一类新型四酰胺杯[4]氮杂冠醚的合成及阴离子识别研究

合成了一类新型四酰胺杯[4]氮杂冠醚（4a，4b），其结构经~1H NMR、质谱及 元素分析证实。用紫外可见光谱研究了主体与阴离子之间的相互作用，并计算出其 配合常数。结果表明，四酰胺杯[4]氮杂冠醚（4a，4b）对四面体型阴离子（p - O_2GC_6OPO_3~2_4）没有识别性能，而对平面型阴离子（p - O_2NC_6H_4O）有较 好地选择性识别性能，且主客体间形成1：1配合物。     

A novel C3v-symmetrical calix[6](aza)cryptand with a remarkably high and selective affinity for small ammoniums

The three-step synthesis of a calix[6]arene capped with a TAC unit is presented. The novel C(3v)-symmetrical calix[6](aza)cryptand displayed an exceptionally high affinity for small ammoniums. NMR and X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrated the formation of endo-complexes. These complexes are stabilized thanks to (i) hydrogen bonding to both the aza cap and one phenolic unit of the calixarene and to (ii) cationic and CH-pi interactions between the ammonium and the aromatic walls of the host. Combined extraction and competitive binding experiments yielded the free energies of bindings DeltaG degrees in chloroform. The values are the highest ever obtained with a calixarene-type host. Calix[6]TAC displayed the best affinity for EtNH(3)(+). Comparison with other small ammoniums emphasizes the high selectivity of the recognition process.     

Synthesis and nitration of calix[4] (aza)crowns

Calix[4] (aza) crowns containing amide groups 3a-d were synthesized by the reactions of calix[4]arene (1a) or p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (1b) with N, N'-ethylenebis(2-chloroac-etamide) (2a) or N, N'-1,2-phenylenebis(2-chloroacetamide) (2b) by one step procedure in yields of 85-90% . Calix[4]-(aza) crowns 4a-b could be obtained by the reduction of 3a-b with LiAlH4 in yields of 51 and 67% , respectively. The nitration of 3a or 3c afforded new chromogenic calix[4]arenes 5a bearing two nitrophenol moieties and 5c bearing one nitro-phenol and one quinone moiety, respectively. The ipso-nitrations of 3b and 3d were also studied. Both gave the products containing one nitrophenol and one quinone moiety. Moreover, a very interesting calix[4]arene derivative 5d containing one cyclohexadienone moiety was also separated as the main product when 3d was ipso -nitrated.     

Synthesis and structure characterization of novel calix[4]（aza）crown derivatives

Three novel calix[4](aza)crown deravatives have been synthesized,including a new [2]pseudorotaxane in which calix[4]- azacrown behaves as a stopper,a novel‘tren’type calix[4]azacrown and a novel‘spiro’type calix[4]azacrown containing morpholine unit.The structures of these compounds have been confirmed by NMR and MS.     

First C3v-symmetrical calix[6](aza)crown

The first C(3v)-symmetrical calix[6](aza)crown 8 has been obtained in five steps from X(6)H(3)Me(3) 3. The key-step introduction of the triple bridge at the small rim has been achieved through reaction of a tris-arylsulfonamide derivative of tren 1 and tris-tosylcalix[6]arene 6. A (1)H NMR study has shown that the tripodal cap rigidifies the whole edifice, preventing ring inversion and constraining the calixarene core in a straight cone conformation.     

Solvation of Calix[4]arene-bis-crown-6 Molecules

Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of calix[4]arene-bis-crown-6 (1) and calix[4]arene-bis-benzocrown-61,2-dichloroethane (2) are reported. Thesestructures offer an opportunity to study the conformation of calix[4]arene-bis-crown-6 molecules in the absence of solvent, and when very weakly solvated. These structures exhibit different conformations of the crown ring, and limited flexibility of the calix[4]arene,but do not show solvent or crown inclusion in the calix[4]arene cavity. Comparisons to similar structures are made, and the implications for cesium binding are discussed.     

Calix[6]pyrrole and hybrid calix[n]furan[m]pyrroles (n+m=6): syntheses and host-guest chemistry

Calix[6]pyrrole 2 and the "hybrid systems" calix[3]furan[3]pyrrole 12, calix[2]furan[4]pyrrole 13, and calix[1]furan[5]pyrrole 14, have been synthesized by increasing conversion of the furan units present in the readily accessible calix[6]furan 3 to pyrroles. The host-guest chemistry of these novel macrocycles towards a number of anions, including halogen ions, dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen sulfate, nitrate, and cyanide has been investigated in solution by (1)H NMR titration techniques and/or phase transfer experiments. The solid-state structures of the free receptors 2, 12, and 13, the 1:1 complexes of calix[6]pyrrole 2 with chloride and bromide, and the 1:1 complex of 14 with chloride are also reported.     

