Crisis phenomena in falling liquid films at periodic heat loads

Experimental results on development of crisis phenomena in a falling film of cryogenic liquid at alternating pulse heat release are presented. Experimental data on local temperature evolution along a heat releasing surface are obtained. It is shown that amplitude of heater temperature pulsations depends significantly on the heat flux density and coordinates along the liquid film flow. New experimental data on the critical heat fluxes corresponding to formation of stable dry spots and drying crisis are presented depending on duration of heat release pulses. It is shown that parameters of the forming metastable regular structures and critical drying parameters of the heat-releasing surface are determined by dynamics of the movable boundaries of wetting during self-organization of a system.     

Interconnection between dynamics of liquid boiling-up and heat transfer crisis for nonstationary heat release

This paper deals with investigation results on crisis phenomena for nonstationary heat release under the conditions of free convection and in falling liquid films. It is shown that the character of the crisis development and the critical heat flux for nonstationary heat release significantly depend on the characteristics determining the temperature head of liquid boiling-up. According to experimental data with an arbitrary temporal function of heating, the character of the dependence between the critical heat flux and the heat release increasing rate is significantly effected by ready nucleation sites. It is found that a change in the nonstationary critical heat flux in the range of high times between impulses for periodic heat release is connected with deactivation of ready nucleation sites on the heat-releasing surface. According to new experimental results, in the studied range of irrigation degree alteration (Re_in = 30–1660), parameters characterizing decay of the falling liquid film with stepped heat release (the distribution of the time of boiling-up expectation along the liquid film, the velocities of movable boundaries in the boiling-up and drying fronts, the intensity of liquid ejection from the heat-releasing surface) complexly depend on the Reynolds number, wave characteristics, and heat flux density. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Formation and dispersion of an electrolyte film on an ice electrode melting as a result of Joule heat evolution

The thickness of a liquid film (≈3.6 μm) forming on an ice electrode is determined by solving the Stefan problem. The electrode melts as a result of Joule heat evolution when the current passes through it. The temperature distributions in the film and ice substrate are found. The radius of curvature of emitting asperities formed as a result of film instability against the surface charge is found to be ≈40 nm. This value provides the intense field evaporation of individual ions and ionic clusters from the top of the asperities at a potential difference of ≈100 V.     

Ignition of a vapor-gas mixture by a moving small-size source

A theoretical analysis of the ignition of a liquid fuel vapor-air mixture by a moving small source of heating was performed. A gas-phase model of the ignition with consideration given to heat transfer, liquid fuel evaporation, diffusion and convective motion of fuel vapor in the oxidizer medium, crystallization of the heating source, kinetics of the vaporization and ignition processes, temperature dependence of the thermophysical characteristics of the interacting substances, and character of motion of the heating source in the vapor-gas mixture was developed. The values of the ignition delay time τ _d , the main characteristic of the process, were determined. It was established how τ _d depends on the initial temperature, heating source sizes, velocity and trajectory of the heating source, and ambient air temperature.     

Investigation of current-voltage characteristics of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-CdS-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-CdTe structure with an extended layer of the intermediate solid solution

This paper reports on the results of investigations of n-CdS-p-CdTe heterostructures with an extended layer of the intermediate solid solution which satisfies the ratio w/L ≈ 10 (where w is the base length and L is the diffusion length of minority charge carriers). The current-voltage characteristics of these structures over a wide range of voltages are adequately described by power relationships of the type J ≈ AV _α, where the exponent α varies with an increase in the voltage. The results obtained are explained within the theory of drift mechanism of charge transfer with allowance made for the possibility of exchanging free charge carriers inside recombination complexes.     

Third heat transfer crisis at subcooling

The effect of liquid subcooling below the saturation temperature on the third heat transfer crisis was studied experimentally at pool boiling. Experimental data on the threshold values of superheating and heat fluxes, above which the evaporation front and third heat transfer crisis for acetone at subcooling from 0.3 to 10 K are formed, were shown. Formation of evaporation fronts is the necessary, but not sufficient condition for the third heat transfer crisis at subcooling. It was found that formation of a stable vapor film after propagation of condensation fronts over the heater surface is possible at heat fluxes considerably lower than the first critical one.     

