule of motion and conservation laws of energy,momentum and mass, satisfy minimum uncertainty relation, can be localized due to the nonlinear interaction, and its position and momentum can also be determined, etc. From these studies, we see clearly that rules and features of microscopic particle motion in NLQM is different from that in LQM. Therefore, the NLQM is a new physical theory, and a necessary result of the development of quantum mechanics and has a correct representation of describing microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve problems disputed for about a century by scientists in the LQM field. Hence, the NLQM built is very necessary and correct. The NLQM established can promote the development of physics and can enhance and raise the knowledge and recognition levels to the essences of microscopic matter. We can predict that nonlinear quantum mechanics has extensive applications in physics, chemistry, biology and polymers, etc.     

钢丝绳在线非接触测长系统研究

钢丝绳成品长度是供货合同的重要指标,与经济效益、企业信誉息息相关。针对在线钢丝绳纹理变化特点,提出一种基于线结构光的非接触测长系统,通过比较钢丝绳在不同时刻,不同位置的线结构光投射条纹图像的相似性,间接测量绳长。对投射条纹提取、条纹相似性度量等关键算法进行了阐述。实验证明,系统解决了传统接触测长固有的打滑、磨损等问题,避免了钢绳在线速度变化、捻距误差等因素的影响,具有准确、高效、实时性强的特点。     

Effects of oceanic turbidity and index of refraction of hydrosols on the flux of solar radiation in the atmosphere-ocean system

The effects of the concentration and complex index of refraction of hydrosols on the flux of solar radiation in the atmosphere and ocean have been studied by solving the equation of radiative transfer in model atmosphere-ocean systems. Scattering and absorption by aerosols, hydrosols, air and water molecules, as well as reflection and refraction at the ocean surface, are taken into account by applying the matrix method to the combined atmosphere-ocean system. Nine values of the index of refraction and four values of the concentration are assumed for the hydrosols. The flux of the solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, just above and below the ocean surface, and at several depths in the ocean is calculated in the spectral interval between 0.3 and 0.8 μm. The flux of solar radiation in the atmosphere and ocean is significantly affected by the oceanic turbidity, as well as by the complex index of refraction of hydrosols.     

库仑场对非对称量子点中强耦合极化子声子平均数的影响

采用线性组合算符和幺正变换方法研究库仑场对非对称量子点中强耦合极化子振动频率和声子平均数的影响。导出量子点中强耦合束缚极化子振动频率和声子平均数随量子点的横向和纵向有效受限长度,库仑束缚势和电子-声子耦合强度的变化关系。数值计算结果表明:非对称量子点中强耦合束缚极化子的振动频率和声子平均数随量子点的横向和纵向有效受限长度的减小而迅速增大。随库仑束缚势和电子-声子耦合强度的增加而增大。     

多层石墨烯纳米带光电探测器理论与性能分析

多层石墨烯具有超宽的光谱吸收范围及独特的光电性能,是制作下一代光电探测器件的理想材料。以石墨烯的带间隧穿理论为基础,提出了一个多层石墨烯纳米带结构的光电探测器模型,纳米带的两端与源极和漏极相连,夹在半导体基质和上下栅极之间。利用这个模型,建立了多层石墨烯纳米带探测器的光电转换机制,讨论了上栅极电压不同时探测器的工作原理,研究了源-漏极间光电流及暗电流与入射光能量的关系,探讨了探测器的偏置电压,耗尽层长度以及带隙取值对暗电流的影响,并分析了不同参数下探测器响应率以及探测率随入射光能量的变化关系。结果表明,探测器的响应率随纳米带层数的增加而增加,受带隙,耗尽层长度和偏置电压的影响,最大的响应率约为103 A·W-1; 通过限制上栅压,带隙等变量可以控制系统暗电流,增大探测器的探测率,最高探测率约为109 cm·Hz1/2·W-1。多层石墨烯纳米带结构可以增强探测器对入射光的吸收,提高探测器的灵敏度以及对弱光的探测能力,实现对太赫兹到远红外波段入射光的有效探测,探测性能远高于许多量子结构和窄带半导体结构的光电探测器。     

Interrelation between magnetic and structural phases in La<Subscript>1−<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Sr<Subscript>x</Subscript>MnO<Subscript>3</Subscript> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>=0.175) manganite single crystal

Investigation of the temperature and magnetic-field dependences of the electrical conductivity and the velocity and damping of the transverse ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 770 MHz revealed the temperature and magnetic hysteresises of the elastic parameters and the electrical resistivity. This is explained by the influence of magnetization on the structural phase transition in a manganite sample. The two-phase crystal structure influences the magnetization process and the behavior of resistivity in the vicinity of the concentrational intersection of the magnetic and structural phase transitions.     

