一种在线监测的ATR探头的设计

生物过程是一个复杂的系统,在反应过程中,会产生固态、液态、气态的过程反应物,且具有生物活性,想要准确的掌握过程反应物的种类与含量,必须对生物过程进行实时在线的监测,才能够获得准确的数据。生物过程的原位在线分析依赖于高性能的衰减全反射探头,衰减全反射技术是在线分析系统中实现原位在线测量的有力手段。通过分析衰减全反射技术的基本原理与特点,设计了一种成本低、光通量高、具有标准生物过程传感器接口的中红外衰减全反射探头,能够直接插入到生物反应器中,对生物过程反应物进行无损、零延迟的监测。实验结果表明,在线式ATR探头具有较宽的光谱范围,所采集光谱具有较高的信噪比,能够应用在生物过程的在线定量分析之中。     

肿瘤组织傅里叶变换红外光谱诊断方法的比较研究

在前期的肿瘤组织红外光谱诊断方法研究中,采用水平衰减全反射(ATR)红外光谱诊断法在多种肿瘤组织样品中取得了与病理诊断很好符合的实验结果;针对文献报道中多采用的显微红外光谱法,文章对同一肿瘤组织样品应用两种方法采集红外光谱,比较测量条件及光谱诊断结果,研究结果表明ATR法主要测量了整块组织的光谱信息,避免了组织结构不均一,微区采样扫描取点少对光谱诊断结果的影响,获得的光谱可以为临床应用提供判断依据。     

Relationship between normalized light intensity and attenuated total reflection ratio

Attenuated total reflection （ATR） ratio is usually utilized to study the properties of surface plasmon resonance （SPR） sensors. The relationship between normalized light intensity and ATR ratio is investigated, and a modification coefficient is put forward to describe the relationship. A mathematical expression is built up for the coefficient based on Fresnel principle. The result shows that the ATR ratio, which cannot be measured directly in experiments, can be determined with the coefficient and the normalized intensity of light. The characteristic of the coefficient is also discussed.     

ATR系统分析

对ＡＴＲ（自动目标识别）系统的分析方法和含有ＡＴＲ系统之功能部位以及由多个子系统组成的ＡＴＲ系统进行了阐述，其思路和方法可用于ＡＴＲ系统的设计和评价。     

Interaction of Near-Field Light with Ordered Polystyrene Spheres: Experimental Studies

We have experimentally observed the interaction of near-field light excited in a total internal reflection geometry with a periodic two-dimensional array of polystyrene spheres. The angular- and frequencyscanned attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) method was employed to observe the interaction. ATR spectra indicate that there is an easy axis and a difficult axis for the light propagation. When light is incident toward the easy axis, resonant dips appear in the ATR spectra. The experimental results were compared with those obtained by finite-difference time-domain analysis. The numerical results obtained by this method are able to explain a part of the experimental ones. Parts of the dips in the ATR spectra were considered to stem from propagating and whispering-gallery (WG) modes. That is, the propagation of the WG-modes over several spheres may enhance the coupling between the spheres and the incident light, and consequently may induce resonant structures in the ATR spectra.This paper was originally presented at the 5th International Conference on NEAR FIELD OPTICS and RELATED TECHNOLOGIES (NFO-5), which was held on December 6–10, 1998 at Coganoi Bay Hotel, Shirahama, Japan, in cooperation with the Japan Society of Applied Physics and Mombusho Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas “Nearfield Nano-optics” Project, sponsored by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.     

Internal Reflection and ATR Spectroscopy

Abstract

The connection between ATR spectroscopy and the physical phenomena of internal reflection and evanescent wave is reviewed. In this context advanced aspects of ATR spectroscopy are discussed. A brief review of the accessories used for ATR measurements is given along with a cursory review of general strategies for their incorporation into FTIR spectrometers.     

液体物质红外光谱的简便测试方法研究

红外(IR)光谱是液体物质定性分析的重要工具。液体IR光谱常用液膜法制样、透射(TR)法测试,所需用的盐窗价格昂贵、易受力或受潮开裂且表面清洁不彻底或划伤容易造成测试干扰,而且可拆卸液体池安装麻烦,进样时混入空气也会造成测试干扰。研究液体物质红外光谱的简便测试方法,比较改进的TR法(用在一次性压制的KBr片上涂覆液体的涂片法制样)与衰减全反射(ATR)法在液体IR光谱测试中的优劣。选取6种挥发性、吸水性、腐蚀性不同的液体试剂,采用改进的TR法和ATR法测试其IR光谱,比较两种方法所测谱图,并与SDBS谱库中谱图进行比较;同时研究扫描次数和分辨率对ATR法测试谱图的影响。结果发现,两种方法用于液体IR的定性分析都很准确。改进的TR法简化了制样过程且避免了清洁盐窗,降低了成本,但水的干扰仍难以避免;相比之下,ATR法无需制样,更简便、快速,水的干扰基本可以忽略,虽然谱图的整体强度和精细程度不如TR法,但通过提高分辨率、增加扫描次数可得到高质量的谱图。对于易挥发液体,用改进的TR法和ATR法测试时需加大液体用量;对于强酸性和/或腐蚀性液体,建议采用改进的TR法测试;对于吸湿性液体,用ATR法测试的谱图更容易解析。相比之下,除强酸性和/或腐蚀性液体外,其余液体物质皆可用ATR法快速完成IR光谱的准确检测。     