Growth velocity and the topography of Ni-Zn binary alloy electrodeposits

We show that the electrodeposition of Ni-Zn alloys at the lowest growth velocities, v < 0.5μm/s, exclusively proceeds from an abnormal co-deposition phenomenon. The growth process in this v region greatly depends on the initial [Co²⁺] concentration of the film deposition bath. A theoretical approach of this process including the role of the saturation surface roughness of the alloy, , leads to an estimation of the transport properties of the ad-atoms involved during the deposit formation. Their surface diffusion coefficient varying between 1.76×10^-10 and 2.40×10^-8 cm^-2/s exhibits a minimal value, D _s = 2.10×10^-10 cm^-2/s located between v = 0.17 and 0.35μm/s. The spatial scaling analysis of the local roughness, σ, examined according to the power-law σ≈L ^α reveals that the resulting roughness exponents concurs with the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang dynamics including the restricted surface diffusion. Two main v regions leads to different fractal textural features of the alloy film surface. Below 0.10 μm/s, the roughness exponent obtained is α≈ 0.6, depicting a limited ad-atom mobility. Over v = 0.30μm/s, this exponent stabilises at α≈ 0.82, indicating an increase of the surface diffusion. Received 16 August 2000 and Received in final form 20 June 2001     

Implantation of periodic structures formed by silver particles into quartz glass

Quartz glass samples with a thin photosensitive AgCl-Ag film, prepared by successive evaporation of AgCl (h _AgCl ≈ 35 nm) and Ag (h _Ag ≈ 8 nm) in vacuum have been investigated. A periodic structure with a period of d = 375 nm formed by Ag particles was obtained in films using a p-polarized laser beam (λ = 532 nm, P = 25 mW) at an angle of incidence of ϕ = 20°. After removing AgCl in a fixing agent, the periodic structure remained on the glass surface. Subsequent irradiation by a CO₂ laser (λ = 10.6 μm, P ≈ 20 W) led to the implantation of this structure into the glass with the conservation of its period d and partial conservation of the related dichroism. The fact of implantation is confirmed by the high mechanical and chemical stability of the structure obtained. A possible implantation mechanism, taking into account the thermionic emission, Ag ionic transport, and the presence of free voids in the quartz glass and defects in its structural network, is discussed.     

Heat Transfer Study in a Discoidal System: The Influence of an Impinging Jet and Rotation

Abstract

This article presents an experimental study of the local heat transfer on the rotor surface in a discoidal rotor-stator system air-gap in which an air jet comes through the stator and impinges the rotor. To determine the surface temperatures, measurements were taken on the rotor, using an experimental technique based on infrared thermography. A thermal balance was used to identify the local convective heat transfer coefficient. The influence of the axial Reynolds number Re _j and the rotational Reynolds number Re was measured and compared with the data available in the literature. Local convective heat transfer coefficients were obtained for a dimensionless space between the two disks G = 0.01, for Re _j between 0 and 41,666, and for Re between 20,000 and 516,000. The flow data found in the literature can be used to explain the heat transfers in this small space configuration. In fact, the rotating disk can be divided into two influence zones: one dominated by the air jet near the center of the rotor and one affected by both the air jet and rotation. Heat transfers with non zero impinging jets appear to be continuously improved compared to those with no jets, even if the two influence zones mentioned previously are situated differently.     

Photoconductivity of poly-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-xylylene + CdS nanocomposite films over a wide temperature range

For poly-p-xylylene + CdS (PPX + CdS) nanocomposite films, the dependences of the photo-conductivity σ _ph (T) on the concentration C of CdS nanoparticles, intensity and wavelength of exciting light, and temperature T within 15–300 K are examined. An appreciable photocurrent appears at C ≥ 10 vol %, when a large percolation cluster of CdS nanoparticles is formed. The photocurrent spectrum is compared to the absorption spectrum of the film. The photocurrent I _ph (P) increases with the intensity of light flux P in a wavelength range near 435 nm according to the I _ph (P) ∼ P ⁿ power law, where n < 1. At 15 K, the photoconductivity of films with C ≈ 11.5 and 13.5 vol % is higher than that of a pure CdS film (C = 100 vol %) by factors of ≈100 and ≈30, respectively. For films with C > 11.5 vol %, the σ _ph (T) dependence at low T exhibits a metal-like character (σ _ph (T) decreases with increasing temperature). Atomic force microscopy is used to examine the surface topography of PPX + CdS films, which is found to be strongly dependent on the concentration of nanoparticles. The dark conductivity and photoconductivity of nanocomposite films arise due to the thermo- and photoexcitation transfer of electrons from the CdS nanoparticles to the PPX matrix with the formation of an electronic double layer at the PPX matrix-large percolation CdS cluster interface, a process that populates the phenyl rings of the adjacent PPX layer with excess electrons. As a result, various mechanisms of electron transfer in the polymer matrix can be realized: Mott’s hopping conduction mechanism with variable-range hopping in the matrix between CdS clusters and the metal-like behavior of the conductivity in the polymer shell of the large cluster at low temperatures. The polymer shell contains excess electrons on the phenyl rings -C₆H₄- in the composition of anion-resonances -C₆H₄⁻-.     