A Molecular Dynamical Theory of Ultraweak Bio－photon Emission in the LivingSystems and Its Propertes（1）

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Alterations induced by the juvenile hormone in glandular cells of the Apis mellifera venom gland: applications on newly emerged workers (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Histological and histochemical analyses were carried out in order to evaluate the influence of the topical application of a synthetic juvenile hormone on the secretory cycle and degeneration of the venom gland of Apis mellifera. Newly emerged workers received the topical application of synthetic hormone and the results were compared to the normal development of the secretory cycle in virgin and mated queens. The first worker group received the juvenile hormone diluted in hexane (2 microg/microL), the second received only 1 microL of hexane, and the third did not receive any kind of application. After the application the workers were returned to the colony and collected at the ages of 14 and 25 days of adult life. The groups with virgin queens and the other with mated queens, did not receive the treatment. The results show that the individuals treated with juvenile hormone and with pure hexane presented differences in the histological and cytochemical aspects of the secretory cells of the venom gland. The data indicate that both the juvenile hormone and hexane accelerate the activity of the secretory cycle and the degeneration of the venom gland; however, the juvenile hormone proved to be more effective than hexane.     

近红外光谱谱线特性对物质浓度分析误差影响的研究

为解决近红外光谱法分析物质浓度过程中缺乏可测度分析而导致测量过程存在一定盲目性问题,研究在已知测量条件、样品种类、被测组分以及建模分析方法的条件下,利用近红外光谱谱线特性作为参数,在大量样品近红外光谱采集和标准法测得浓度数据等工作前,对被测物质浓度的分析误差做大致估算。经过大量尝试和试验提出等效信噪比（ESNR）和谱线重叠系数（OC）两个重要参数,其中ESNR反映待测组分吸光度占总吸光度的比重,而OC则反映待测组分近红外光谱曲线间的重叠程度。通过理论仿真得到光谱分析中用经典的偏最小二乘回归建立定量分析模型时谱线特性与物质浓度分析误差的关系,分别计算ESNR和OC与被测组分浓度分析误差（RMSE）的关系,并且研究两个谱线参数的独立性。利用理论分析得到结果对浓度为8%~12%乙醇水溶液进行可测度分析,并与近红外光谱法分析的实际结果进行比较。研究通过理论仿真得到使用光谱分析中经典的偏最小二乘回归建立定量分析模型时谱线特性与物质浓度分析误差的关系,其中ESNR与RMSE成反比关系,而OC与被测组分分析误差成非线性的单调关系,并且验证了ESNR和OC两个参数的独立性。通过理论计算和乙醇水溶液近红外光谱检测实验对等效信噪比和谱线重叠系数与光谱分析浓度误差的定量关系进行讨论,通过理论分析得到的乙醇浓度RMSE预估值为0.30%,近红外光谱分析实际RMSE为0.32%,相对误差6.67%,二者结果相符。实现了在测量条件、样品种类、被测组分以及建模分析方法已知的条件下基于近红外光谱分析的待测组分含量理论误差的定量计算和实验验证。该研究明确了对近红外光谱法分析物质浓度有明确定量关系的两个谱线参数,给出了使用光谱分析中经典的偏最小二乘回归建立定量分析模型时的分析误差经验曲线,以及利用曲线进行近红外光谱法待测组分浓度可测度分析方法。结果表明所提出的ESNR和OC两个谱线特性参数的有效性,以及分析误差预估方法的有效性。为近红外光谱法待测组分浓度定量分析提供了有效、快捷的预估方法,完善了近红外光谱法成分含量可测度分析理论,对近红外光谱法物质浓度定量分析研究具有一定指导意义。     

