用试验室尺寸的试样预测混凝土及岩石结构的准脆性断裂

0Introduction Thefracturepropertiesofconcreteandrockmaterials,suchasfracturetoughnessKICand strengthfthavebeenofgreatinterestsformanyyearsbecauseoftheirimportantroleincontrolling thestructuralintegrityofvariousengineeringstructures[1-27].Varioustestingtec…     

大变形条件下具有不同裂纹长度试件的断裂韧性J_C工程估算

本文首先通过有限元分析,在不同长度裂纹尺寸结构的临界破坏载荷下计算出临界断裂韧性值,然后从细观入手,在文献[1][2]等的工作基础上,通过理论推导得到了三维应力度参数R_σ与断裂韧性的关系。经过验证计算,证明该参数可用于描述结构尺寸效应的影响,能够在平面应变断裂韧性(参考值)的基础上,确定不同尺寸结构的临界断裂韧性J_C的值,适用于工程上的应用和推广。     

Size effect and asymptotic matching analysis of fracture of closed-cell polymeric foam

The effect of structure size on the nominal strength of closed-cell PVC foam (Divinycell H100) is investigated experimentally, theoretically and numerically. Two types of size effect are considered––Type I, characterizing failure of structures with large cracks or notches, and Type II, characterizing failure at crack initiation. Geometrically similar single edge-notched prismatic specimens of cross section widths 6.35, 43.9 and 305 mm, are tested under tension. The results are shown to agree with Bažant’s law for type I energetic (deterministic) size effect derived by asymptotic matching of a solution by equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics for large sizes and plastic crack solution for small sizes (in the derivation, the statically indeterminate size-dependent lateral shift of the axial load resultant due to rotational end restrain is taken into account). Fitting this law, previously verified for many quasibrittle materials, to the test results furnishes the values of the fracture energy of the foam as well as the characteristic size of the fracture process zone of foam. The size effect method of measuring the fracture characteristics of foam is further supported by analysis of recent notched beam tests of Zenkert and Bäcklund. Furthermore, it is shown that compressed V-notched specimens exhibit no size effect. Subsequently, the size effect of Type II is studied using previous test data of Fleck, Olurin and co-workers for dissimilar long holed panels having different width and different diameter-width ratios. An asymptotic matching formula for this type of size effect (similar to a previously derived formula for kink band failure of fiber composites) is set up and is shown capable of matching the test data well. But its verification as a predictive tool cannot yet be claimed because of inaccurate asymptotic properties of the available energy release function. Finally, the size effect of Type I is analyzed using the eigenvalue method for the cohesive crack model and the numerical results are shown to agree again with both Bažant’s size effect law and the test results.     

岩石断裂尺寸效应测试装置研制及实验研究

面向岩石断裂尺寸效应研究的实验装置需求,针对现有技术中三点弯曲装置对多组尺寸岩石试件适应性差、最小跨距的测试量程不足等问题,研制了一种可灵活用于岩石断裂尺寸效应测试的三点弯曲装里.装置采用"两体分离式"的设计,三种不同型号的滚子与压头体、支座体配合使用,有效避免了不同尺寸试件采用同一直径滚子测试带来的实验精度问题;同时...     

Shear stability of metallic glasses

The effect of sample size on the shear deformation and compressive plasticity of different metallic glasses were investigated. The experimental results showed that the deformation and fracture behaviors of samples prepared from chemically identical Zr-, Ti-, Fe-, or Mg-based metallic glass ingots were strongly dependent on the sample size and machine stiffness, and a super-high compressive plasticity was achieved in the Zr-based metallic glasses with sample size of 1.0 mm in width. It is also found that the sample size can significantly influence the density of elastic energy dissipated in the shear band: with sample size decreasing and machine stiffness increasing, the density of the elastic energy dissipated in the shear band of metallic glasses is prominently decreased, thus the shear deformation turns to be more stable, resulting in the improvement of plasticity in ductile metallic glasses and the transition from fragmentation fracture to shear fracture in brittle metallic glasses. This finding is important for the potential applications of the present metallic glasses and for designing new metallic glasses with better mechanical properties.     

