Viscoelastic behaviour of the SmC* phase

Using a light scattering technique at a fixed temperature, we have investigated viscoelastic behaviour exhibited by the ferroelectric smectic phase (SmC*) of C₈tolane in a homeotropic orientation. Experiments were performed in backward and forward scattering geometries that allowed us to deduce separately orientational diffusivities k₃/η and k₊/η corresponding to the Goldstone mode. The k₃/η value measured in the SmC* phase is about 100 times higher than in the SmC_A* phase exhibited by the same liquid crystal compound. The factor 100 may be attributed in great part to the molecular arrangement mode in adjacent smectic layers. However k₊/η measured in the SmC* phase is in the same order of magnitude as those measured previously in SmC_A* phases.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between silver(III) and thiourea in aqueous alkaline media

The tetrahydroxoargentate(III) ion, Ag(OH)₄⁻, is rapidly reduced by thiourea (tu) in accordance with the three term rate law RATE = {k₁+(k₂+k₃[OH⁻])[tu]}[Ag^III] where k₁ = 1.08 s⁻¹, k₂ = 1.46 x 10³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, and k₃ = 2.02 x 10³ M⁻² s⁻¹. The k₁ path occurs via the rate-determining aquation of Ag(OH)₄⁻ while the other two paths involve axial attack of thiourea on silver. The higher values of k₂ and k₃ compared to the ethylenediamine reaction, which obeys the same rate law, is a reflection of the greater nucleophilicity of tu.

Following the redox reaction, solutions become brown in a reaction that obeys pseudo-first-order kinetics. Similar behaviour is observed when tu is replaced by Na₂S or thio-acetamide and when Ag^I reacts with any of these sulphur containing compounds. We attribute this process to the Ag^I promoted formation of sulphide species which eventually precipitate as Ag₂S.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies for the chiral recognition of the novel chiral stationary phase derived from 18-crown-6 tetracarboxylic acid

Enantioselectivities observed in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the novel chiral stationary phase (CSP-18C6I) derived from (+)-18-crown-6 tetracarboxylic acid (18C6H₄) were investigated by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. The elution orders in CSP-18C6I, that is, the S-enantiomer of 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (1-NEA) and the

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-enantiomer (S-form) of alanine-β-naphthylamide (Ala-β-NA) eluted prior to each corresponding enantiomer, were successfully explained on the basis of the apparent binding constants (K_a) of the enantiomers to the CSP moiety which were calculated from ¹H-NMR experiments. Detailed HPLC and NMR studies for the chiral recognition of racemic amino compounds with 18C6H₄ hosts showed that ¹H-NMR spectrometry is a useful technique for the investigation of the chiral recognition mechanism in HPLC. Additionally, it was found 18C6H₄ can be recommended as a useful chiral shift reagent for the enantiomeric excess determination by ¹H-NMR.     

Use of short-end injection capillary packed with a glycopeptide antibiotic stationary phase in electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography for the enantiomeric separation of hydroxy acids

A new chiral stationary phase (CSP) was prepared by reacting MDL 63,246 (Hepta-Tyr), a glycopeptide antibiotic belonging to the teicoplanin family, with 5-μm diol-silica particles. The CSP mixed with 5-μm amino silica particles (3:1) was packed into 75-μm fused-silica capillaries for only 6.6 cm and used for electrochromatographic experiments analyzing several hydroxy acid enantiomers. A reversed electroosmotic flow carried both analytes and mobile phase towards the anode in a short time (1–3 min), being baseline resolved all the studied analytes. In order to achieve the fastest enantiomeric resolution of the studied hydroxy acids, the effect of several experimental parameters such as mobile phase composition (organic modifier type and concentration, pH of the buffer and ionic strength), capillary temperature and applied voltage on enantioresolution factor, retention time, enantioselectivity were evaluated. The packed capillary column allowed the separation of mandelic acid enantiomers in less than 72 s with resolution factor R_s=2.18 applying a voltage of 30 kV and eluting with a mobile phase composed by 50 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6)–water–acetonitrile (1:4:5, v/v). The CSP was also tested in the capillary liquid chromatography mode resolving all the studied enantiomers applying 12 bar pressure to the mobile phase [50 mM ammonium acetate (pH 6)–water–methanol–acetonitrile, 1:4:2:3, v/v)], however, relatively long analysis times were observed (12–20 min).     