卷积神经网络和近红外光谱的土壤pH值预测

土壤pH值是影响土壤养分转化和土壤肥力的关键因素,使用近红外光谱技术对土壤pH值进行检测可为土壤资源的开发利用提供重要依据。卷积神经网络作为深度学习在人工智能方面的典型算法,由于其结构具备“局部感知,权值共享”的能力,因此不仅能够对复杂的光谱数据进行特征抽取,还能够减少网络的训练参数,提高网络的运算效率。将卷积神经网络用于近红外光谱的建模分析,并提出一种基于一维卷积的卷积神经网络和近红外光谱的土壤pH值预测方法。网络由Python语言调用Tensorflow工具包搭建而成,其结构由输入层、卷积层、池化层以及全连接层四部分组成。以欧洲统计局在2008年-2012年开展的土地利用及覆盖面积统计调查所收集的矿物质土壤光谱样本数据集为研究对象,为消除光谱中存在的基线漂移,提高信噪比,对原始可见光近红外光谱（400～2 500 nm）进行一阶导数和Savitzky-Golay平滑处理。在模型训练过程中,随机选取15 000个样本作为训练集,剩余的2 272个样本作为测试集,探讨不同的卷积层个数及训练迭代次数对模型性能的影响,并采用ReLU激活函数及Adam优化器防止模型出现梯度消失现象,提高模型的稳定性,之后通过分析模型的拟合优度和运算成本确定模型的最佳性能,最后将网络模型与传统的BP和PLSR模型进行对比。结果显示,当模型迭代次数为2 500次,卷积层个数为4层时,模型达到最佳状态,模型对训练集的均方误差从1.898降到了0.097;模型对测试集的拟合优度为0.909,分别比BP和PLSR模型高0.117和0.218。使用卷积神经网络可以对土壤近红外光谱的内部特征信息进行抽取,从而实现对大面积土壤pH值的高效准确预测。CNNR模型可对农作物的合理栽种及精准施肥提供指导,从而达到土壤结构稳定和可持续发展的目的。基于卷积神经网络的近红外光谱回归方法也可以推广到其他土壤信息研究。     

晶格热振动对准二维强耦合极化子有效质量的影响

采用Tokuda改变的线性组合算符法和改进的LLP变分法，研究了晶格热振动对无限势垒量子阱中电子与界面光学声子强耦合、与体纵光学声子弱耦合系统的影响，推导出作为阱宽和温度函数的极化子有效质量的表达式. 尤其得到了量子阱中极化子的振动频率及其随阱宽和温度变化的规律. 对KI/AgCl/KI量子阱进行了数值计算，结果表明，极化子的振动频率和有效质量随阱宽的增加而减小、随温度的升高而减小，但不同支声子与电子相互作用对极化子的振动频率和有效质量的贡献以及它们随阱宽和温度的变化情况大不相同. 关键词： 量子阱 强耦合极化子 振动频率 有效质量 温度依赖性     

Ultrasonic evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of granites

Masonry is the oldest building material that survived until today, being used all over the world and being present in the most impressive historical structures as an evidence of spirit of enterprise of ancient cultures. Conservation, rehabilitation and strengthening of the built heritage and protection of human lives are clear demands of modern societies. In this process, the use of nondestructive methods has become much common in the diagnosis of structural integrity of masonry elements.With respect to the evaluation of the stone condition, the ultrasonic pulse velocity is a simple and economical tool. Thus, the central issue of the present paper concerns the evaluation of the suitability of the ultrasonic pulse velocity method for describing the mechanical and physical properties of granites (range size between 0.1-4.0 mm and 0.3-16.5 mm) and for the assessment of its weathering state. The mechanical properties encompass the compressive and tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, and the physical properties include the density and porosity. For this purpose, measurements of the longitudinal ultrasonic pulse velocity with distinct natural frequency of the transducers were carried out on specimens with different size and shape. A discussion of the factors that induce variations on the ultrasonic velocity is also provided.Additionally, statistical correlations between ultrasonic pulse velocity and mechanical and physical properties of granites are presented and discussed. The major output of the work is the confirmation that ultrasonic pulse velocity can be effectively used as a simple and economical nondestructive method for a preliminary prediction of mechanical and physical properties, as well as a tool for the assessment of the weathering changes of granites that occur during the serviceable life. This is of much interest due to the usual difficulties in removing specimens for mechanical characterization.     

与地理环境相关的中国铁路客运网拓扑结构

以中国铁路车站作为“节点”,每辆列车经过的相邻两个停靠车站之间连接一条“边”,构成有方向有权重的中国铁路客运网.首先研究了该网络的拓扑结构,包括连接度、聚集系数、最短路径和强度,结果表明中国铁路客运网的连接度分布,强度分布都是介于指数分布和幂率分布之间,是一个具有小世界性质的阶层网络.修建铁路需考虑人口分布,行政区域等因素.铁路固定设施成本高,修建完成后很难做变动,因此需考虑诸多空间地理环境对中国铁路客运网的影响,如站点的连接度和站点的相连站点之间的平均行驶距离之间的关系、车站的分布密度与人口密度的关系, 关键词： 铁路客运网 拓扑统计 小世界 地理环境