THE FLOW RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF PERFORATED LINER DUCTS

利用计算流体力学方法对穿孔壁面通道内部流动进行了数值模拟,分析了其流动沿程摩擦阻力特性。计算中,假设流体不通过小孔进出穿孔壁面背后的吸声材料。经实验对比,采用Realizable k--" 湍流模型结合增强型壁面函数,可获得比较理想的计算结果,数值模拟与实验测量的压损值相对偏差在10% 以内。对于穿孔壁面通道流动阻力计算,提出了等效粗糙度概念,结合达西公式、克罗布鲁克公式计算获得了等效粗糙度数值。研究了穿孔板小孔孔径、穿孔率对等效粗糙度的影响,发现等效粗糙度与孔径成二次方关系、与穿孔率成线性关系。     

混凝土断裂尺寸效应的研究进展

混凝土结构断裂破坏的尺寸效应问题是近几十年来一个十分重要的研究领域．本文分析了混凝土断裂参数产生尺寸效应的原因,讨论了断裂过程区的测试方法,对国内外提出的一些尺寸效应的分析方法进行了评述．在此基础上对混凝土断裂尺寸效应的研究提出了自己的看法      

岩石动态断裂韧度的尺寸效应

采用两种圆孔裂缝平台巴西圆盘试件(一种为直径分别为42、80、122、155 mm的几何相似试件,另一种为直径80 mm、仅裂缝长度不同的单一尺寸试件)对岩石动态断裂韧度的尺寸效应进行了研究。给出了在霍普金森压杆系统上对试件进行径向撞击产生的应变波形和断裂模式。实验结果表明,对于几何相似试件,动态断裂韧度的测试值随着尺寸的增大而增大,而对于单一尺寸试件,其测试值随着中心裂缝长度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。裂缝前端的断裂过程区长度和孕育时间是岩石动态断裂韧度测试值表现为尺寸效应的主要原因,为了减小尺寸效应,建立了考虑这两个参数在空间-时间域对动态应力强度因子的分布进行积分后再平均来确定岩石动态断裂韧度的方法。     

Interplay of size effects in concrete specimens under tension studied via computational stochastic fracture mechanics

We attempt the identification, study and modeling of possible sources of size effects in concrete structures acting both separately and together. We are particularly motivated by the interplay of several identified scaling lengths stemming from the material, boundary conditions and geometry. Methods of stochastic nonlinear fracture mechanics are used to model the well published results of direct tensile tests of dog-bone specimens with rotating boundary conditions. Firstly, the specimens are modeled using microplane material law to show that a large portion of the dependence of nominal strength on structural size can be explained deterministically. However, it is clear that more sources of size effect play a part, and we consider two of them. Namely, we model local material strength using an autocorrelated random field attempting to capture a statistical part of the complex size effect, scatter inclusive. In addition, the strength drop noticeable with small specimens which was obtained in the experiments is explained by the presence of a weak surface layer of constant thickness (caused e.g., by drying, surface damage, aggregate size limitation at the boundary, or other irregularities). All three named sources (deterministic-energetic, statistical size effects, and the weak layer effect) are believed to be the sources most contributing to the observed strength size effect; the model combining all of them is capable of reproducing the measured data. The computational approach represents a marriage of advanced computational nonlinear fracture mechanics with simulation techniques for random fields representing spatially varying material properties. Using a numerical example, we document how different sources of size effects detrimental to strength can interact and result in relatively complex quasibrittle failure processes. The presented study documents the well known fact that the experimental determination of material parameters (needed for the rational and safe design of structures) is very difficult for quasibrittle materials such as concrete.     

Size effect in quasibrittle failure: Analytical model and numerical simulations using cohesive zone model

The recent rewriting of the Ba?ant’s size effect law (Morel, 2008) which has suggested the existence of an additional asymptotic regime for intermediate structure sizes is now compared to numerical simulations of fracture of geometrically similar notched structures of different sizes extending over 2.4 decades. The quasibrittle fracture behavior is simulated through cohesive zone model (bilinear softening) using a constant set of cohesive parameters whatever the specimen size D is. The R-curves resulting from the load–displacement responses are estimated and appear as size-independent. On this basis, the different asymptotic regimes expected for the size effect on fracture properties at peak load such as the relative crack length, the resistance to crack growth and the nominal strength are shown in fair agreement with the size effect observed on the results obtained from numerical simulations.     

Fracture analysis on a piezoelectric sensor with a viscoelastic interface

Fracture analysis is performed on a layered piezoelectric sensor possessing a Kelvin-type viscoelastic interface. An electrically permeable anti-plane crack is situated in the piezoelectric layer and perpendicular to the interface. The crack problem is solved by the methods of integral transform and Cauchy singular integral equation. The variations of the dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF) vs. physical and geometrical parameters are investigated. At the beginning of creep and relaxation, larger viscosity coefficient always induces smaller DSIF. With time elapsing, the effect of viscosity coefficient becomes weaker and weaker. When time approaches infinity, the viscous effect disappears, and the DSIF converges to a value corresponding to the case of an elastic interface. The effect of the viscoelastic interface on the fracture behavior of the piezoelectric layer also depends on the substrate thickness. To some extent, thicker substrate may intensify the effect of the interface.     