Regioselective addition of protic acids to tricarbonyliron complexes of 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(methylene)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane. Crystal structure of (C10H10O)Fe2(CO)6

The main product of the thermal reaction between the title oxatetraene (I) and Fe₂(CO)₉ in ether/pentane is the bimetallic complex (C₁₀H₁₀O)Fe₂(CO)₆-diexo (II), which has C_2υ symmetry both in the solid state (X-ray analysis) and in solution. Whereas the protonation of the free ligand leads usually to polymerisation, the addition of a protic acid such as CF₃CO₂H to II proceeds cleanly at 0°C giving first a (η 3-allyl)Fe(CO)₃O₂CCF₃ complex (III). The intermediate III adds a second equivalent of acid in a slower step (k₂/k₁ = 0.1, CF₃CO₂D/CHCl₃, 0°C) giving the trans-bis(η³-allyl) isomer IV with high regioselectivity. The addition of CF₃CO₂D yields the corresponding deuteriomethylallyliron tricarbonyl trifluoroacetates III′ and IV′. No further deuterium incorporation is observed at 0°C, thus confirming the kinetic control of the regioselective double addition of protic acid to II.     

C18柱串联冠醚手性柱高效分离3种芳香族氨基酸对映体

将C18柱与手性冠醚柱串联,建立了一种反相高效液相色谱法用于3种芳香族氨基酸对映体同时拆分的方法.考察了反相色谱流动相的组成、pH值、柱温、流速对对映体拆分的影响.实验结果表明,当流动相为HClO4-乙睛溶液(86:14,V/V,pH 2.0)、柱温20℃、流速0.4 mL/min时,3种氨基酸对映体可获得基线分离.进一步对比了C18柱、冠醚手性柱和串联顺序不同的4种分离模式,结果表明,C18柱不能拆分氨基酸对映体,仅能分离不同种类氨基酸;冠醚手性柱可分离氨基酸映体,但不同种类氨基酸色谱峰出现重叠;串联模式能实现3种氨基酸对映体的基线分离,实现双柱优势互补,而串联顺序对分离影响不大,仅影响色谱峰的峰形.     

Determination of the rates of formation and hydrolysis of the Schiff bases formed by pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and hydrazinic compounds

The macroscopic rate constants of formation (k₁) and hydrolysis (k₂) for the reactions of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) with hydrazine (PLP-HY system), carbidopa (-hydrazino--methyl-β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, PLP-CD system), hydralazine (1-hydrazinophthalazine, PLP-HL system) and isoniazid (4-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide, PLP-ISO system) were fitted to a kinetic scheme that considers the different ionic species present in the medium, their protonation constants, and their individual rates of formation (k₁ⁱ) and hydrolysis (k₂ⁱ). The results obtained for the molecules bearing the hydrazine group are compared with those for the reactions of PLP with n-hexylamine (PLP-NHA system) and poly- -lysine (PLP-LYS system). Some structural effects on the individual rate constants are also examined.     

Kinetics study of the gas-phase reactions of C2F5OC(O)H and n-C3F7OC(O)H with OH radicals at 253–328 K

The rate constants, k₁ and k₂ for the reactions of C₂F₅OC(O)H and n-C₃F₇OC(O)H with OH radicals were measured using an FT-IR technique at 253–328 K. k₁ and k₂ were determined as (9.24 ± 1.33) × 10⁻¹³ exp[−(1230 ± 40)/T] and (1.41 ± 0.26) × 10⁻¹² exp[−(1260 ± 50)/T] cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. The random errors reported are ±2 σ, and potential systematic errors of 10% could add to the k₁ and k₂. The atmospheric lifetimes of C₂F₅OC(O)H and n-C₃F₇OC(O)H with respect to reaction with OH radicals were estimated at 3.6 and 2.6 years, respectively.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定水体中氧氟沙星及其手性异构体