Infrared spectroscopy of self-assembled monolayer films on silicon

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy in an attenuated total reflection (ATR) geometry has been employed to investigate the presence of organic thin layers on Si-wafer surfaces. The phenomena have been simulated to show there can be a field enhancement with the presented single-reflection ATR (SR-ATR) approach which is substantially larger than for conventional ATR or specular reflection. In SR-ATR, a discontinuity of the field normal to the film contributes a field enhancement in the lower index thin film causing a two order of magnitude increase in sensitivity. SR-ATR was employed to characterize a single monolayer of undecylenic acid self-assembled on Si(1 1 1) and to investigate a two monolayer system obtained by adding a monolayer of bovine serum albumin protein.     

All-Optical Switching Based on Azo Polymer Material

Conventional all-optical switches based on azo polymer films and the all-optical switches based on the attenuated total reflection （ATR） geometry are investigated. A conventional switch system, including a pump beam of 532 nm and a probe beam of 650 nm, is based on the photoinduced birefringence effect of azo polymer. An ATR switch in a prism-multilayer configuration is achieved by changing the reflectance of the probe beam with an external pump beam. The ATR method provides the substantial improvement of the speed and the efficiency of the modulation over the conventional method. Although the azo polymer response still remains relatively slow, an enhanced nonlinear refractive index of the azo polymer film can effectively increase the modulation.     

消除溶剂水吸收峰干扰的红外光谱测量新方法

水在中红外波段的强吸收有时会遮蔽水溶液中溶质的特征峰,从而干扰溶质的红外谱带归属和分析。提出了一种新方法,控制水峰的吸收强度逐渐变化(强→弱→消失),从而得到高质量的红外光谱。利用单次ATR附件,通过先扫描空ATR晶体N次,经短暂暂停后,再继续扫描载有纯水(或参比溶液)的ATR晶体M次,这样累加得到的背景单光束谱(N+M次扫描)中水的吸收强度就直接与扫描次数N和M相关。选择足够大的扫描次数N和合适的扫描次数M,就可以彻底扣除水峰的干扰。利用该方法,成功获得了K₂CO₃溶液和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)溶液的消除了水吸收峰的高质量红外光谱。实验结果证实新方法具有快速、高效等优点。文中也讨论了该方法的局限性。     

神经网络自动目标识别技术述评（一）

分析ＡＴＲ所面临的主要技术困难，指出神经网络对此能提供许多潜在的、富有成效的解决途经，进而论述神经网络自动目标识别的主要进展。     

Multi-channel light modulation based on the attenuation total reflection

Multi-channel light modulation, which is based on the attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration, is proposed in this paper. The device consists of a prism and a polymer optical waveguide. Guided modes which give rise to the resonance dips in the ATR spectrum are employed to act as the modulation channels. Double channel's modulation with the same modulation signal has been demonstrated in the proposed device.     

Self-Modulation of Scattering Intensity from a Silica Sphere Coated with a Sol-Gel Film Doped with J-Aggregates

A micrometer-sized nonlinear optical resonator constituted of a silica microsphere coated with J-aggregates has been fabricated by the sol-gel process. We determined the scattering light spectrum and discuss the application of the observed effect for the realization of an optical switching element. Optical evaluation of the sphere has been performed in the attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) configuration. We excited a whispering gallery mode and measured the nonlinear ATR signal dependence on excitation intensity. The experimental result agrees very well with the simulation results obtained using the Mie theory and the finite-difference time-domain method taking into account optical Kerr nonlinearity. The permittivity of the film of J-aggregates was measured by ATR method at several wavelengths and the value at the desired wavelength was determined by extrapolation using the Lorentz function.     

Electrooptic reflection with surface plasmons

Electrooptic reflection with surface plasmons is studied both experimentally and theoretically. An attenuated total reflection (ATR) geometry is used in which a quartz electrooptic crystal onto which a thin Ag film has been evaporated is contacted to the hypotenuse face of a high-index prism. Modulation in the ATR of an He–Ne beam near the angle for surface plasmon excitation is observed when a low-frequency electric field is applied to the quartz crystal. Experiments have been done with both single and multiple boundary surface waves. The angular spectra show phase reversal structure due to the interference of the modulated reflected wave with the ATR wave. The modulated reflectance is calculated directly from a well-known solution to the boundary value problem in nonlinear optics. Good quantitative agreement with the observations is obtained.     