结构破坏的尺度律

文中综述了结构破坏的尺度律和尺寸效应的研究进展,尤其将重点放在准脆性材料的分析上,因为它们的尺寸效应是重要和复杂的．在回顾了尺寸效应研究的悠远发展史以后。着重讨论了三种主要类型的尺寸效应,即由于强度随机性引起的统计尺寸效应、能量释放的尺寸效应和由于微裂纹或断裂的分形特性可能引起的尺寸效应．得出了这些理论应用的明确结论．之后讨论了如何运用已知的尺寸效应律来测量材料的断裂特性,并采用内聚裂纹模型（cohesivecrackmodel）、非局域化有限元模型和离散元模型等对尺寸效应进行模化．文中还进而分析了尺寸效应在压缩失效和车相关材料行为下的有关问题,并讨论了在断裂扩展区描述含微裂纹材料所需的损伤本构关系．最后也讨论了尺寸效应对准脆性材料的多种应用,这些材料包括,如混凝土、海冰、纤维复合材料、岩石和陶瓷等．本文包含了参考文献377篇     

试样尺寸对核电厂主蒸汽管道断裂韧性的影响研究

以某核电厂SA335 材料主蒸汽管道为研究对象,首先结合SA335 的断裂阻力曲线（J-R 曲线）试验测量结果,提出了一种方法确定韧性金属材料裂纹扩展模型（G-T 模型）中的主要微观参数：初始孔隙率0 f 和初始孔隙间距D;随后,在有限元计算中引入G-T 模型模拟了SA335 紧凑拉伸试样的断裂过程,讨论了试样尺寸对于J-R 曲线的影响．结果表明：试样厚度一致时,初始裂纹长度大的试样对应偏低的断裂韧性;当试样尺寸整体缩放时,较大尺寸的试样对应偏低的断裂韧性．最后,结合实例说明了试样整体尺寸对于主蒸汽管道临界裂纹长度的影响．     

Effect of specimen size and crack depth on 3D crack-front constraint for SENB specimens

Three-dimensional (3D) elastic–plastic finite element analyses (FEA) are performed to study constraint effect on the crack-front stress fields for single-edge notched bend (SENB) specimens. Both rectangular and square cross-section of the specimens with a deep crack of a/W=0.5 are considered to investigate the effect of specimen size. A square-cross-section specimen with a shallow crack of a/W=0.15 is also considered to examine the effect of crack depth. Stresses from FEA at the crack front on different planes of the specimen are compared with those determined by the J–A₂ three-term solution. Results show that in-plane stress fields can be characterized by the three-term solution throughout the thickness even in the region near the free surface. Cleavage fracture toughness data is compared to predict the effects of specimen size and crack depth on fracture behavior. It is found that the distributions of crack opening stress are nearly the same for the SENB specimens at the critical J which is consistent with the RKR model. Furthermore our results indicate that there is a distinct relationship between the crack-front constraint and the cleavage fracture toughness. By introducing the failure curves, the minimum fracture toughness and scatter band can be well captured using the J–A₂ approach.     

Simulation of size effects by a phase field model for fracture

In phase field fracture models the value of the order parameter distinguishes between broken and undamaged material. At crack faces the order parameter interpolates smoothly between these two states of the material, which can be regarded as phases. The crack evolution follows implicitly from the time integration of an evolution equation of the order parameter, which is coupled to the mechanical field equations. Among other phenomena phase field fracture models are able to reproduce crack nucleation in initially sound materials. For a 1D setting it has been shown that crack nucleation is triggered by the loss of stability of the unfractured, spatially homogeneous solution, and that the stability point depends on the size of the considered structure. This work numerically investigates to which extend size effects are reproduced by the 2D phase field model. Exemplarily, a finite element study of the hole size effect is performed and the simulation results are compared to experimental data.     