建立了一种简单快捷的手性配位交换高效液相色谱测定地表水中氧氟沙星及其手性异构体的方法,并研究了常见金属阳离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe³⁺、Zn²⁺）和腐殖酸（HA）对二者分离的影响。采用C₁₈色谱柱（25 cm×0.46 cm,5 μm）,流动相为pH值4.5的20%（v/v）甲醇水溶液（含4 mmol/L异亮氨酸（配体）和3 mmol/L CuSO₄）,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为40℃,检测波长为293 nm。氧氟沙星及其手性异构体左氧氟沙星可在18 min内分离,分离度（R）为2.70。结果表明,不同金属阳离子和腐殖酸对手性分离未见明显影响,但会降低氧氟沙星及其手性异构体的峰面积,其中Fe³⁺和高浓度腐殖酸的影响最大。该法能够快速高效测定地表水中氧氟沙星及其手性异构体,但在测试中需考虑Fe³⁺和高浓度腐殖酸的影响。     

Direct kinetic studies of the reactions of 2-butoxy radicals with NO and O2

This Letter reports the first kinetic study of 2-butoxy radicals to employ direct monitoring of the radical. The reactions of 2-butoxy with O₂ and NO are investigated using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The Arrhenius expressions for the reactions of 2-butoxy with NO (k₁) and O₂ (k₂) in the temperature range 223–311 K have been determined to be k₁=(7.50±1.69)×10⁻¹²×exp((2.98±0.47) kJmol⁻¹/RT) cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹ and k₂=(1.33±0.43)×10⁻¹⁵×exp((5.48±0.69) kJmol⁻¹/RT) cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. No pressure dependence was found for the rate constants of the reaction of 2-butoxy with NO at 223 K between 50 and 175 Torr.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of the redox reaction of hexaaquotitanium(III) and the ethylenediamine tetraacetato titanium(III) complex by aqueous solutions of bromine

At 25°C, I = 1.0 M (CF₃SO₃⁻Li⁺+CF₃SO₃H), [H⁺] = 0.034–0.274 M and λ = 453 nm, the rate equation for the oxidation of Ti(H₂O), ₆³⁺ by bromine was found to be: −d/[Br₂]T/dt=kK/[Br₂][Ti^III]/[H⁺]+K+kK/[Br₃⁻][Ti^III]/[H⁺+K, where k = 9.2 × 10⁻³ M ⁻¹ s ⁻¹ and K = 4.5 × 10⁻³ M. At [H⁺] = 1.0 M, [Br⁻] = 0.05–0.4 M, the apparent second-order rate constant decreases as [Br⁻] increases.

The pH-dependence of the oxidation of Ti^III-edta by bromine is interpreted in terms of the change in identity of the Ti^III-edta species as the pH of the reaction medium changes. The second-order rate constants were fitted using a non-linear least-square computer program with (1/k₀^edta)² weighting into an equation of the form: k₀^edta =k₁+k₂K₁[H⁺]⁻¹+k₃K₁K₂[H⁺]^−2/1+K₁[H⁺[H⁺⁻¹+K₁K₂[H⁺]⁻², with K₁ and K₂ fixed as earlier determined at 9.55 × 10⁻³ and 2.29 × 10⁻⁹ M, respectively, for the oxidation of bromine. k₁=k₂=(3.1±0.32)×10³M⁻¹s⁻¹ k₃=(2.3±0.45)×10⁶N⁻¹s⁻¹.

It is proposed that these electron transfer reactions proceed by univalent changes with the production of Br₂^.− as a transient intermediate. An outer-sphere mechanism is proposed for these reactions. The homonuclear exchange rate for Ti^III-edta+Ti^IV-edta is estimated at 32 M⁻¹ s⁻¹.     