An ATR analysis of surface roughness induced by electron bombardment

The surface roughness of aluminium films evaporated on quartz prism substrates increases when these films are irradiated by an electron beam under ultra-high vacuum. This conclusion is obtained through a detailed analysis of the evolution of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) dip during electron bombardment and from a theoretical investigation of the influence of surface roughness on the ATR resonance. The observation of a simultaneous increase of the light intensity scattered by the aluminium-vacuum interface confirms this interpretation.     

Surface plasma waves in the noble metals

The dispersoon curves for surface plasma waves (SPW) in Ag have been determined from calculated reflectivity minima as exhibited by attenuated total reflection (ATR spectra) for the prism-metal-air (PMA) configuration and from the direct calculation of the dispersion relation for the same configuration. Comparison is made with published results. The dispersion curves for Au and Cu have been determined for the same configuration from calculated ATR spectra and verified experimentally. Comparison is made with the direct calculation of the dispersion relation. The direct calculation yields two types of modes; namely the surface or Brewster mode and the virtual mode. Both modes are discussed. The marked effect of small electronic damping as exhibited by Ag and moderate electronic damping as exhibited by Au and Cu upon the PMA dispersion curves from ATR spectra is examined. Finally the direct calculation of the dielectric shift (perturbing effect of the prism-metal surface upon the active metal-air surface dispersion curve) is presented for the three metals as a function of film thickness and photon energy.     

Ultrasound activates ataxia telangiectasia mutated- and rad3-related (ATR)-checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) pathway in human leukemia Jurkat cells

Low-intensity ultrasound (US) has been shown to induce death of cancer cells; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclarified. Here, we provide novel evidence that the inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) by a selective inhibitor or small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhances US-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Jurkat cells showed insignificant lysis immediately after US at any applied intensity, whereas approximately 70% of the cells were γH2AX-positive 30min after US at 0.4W/cm(2). Regarding DNA damage response (DDR), Chk1, known as a target of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and rad3-related (ATR), was phosphorylated in cells after US exposure. An ATM inhibitor showed nearly no effect on Chk1 phosphorylation, whereas chemicals showing the ATR inhibitory effect markedly abrogated the phosphorylation, indicating that Chk1 phosphorylation is preferentially more dependent on ATR than on ATM in cells exposed to US. The pharmacological inhibition of Chk1 promoted caspase-3 cleavage and increased the percentage of cells in SubG1 after US exposure. siRNA targeting Chk1 abrogated approximately 55% of Chk1 expression and also promoted apoptosis, suggesting that Chk1 plays anti-apoptotic roles in response to US. These findings revealed, for the first time, that US activates Chk1 dependently on ATR and the activated Chk1 is involved in apoptosis of cells exposed to US. Moreover, we propose that Chk1 may be a promising target in US-aided therapy.     

用NiCuZnAl催化剂最大化生物油自热水蒸汽重整制氢

在较低的温度下,通过将放热的部分氧化反应和吸热的水蒸汽重整反应耦合起来的自热方式实现了高效的制氢过程. 在氧碳比(O/C)为0.34,水碳比(S/C)为3,温度为600 oC时生物油接近完全转化,得到最高氢产率为64.3%. 自热水蒸汽重整反应条件温度、O/C、S/C、质量空速等可以用来控制反应氢产率和气体产物分布. 对自热过程和普通水蒸汽重整过程做了比较,并对反应机理进行了探讨.     

Low voltage electro-optic polymer light modulator using attenuated total internal reflection

An improved electro-optic (EO) polymer light modulator based on attenuated-total-internal-reflection (ATR) is demonstrated. The modulator consists of a prism–metal–EO-polymer–metal multilayer structure. An applied electric field across the EO polymer layer electrically modulates the energy coupling efficiency of incoming light into guided wave resonance at fixed angles. Compared with conventional ATR modulators based on surface plasmon resonance, the driving voltage for this modulator has been greatly reduced because of the newly chosen working interior angle. It also offers advantages in terms of insertion loss and aperture size over other techniques for the amplitude modulation of a collimated light beam.     

Stabilization of alternating TR steady-state free precession sequences

Alternating TR steady-state free precession (ATR SSFP) has been proposed as a method to achieve a favorable frequency response compared to that of conventional balanced SSFP. ATR SSFP, much like conventional SSFP, exhibits oscillatory transient signal behavior that can degrade image quality. Thus an efficient preparation scheme is desired in order to actively reduce this initial signal fluctuation. Using an approach similar to that of Le Roux [Simplified model and stabilization of SSFP sequences, J. Magn. Resonan. 163 (1) (2003) 23–37], we construct a mathematical model for ATR SSFP sequences and show a Fourier relation between the separated odd and even terms of the RF flip angle increment sequence during an initial preparation, and the resulting oscillatory residues. A weighted Kaiser–Bessel windowed ramp can be used to design preparation schemes for arbitrary TR₁, TR₂, and RF phase cycling combinations. Optimized Kaiser–Bessel windowed ramp preparations for wideband SSFP and fat-suppressed ATR SSFP imaging are tested in phantoms. The results show substantially reduced transient signal oscillation with this new initial preparation method.