中子辐照金属材料的脆化模型研究

金属材料的辐照脆化问题一直以来都是核能安全领域亟待解决的关键问题之一.为了更准确地预测金属材料的辐照脆化行为,基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,将未辐照金属材料的断裂真应力取作辐照材料的断裂真应力,建立了通过辐照退火态金属材料屈服强度就能够预测其整个真应力$\!$-$\!$-$\!$应变曲线,以及断裂真应变的辐照脆化模型.实验研究了不同中子剂量辐照退火态高纯铝的准静态拉伸真应力$\!$-$\!$-$\!$应变曲线、断裂真应力和断裂真应变随辐照剂量的变化规律.结果表明,辐照剂量越高,高纯铝的屈服强度越高,断裂真应变越低,但断裂真应力几乎不变.通过TEM显微分析获得了高纯铝内部辐照缺陷的尺寸和数密度随辐照剂量的变化规律,结果表明,辐照剂量越高,孔洞的尺寸和数密度越高,但位错环尺寸和数密度始终很小,难以准确统计.由辐照高纯铝实验数据拟合得到了辐照脆化模型所需参数,并检验了该模型的预测效果.结果表明,无论是通过实验还是显微分析得到辐照高纯铝的屈服强度,模型的预测结果均能够与实验结果较好地吻合,且模型对退火态高纯铝临界中子剂量的预测值也与文献结果一致.      

晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响

采用不同热处理工艺制备了3种晶粒尺寸（60、100、500 μm）的高纯铝板材,利用平板撞击实验研究了其层裂行为。通过改变飞片击靶速度,在靶板中实现初始层裂状态和完全层裂状态。基于自由面速度时程曲线和微损伤演化及断口显微形貌分析,讨论了晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响规律。实验结果显示:（1）晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响强烈依赖于冲击加载应力幅值,在低应力条件下,层裂强度与晶粒尺寸之间表现出反Hall-Petch关系,而在高应力条件下,晶粒尺寸对层裂强度几乎没有影响;（2）随着晶粒尺寸的增大,靶板损伤区微孔洞的尺寸和分布范围均增大,但数量显著减少,在微孔洞周围还发现比较严重的晶粒细化现象;（3）随着晶粒尺寸的增大,层裂微观机制从韧性沿晶断裂向准脆性沿晶断裂转变,且在断口上观察到少量随机分布的小圆球,归因于微孔洞长大和聚集过程中严重塑性变形引起的热效应。     

混凝土梁三点弯曲断裂模式转变的近场动力学模拟

混凝土结构的宏观损伤开裂与其非均质微观结构紧密相关。底部带切口的混凝土梁在进行三点弯曲破坏时,随着切口的位置由梁中向梁边转移,裂纹由从切口处萌生并生长转变为从梁的中部萌生。本文采用半均质化近场动力学（IH-PD）模型和全均质化近场动力学（FH-PD）模型,分别对混凝土梁三点弯断裂问题进行模拟研究。IH-PD模型根据混凝土中骨料体积分数随机生成不同键的组合方式,将微观尺度的非均质性引入模型,无需详细描绘骨料形状和分布即可考虑混凝土非均质性。本文将IH-PD与FH-PD模型得到的断裂模式随切口位置的变化关系,与实验结果对比,分析微观结构对混凝土梁开裂的影响;基于非均质材料特征尺寸与IH-PD模型网格参数的相关性,模拟骨料大小对混凝土梁断裂模式的影响;另外,通过在IH-PD模型中设置预损伤的方式引入随机分布的孔隙,探讨孔隙率对混凝土断裂模式的影响。     

混凝土拉伸软化曲线折线近似的逆解方法

研究基于Hillerborg的虚拟裂纹模型，利用有限元分析方法，求得折线近似的拉伸软化曲线的逆解方法。对弹性模量，初始开裂应力的决定方法进行了研究。以双直线模型的计算结果为算例进行了逆推分析，算例符合得很好。也较好地从实验得到的荷载位移曲线再现了拉伸软化曲线。这对于研究混凝土的断裂能，尺寸效应等问题很具意义。     

Fatigue crack growth under anti-plane shear mode deformation

In this paper, the theory of the steady growth of fatigue crack in an infinite medium under the periodic anti-plane remote shear loading has been examined. The criterion of accumulative plastic work for material failure associated with the slip displacement in the fracture process zone of Dugdale type ahead of the crack tip is employed in the analysis. The effect of the locked dislocation in the fracture process zone is considered. Under the assumption that the speed of fatigue crack propagation remains uniform through the fracture process zone, the steady speed of fatigue crack can be expressed as a function of the range of the applied shearing stress and the maximum shearing stress. The effect of the crack size on the fatigue crack speed is discussed. The effect of the finite width of specimen on the speed of fatigue crack speed is investigated. The differences between the present work and the previous studies on fatigue crack speed are discussed.