Rates of the reactions CN + H2CO and NCO + H2CO in the temperature range 294–769 K

The rate coefficients of the reactions: (1) CN + H₂CO → products and (2) NCO + H₂CO → products in the temperature range 294–769 K have been determined by means of the laser photolysis-laser induced fluorescence technique. Our measurements show that reaction (1) is rapid: k₁(294 K) = (1.64 ± 0.25) x 10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹; the Arrhenius relation was determined as k₁ = (6.7 ± 1.0) x 10⁻¹¹ exp[(−412 ± 20)/T] cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. Reaction (2) is approximately a tenth as rapid as reaction (1) and the temperature dependence of k₂ does not conform to the Arrhenius form: k₂ = 4.62 x 10⁻¹⁷T^1.71 exp(198/T) cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. Our values are in reasonable agreement with the only reported measurement of k₁; the rate coefficients for reaction (2) have not been previously reported.     

Synthesis and rapid enantiomeric separation of the chiral mixed ligand [5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-5′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine]-bis(1,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) complex by electrokinetic chromatography

The chiral complex [5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-5′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine]-bis(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)-bis(hexafluoroantimonate) was successfully synthesized and fully characterized by two-dimensional ¹H and ¹³C{¹H} NMR techniques (COSY and HMQC) as well as EA- and FAB-MS. A very fast separation of the Δ and Λ enantiomers with excellent efficiency and resolution was achieved by electrokinetic chromatography using anionic carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as a chiral mobile phase additive. The optimum separation conditions were obtained with 50 mM borate buffer at pH 9 and 10 mg/ml of the chiral selector at 20°C. Attempts to separate the well known unmodified tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)₃] complex into its enantiomers under the same conditions were unsuccessful.     

Ion chromatographic separation of alkali metal and ammonium cations on a C18 reversed-phase column

The separation of alkali metal (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ and Cs⁺) and ammonium cations on a C₁₈ reversed-phase column using three anionic surfactants [sodium 1-eicosyl sulphate, sodium dodecyl benzenesulphonate and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)] is described. Two methods were examined: (a) “permanent” coating, with the use of a C₁₈ reversed-phase column previously coated with the surfactants; and (b) dynamic coating, with addition of the surfactants to the mobile phase. With method (a) the separation of the six cations was achieved with SDS. However, the retention times gradually decreased owing to dissolution of the SDS coating. Good separation was obtained with method (b), where 10 mM HNO₃ containing 0.1 mM SDS was used as the mobile phase with conductivity detection, and it was applied satisfactorily to real samples. The effect of system peaks on determination is also discussed.     

Effect of the encapsulating material on the peak3/peak5 response ratio of TLD-300 irradiated with neutrons of various energy

The analysis of experimental data available in the literature shows that the neutron sensitivity ratio m=k₃/k₅ for the two main glow peaks P₃ and P₅ of TLD-300 (for ribbons of 3.2×3.2×0.9 mm³) is dependent upon the response ratio R₃/R₅ of these two peaks. This finding is in agreement with predictions from an equation derived from the two-peak method equations. The result implies that the peak response ratio R₃/R₅ for TLD-300 surrounded by Tissue Equivalent material is independent of the encapsulating material. This is also demonstrated experimentally.     

Simultaneous determination of sulfaquinoxaline, sulfamethazine and pyrimethamine by liquid chromatography

A liquid chromatography method is described to determine sulfaquinoxaline (SQX), sulfamethazine (SMT), and pyrimethamine (PMT), by using a Kromasil C₁₈ column and a 40 mM NaH₂PO₄ buffer solution, containing 10 mM NaClO₄ (pH 3.0)–acetonitrile (65:35) as mobile phase. The mobile phase flow-rate and sample volume injected were 1.5 ml/min and 20 μl, respectively and the samples were dissolved in the mobile phase. The limits of quantification were found to be about 180 μg/l (3.6 ng) for each compound. The method was applied in veterinary commercial formulations. Analyses were made by means of the standard addition method, whose results were compared with those obtained by preparing “tests” (from the stock solutions) and with those obtained by a capillary electrophoresis method. Both methods showed similar results, and then it was proved that some commercial claimed levels were not in agreement with the obtained results by using our analytical method, as they were in other cases.     