Calix[6]arene‐Based Cascade Complexes of Organic Ion Triplets Stable in a Protic Solvent

Herein we report a D_3h‐symmetric tail‐to‐tail bis‐calix[6]arene 3 featuring two divergent cavities triply connected by ureido linkages. This calix[6]tube was synthesized by a domino Staudinger/aza‐Wittig reaction followed by a macrocyclization reaction. This process also afforded a C_2h‐symmetric isomer that represents a rare example of a self‐threaded rotaxane based on calix[6]arene subunits. The binding properties of 3 have been evaluated by NMR studies. Thus, bis‐calix[6]arene 3 is able to bind simultaneously two neutral ureido guests through an induced‐fit process. The guests are located in the cavities and are recognized through multiple hydrogen‐bonding interactions with the ureido bridges. Host 3 can also simultaneously bind multiple ions and is especially efficient for the complexation of organic ion triplets. The anion is recognized through hydrogen‐bonding interactions at the ureido binding site and is thus located between the two ammonium ions accommodated in the cavities. The resulting [1+1+2] quaternary complexes represent rare examples of cascade complexes with organic cations. These complexes are unique: 1) They are stable even in a markedly protic solvent, 2) the recognition of the ion triplets proceeds in a cooperative way through an induced‐fit process and with a high selectivity, linear cations and doubly charged anions being particularly well recognized, 3) the ions are bound as contact ion triplets thanks to the closeness of the three binding sites, 4) the cationic guests can be exchanged and thus mixed [1+1+1+1] complexes can be obtained, 5) the ureido linkers wrapped around the anion adopt a helical shape and the resulting chirality is sensed by the cations. In other words, bis‐calix[6]arene 3 presents a selective inner tunnel in which multiple guests such as organic ion triplets can be aligned in a cooperative way through induced‐fit processes.     

A study on the synthesis of calix[4 and 6]arenes using alternately arranged phloroglucinols and p-tert-butylphenols

A method for the synthesis of calix[4 and 6]arenes with two or three alternately arranged phloroglucinols and p-tert-butylphenols was studied using "3+1" and "5+1" approaches, compared to a simple one-pot synthesis based on a "1+1" approach. By using Yb(OTf)3 as a catalyst, each calix[4 and 6]arenes was afforded, in an overall yield of 20.7% and 11.8% in the "3+1" and "5+1" approaches, respectively, and 24.6% and 19.9% using a "1+1" approach with chlorobenzene and toluene as refluxing solvents, respectively.     

一锅法合成含两种桥联链的杯[4]双冠醚和双杯[4]冠醚

报道了"一锅法"合成含两种桥联链的新型杯[4]双冠醚和双杯[4]冠醚.杯[4]芳烃先与N,N’-乙撑基-二(2-氯乙酰胺)发生"1+1"缩合反应,然后直接加入三甘醇双对甲苯磺酸酯继续进行"2+2"缩合反应,合成了含两种桥联链的新型双杯[4]冠醚4.按照相似程序,杯[4]芳烃先后与N,N’-乙撑基-二(2-氯乙酰胺)、溴乙酸乙酯和二乙烯三胺反应,得到含两种桥联链的新型杯[4]双冠醚5.化合物5进一步与异硫氰酸苯酯反应合成带硫脲支链的杯[4]双冠醚6.所有新化合物的结构与构象经元素分析、质谱、核磁共振谱等表征证实.     

Synthesis and conformational study of the first triply bridged calix[6]azatubes

[reaction: see text] The first C(3)(v)- and D(3)(h)-symmetrical triply bridged calix[6]azatubes were prepared in good yields from the known 1,3,5-tris-methylated calix[6]arene through an efficient [1 + 1] macrocyclization reaction. A remarkably regioselective hexa ipso-nitration reaction led to a calix[6]azatube substituted at the wide rim in alternate position by tBu and nitro groups. A (1)H NMR study showed that, whereas the parent bis-calix[6]arenes self-include their methoxy groups, thereby closing their inner tube, the nitro-substituted calix[6]azatube undergoes a conformational change with the expulsion of the methoxy groups, hence presenting a three-dimensional structure open for host-guest applications.     