Correlation of structure parameters of absorber layer with efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se<Subscript>2</Subscript> solar cell

Polycrystalline Cu(In, Ga)Se₂ with Ga-content x=Ga/(In+Ga) ranging from 0.0 (CuInSe₂) to 1.0 (CuGaSe₂) in heterojunction thin film solar cells were grown by multi-source evaporation. Solar cells with a highest efficiency of η=15.3% need a composition of x≈0.2. At this composition, the c/a ratio of the lattice constants for the tetragonal lattice equals c/a=2, indicating ideal tetragonality. These results suggest that low electronic defect densities occur at x≈0.2, due to the smallest possible crystallographic distortion of the tetragonal lattice at this composition. Cells with high efficiencies require grain sizes above 145 nm and a high preferred orientation (P₂₀₄/P₂₂₀ pole density ratio) for the grains.     

Heat transfer and crisis phenomena at boiling in Freon mixture films falling down the structured tube

Investigation results on hydrodynamics, heat transfer, and crisis phenomena in laminar-wave liquid films falling down the surfaces of different geometry are presented in this study. Freon mixture R21/R114 with initial concentration of low-boiling component of 4?C16.6 % was used as the working liquid. The film Reynolds number at the inlet to the experimental section varied from 60 to 700. The heat flux density was changed within 0?C5 W/cm². The images of wave surface of the falling liquid film and formation of dry spots were visualized and recorded by the high-speed video camera. Results of investigation of the wave structure of the film surface, measurements of heat transfer coefficients under the conditions of boiling, and critical heat fluxes in the film flow over the smooth and structured surfaces are presented.     

Dynamics of transition processes and structure formation in critical heat-mass transfer regimes during liquid boiling and cavitation

The results of experimental studies concerning the development of critical phenomena and structure formation in the process of boiling in falling films and during liquid cavitation are given. In conditions of stepwise and periodic pulsed surges of a thermal load, the parameters of formed metastable regular structures and critical parameters of heat-releasing surface drying are shown to be determined by the dynamics of moving wetting boundaries in the process of system self-organization. In the case of high-intensity heat fluxes, decomposition of a falling film is determined by propagation regimes of self-maintaining boiling fronts with a complex shape of intermediate structures. The study of ultrasonic cavitation of water, glycerin, and vacuum oil shows that structures of interacting gas-vapor bubbles (having the form of fractal clusters) are formed near the emitter surface. Spatial structures are characterized by a low-frequency divergence of the power spectra and a scale-invariant function of the fluctuation distributions. The experimental results are in good qualitative agreement with the numerical simulations performed within the theory of 1/f fluctuations in the case of nonequilibrium phase transitions in a spatially distributed system.     

微结构表面封闭式喷雾冷却传热特性

以蒸馏水为工质,在闭式循环喷雾冷却系统上,变化喷雾流量,研究了表面几何结构对喷雾传热性能的影响。从对流换热和相变换热比例关系的角度,对喷雾换热机理进行了实验研究。结果表明:与光滑表面相比,微结构表面可明显增强喷雾换热强度,这主要归因于相变换热的增强。表面温度较低时,直肋面换热效果最好 ;增大流量,光面换热增强,而直肋面变化不明显。表面温度较高时,方肋面换热效果最好;随着流量增大,所有面换热均增强。对于微结构表面,相变换热份额均大于50%,故而以相变换热为主;而光滑表面,即使在温度较低时,相变换热份额也大于20%。临界热流密度与三相接触线长度正相关,流量为15.9 mL/min时,方肋面、直肋面和光面的临界热流密度依次为159.1,120.2,109.8 W/cm2,蒸发效率分别为96.0%,72.5%,67.1%。     

Laminar free convection heat transfer between vertical isothermal plates

The paper represents results on numerical investigation of flow and heat transfer between two isothermal vertical plates under laminar natural convection. A system of complete Navier–Stokes equations is solved for a two-dimensional gas flow between the plates along with additional rectangular regions (connected to inlet and outlet sections), whose characteristic sizes are much greater than the spacing between the plates. The calculations were performed over very wide ranges of Rayleigh number Ra = 10 ÷ 10⁵ and a relative channel length AR = L/w = 1 ÷ 500. The influence of the input parameters on the gas-dynamic and thermal structure of thermogravitational convection, the local and mean heat transfer, and also the gas flow rate between the plates (convective draft. We determined sizes of the regions and regime parameters when the local heat flux on the walls tends to zero due to the gas temperature approach to the surface temperature. It is shown that the mean heat transfer decreases as the relative channel length AR grows, whereas the integral gas flow rate (convective draft) and Reynolds number in the channel Re = 2wUm/ν increase. The use of a modified Rayleigh number Ra* = Ra · (w/L) (Elenbaas number) leads to generalization of calculation data on mean heat transfer. These data are in good agreement with the correlations for heat transfer [1, 2] and gas flow rate [3]. The reasons of variation of the data in the range of low Rayleigh numbers are discussed in detail.     