Kinetic and mechanistic study of the chlorpromazine-hydrogen peroxide reaction for the catalytic spectrophotometric determination of iodide

Extensive kinetic studies were performed to investigate the mechanism of the chlorpromazine (CP)-hydrogen peroxide reaction utilized in the catalytic determination of iodide. This reaction proceeds by two independent, parallel reactions, one through the formation of a red free radical, another directly to form the colorless product. The red color formation is catalyzed by traces of iodide. The color formation reaction was followed by measuring the increase in absorbance at 525 nm and its kinetic investigations were carried out by the initial rate method. The reaction rate curves for colorless sulfoxide formation were obtained by following the increase in absorbance at 335 nm, and the analysis was carried out by the integration method. The disappearance rate of CP is given by -d[CP]dt = k₃[I⁻[H₂O₂][H⁺] + k₆[CP][H₂O₂][H⁺] + k₉[CP][H₂O₂][H⁺] + k₁₀[CP][H₂O₂], where the first and second terms correspond to the chromogenic reaction and the third and fourth to colorless sulfoxide formation. Mechanisms consistent with each term were proposed and analytical implications of the kinetic studies are discussed.     

磺丁基醚-β-环糊精修饰毛细管电色谱拆分地平类药物对映体

采用甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯原位聚合物基质, 将磺丁基醚-β-环糊精修饰到毛细管内壁, 制得了一种毛细管电色谱手性柱(SECDP), 并通过红外光谱(IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了其结构. 磺酸基可提供足够稳定的正向电渗流(EOF), 基于磺丁基醚-β-环糊精在固定相和流动相中的协同作用, 通过优化手性添加剂浓度、 pH值、 施加电压、 温度及有机调节剂含量等条件, 利用该开管电色谱柱拆分了氨氯地平、 尼莫地平和尼卡地平等10种地平类手性药物对映体. 优化的流动相组成为20 mmol/L NaH₂PO₄(pH=4.0), 含4.0 mmol/L 磺丁基醚-β-环糊精, 乙腈的体积分数为10%~25%, 施加电压15~25 kV, 温度为15 ℃, 电动进样2 kV×5 s, 检测波长为236 nm. 在上述条件下, 分离度(R_S)可达3.62, 柱效达61011块/m, 分析时间一般为6~15 min. 基于色谱分离数据, 探讨了相关的手性分离机理.     

过氧硝酸乙酰酯分解反应的速率常数

在G3MP2B3结构优化和能量计算的基础上, 采用RRKM理论和疏松过渡态模型重新估算了过氧硝酸乙酰酯(PAN)的热分解反应PAN→CH₃C(O)OO+NO₂(R1)的反应速率常数, 得到与实验值吻合的结果.用同样的模型计算了PAN→CH₃C(O)O+NO₃(R2)的反应速率常数. 结果表明, 在相同的反应条件下, R1是主要的分解通道, R2是次要通道, R2的反应速率常数比R1的小两个数量级.     

Evaluation of the immobilized artificial membrane phosphatidylcholine: Drug discovery column for high-performance liquid chromatographic screening of drug–membrane interactions

Chromatographic retention factors (k′) of a series of eight β-adrenoceptor antagonist compounds (β-adrenolytic drugs) were determined employing an immobilized artificial membrane column (IAM.PC.DD). The influence of mobile phase pH, ionic strength, and organic modifier composition was studied in order to examine column performance. After the IAM.PC.DD columns were exposed to approximately 7000 column volumes of a 0.01 M PBS mobile phase, five out of six columns tested showed significant peak broadening and decreased k′ values indicative of premature column failure. The data suggested that the immobilized phospholipids stationary phase was removed by the 0.01 M PBS mobile phase. The β-adrenolytic drug's log k′_IAM values obtained with an IAM.PC.DD column were compared to an ^esterIAM.PC.MG column for predicting drug membrane interactions. For the linear regression analysis between log k′_IAM and the logarithm of the n-octanol–water partition coefficients (r_IAM.PC.DD=0.8710 vs. r_IAM.PC.MG=0.9538), the C₁₈ HPLC retention factors (r_IAM.PC.DD=0.8408 vs. r_IAM.PC.MG=0.9380), the liposome partition coefficients (r_IAM.PC.DD=0.8887 vs. r_IAM.PC.MG=0.9187), and various pharmacokinetic parameters, significantly better correlations were obtained with the ^esterIAM.PC.MG column than the IAM.PC.DD column.