Extraction of copper with p-tert-butyl-calixarenes

The extraction of copper with calixarenes was researched by comparing the results from calix[4]-,calix[6]-and calix[8]-arenes.Hie extraction ability increased as the order:calix [4]-> calix[8]-> calix[6]-arenes,with the binding ratio being 1:1.The extraction mechanism was also discussed,and itsequation Cu(NH3)42 H2L(0)Cu(NH3)4L(0) 2H and the extraction equilibrium constants(Ker)for calix[6]-and calix[8]-arenes were obtained respectively.     

Efficient synthesis and host-guest properties of a new class of calix[6]azacryptands

Two members of a new class of calix[6]azacryptands, namely, calix[6]tampo and calix[6]tamb, have been synthesized through an efficient [1 + 1] macrocyclization reaction--reduction sequence. One of them has been obtained in a remarkably high overall yield from the known X(6)H(3)Me(3). In comparison to all the other calix[6]azacryptands, they possess unique conformational properties since they present a rigidified cone conformation with a partial filling of the cavity by the methoxy groups. In contrast to calix[6]tampo, the fully protonated derivative of calix[6]tamb behaves as a remarkable molecular receptor toward polar neutral guests. NMR studies have shown that the intracavity binding process is governed by a conformational flip of the aromatic walls of the calixarene core.     

Synthetic cation transporters incorporating crown ethers and calixarenes as headgroups and central relays: a comparison of sodium and chloride selectivity

An earlier study showed that a calix[4]arene could function as a central relay unit to form an ion conductance pathway through a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The present study expands the range of compounds from calix[4]arene to calix[6]arene and incorporates them either as central units or as headgroups, substituting one or more diaza-18-crown-6 residues in functioning hydraphiles. Ion release was assayed by detecting either Na(+) or Cl(-) release from phospholipid vesicles. The ion transport activity for calix[4]arenes in either position is modest, but is almost non-existent when calix[6] residues were incorporated either as head groups or central relay units. The poor activity of the calix[6]arenes may result from an inability to penetrate to the midplane of the bilayer or pass entirely through it to form a conductance pathway. The transmembrane "flip-flop" may result from high polarity or steric bulk, or both. A hydraphile incorporating a single -NHCOC(6)H(4)OCH(2)CONH- as a central relay proved to be an excellent Na(+) conductor, but less selective for Cl(-). The fact that this new hydraphile molecule shows selectivity for Na (+) over Cl(-) transport and possesses two secondary amide residues in the central relay suggests a means to control ion selectivity in synthetic ion transporters.     

Unprecedented synthesis of chiral calix[4](aza)crowns and its potent encapsulating methanol

Unprecedented synthesis of chiral (aza)crown ethers of calix[4]arene derivatives bearing a carboxyl amide bridge was described. The synthesis proceeds through condensation of the corresponding dinitriles with optically active 1,2-aminoalcohols,and is catalyzed by the ZnCl2 Lewis acid at elevated temperature in a very efficient one-pot process. The cavity of calix[4](aza)crowns can encapsulate methanol molecules by O—H...π interaction,which has been confirmed by X-ray crystal structures and ESI-MS.     

Design and Syntheses of Novel Calix[4](aza)crowns: Neutral Receptors for α‐Amino Acids

A series of novel calix[4](aza)crowns 2a–2d containing acylhydrazone groups was designed and synthesized via 1+1 condensation of calix[4]‐1,3‐substituted benzaldehyde derivative 1 with bis‐hydrazides in 85–90% yields. They showed good complexation abilities toward α‐amino acids and exhibited complexation selectivity toward tryptophane.     

Poly(vinyl chloride) membrane cesium ion-selective electrodes based on lipophilic calix[6]arene tetraester derivatives

New lipophilic tetraesters of calix[6]arene and calix[6]diquinone are investigated as cesium ion-selective ionophores in poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrodes. For an ion-selective electrode based on calix[6]arene tetraester I, the linear response is 1x10(-6)-1x10(-1) M of Cs(+) concentrations. The selectivity coefficients for cesium ion over alkali, alkaline earth and ammonium ions are determined. The detection limit (log a (Cs (+))=-6.31) and the selectivity coefficient (log k (Cs (+),Rb (+))(pot )=-1.88) are obtained for polymeric membrane electrode containing calix[6]arene tetraester I.     

Dinuclear barium(II) complexes based on a calix[4]arene scaffold as catalysts of acyl transfer

Two novel regioisomeric calix[4]arene derivatives (2 and 3), decorated with two aza[18]crown-6 units at vicinal (1,2) or diagonal (1,3) positions of the upper rim, were synthesized. The catalytic activities of their dinuclear Ba2+ complexes were investigated in the ethanolysis of esters 8-11, endowed with a carboxylate anchoring group. Major results are as follows: 1) the two metal ions in the dinuclear catalysts work together in a cooperative fashion; 2) the vicinal calix[4]arene catalyst 2 is far superior to its diagonal regioisomer 3 in the reactions of all of the investigated esters; and 3) the distance between the carboxylate and ester carbonyl, which increases regularly from 8 to 11, influences reactivity of catalytic ester cleavage in a way that is decidedly suggestive of the importance of a good match between ester size and metal-to-metal distance. However, the superiority of the vicinal catalyst 2 relative to 3 cannot be explained on the basis of the putative match of ester size to intermetal distance, thus providing an indication that additional, still poorly understood effects may contribute significantly to catalytic efficiency.     

Energies of charge transfer and supramolecular interactions of some mono O-substituted calix[6]arenes with [60]fullerene by absorption spectrometric method

Equilibria for the formation of supramolecular complexes of [60]fullerene with a series of mono O-substituted calix[6]arenes, namely: (i) 37-methoxy-38,39,40,41,42-pentahydroxy-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexa(4-tert-butyl)calix[6]arene (1), (ii) 37-allyl-38,39,40,41,42-pentahydroxy-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexa(4-tert-butyl)calix[6]arene (2), (iii) 37-phenacyl-38,39,40,41,42-pentahydroxy-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexa(4-tert-butyl)calix[6]arene (3), (iv) 37-ethylester-38,39,40,41,42-pentahydroxy-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexa(4-tert-butyl)calix[6]arene (4) and (v) 37-benzyl-38,39,40,41,42-pentahydroxy-5,11,17,23,29,35-hexa(4-tert-butyl)calix[6]arene (5) have been studied in CCl4 medium by absorption spectroscopic technique. The stoichiometry has been found to be 1:1 ([60]fullerene:calix[6]arene) in each case. An absorption band due to charge transfer (CT) transition is observed in each case in the visible region. The vertical ionisation potentials (I(D)(v)) of all the calix[6]arenes under study have been estimated utilising CT transition energy. The experimental I(D)(v) values also yield a good estimate of the electron affinity of [60]fullerene. The degrees of CT in the ground state of the complexes have been found to be very low (about 0.15%). Resonance energy of the complexes have been estimated. Thermodynamic parameters for the supramolecular complex formation of [60]fullerene with mono O-substituted calix[6]arene receptors are reported. It is observed that among the calix[6]arenes under the present study, only 1 and 4 form inclusion complexes with [60]fullerene. This has also been substantiated by theoretical calculation using PM3 method. Thus presence of one substituent group (of different types) on the lower rim of the calix[6]arene molecule has been shown to govern the host-guest complexation process.     

A paradigm shift in the construction of heterobimetallic complexes: synthesis of group 2 & 4 metal-calix[6]arene complexes

Deprotonation of calix[6]arenes with barium in methanol followed by the addition of [Ti(OPr(i))(4)] or [Zr(OBu(n))(4)] is effective in the formation of novel dimeric 2:1 barium-titanium(IV)/zirconium(IV) calix[6]arene complexes. In these complexes a central Ti(IV)/Zr(IV) coordinated in the exo-position connects the two calix[6]arenes in the 1,3-alternate conformation, each with an endo-barium sharing common phenolate groups with the titanium/zirconium centre and participating in cation-pi interactions. A homometallic barium calix[6]arene dimer was also prepared wherein the calix[6]arenes are in the 1,3-alternate conformation with each coordinating one endo- and one exo-barium centre. The exo-barium cations connect the two calix[6]arenes through bridging methanol ligands. In this and the heterometallic complexes, cation-pi complexation of the Ba(2+) ion within the 1,3 alternate conformation of calix[6]arene facilitates the formation of the dimeric complexes in methanol. In contrast, the smaller Sr(2+) ion did not form similar complexes in methanol, and the formation of an analogous 2:1 strontium-titanium calixarene complex required the use of the more sterically demanding donor alcohol, isopropanol, the resulting complex being devoid of cation-pi interaction. The results show (i) that a subtle interplay of solvation strength, coordination array type and cavity/cation size influences the accessibility of heterobimetallic complexes based on calix[6]arenes, and (ii) a synergistic endo-exo binding behaviour.