One-and two-front states of equilibrium in a thin superconducting film

Two-phase states of equilibrium of a thin superconducting film carrying a current under conditions of convective heat exchange at the free surface of the film are studied. It is shown that for a classical superconductor the two-phase state of the film remains a single-front state over a wide range of parameters of the system. For high-T _c superconductors there exists a maximum value of the Steckl number above which weakly nonequilibrium stationary states can only be multifront states. The solutions of the boundary-value problem modeling a two-front state of equilibrium are investigated, and the conditions under which they obtain are examined. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 84–87 (March 1998)     

Growth morphology of nanoscale sputter-deposited Au films on amorphous soft polymeric substrates

The growth of a room-temperature sputter-deposited thin Au film on two soft polymeric substrates, polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), from nucleation to formation of a continuous film is investigated by means of atomic force microscopy. In particular, we studied the surface morphology evolution of the film as a function of the deposition time observing an initial Au three-dimensional island-type growth. Then the Au film morphology evolves, with increasing deposition time, from hemispherical islands to partially coalesced worm-like island structures, to percolation, and finally to a continuous and rough film. The overall Au morphology evolution is discussed in the framework of the interrupted coalescence model, allowing us to evaluate the island critical radius for the partial coalescence R _c=8.7±0.9 nm for Au on PS and R _c=7.6±0.8 nm for Au on PMMA. Furthermore, the application of the kinetic freezing model allows us to evaluate the room-temperature surface diffusion coefficient D _s≈1.8×10⁻¹⁸ m²/s for Au on PS and D _s≈1.1×10⁻¹⁸ m²/s for Au on PMMA. The application of the Vincent model allows us, also, to evaluate the critical coverage (at which the percolation occurs) P _c=61% for Au on PS and P _c=56% for Au on PMMA. Finally, the dynamic scaling theory of a growing interface was applied to characterize the kinetic roughening of the Au film on both PMMA and PS. Such analyses allow us to evaluate the dynamic scaling, growth, and roughness exponents z=3.8±0.4, β=0.28±0.03, α=1.06±0.05 for the growth of Au on PS and z=4.3±0.3, β=0.23±0.03, α=1.03±0.05 for the growth of Au on PMMA, in agreement with a non-equilibrium but conservative and linear growth process in which the surface diffusion phenomenon plays a key role.     

Structural and superconducting properties of oxygen-deficient GdBaSrCu3Ox (6.5<x<7.0)

3 O_x with both orthorhombic and tetragonal structure were synthesized using different heat treatments. From each type, a series of oxygen-depleted samples, denoted as “O” and “T”, with oxygen contents 6.5<x<7.0 were prepared by annealing in argon at different temperatures in the range 300–550 °C. For O- and T-samples, superconductivity vanishes below x≈6.8 and x≈6.6, respectively. While T-samples show a continuous variation of both T_c and the unit-cell volume with x, O-samples show coinciding anomalies in these dependences. In all cases, the oxygen loss with respect to fully oxygenated samples was determined by both weight measurements (δ_w) and iodometric titration (δ_t) With T-samples, δ_w and δ_t are in good agreement, whereas with O-samples considerable discrepancies between these values were found. These disparities in the properties of O- and T-samples may be related to differences in the oxygen sublattice. Received: 25 February 1997/Accepted: 27 February 1997     

强化管管外升膜蒸发换热特性实验

升膜蒸发是利用微细槽道对液体的毛细抽吸作用,在强化管外表面覆盖一层薄液膜,进而以薄膜蒸发的形式实现强化换热.本文针对强化管在水中的浸入深度,蒸发压力,加热壁面过热度等因素对升膜蒸发换热性能的影响展开实验研究.实验结果表明随着管外液位的降低升膜蒸发换热系数明显提高,此外,蒸发压力和加热壁面过热度因素对升膜蒸发换热性能也有着显著的影响.     

Low-temperature behavior of specific heat curves in ruthenocuprate RuSr<Subscript>2</Subscript>Gd<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>Ge<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>10 − δ</Subscript>: Superconducting,magnetic and crossing-point effects

Magnetic and superconducting properties of polycrystalline samples of RuSr₂Gd_1.5Ce_0.5Cu₂O_{(10 − δ)}, asprepared (by solid-state reaction) and annealed in pure oxygen at different pressure are presented. Specific heat and magnetization were investigated in the temperature range 1.8–300 K with a magnetic field up to 8 T. Specific heat, C (T), shows a jump at the superconducting transition (with onset at T ≈ 37.5 K) and a Schottky-type anomaly below 20 K. It is found that curves C(T) taken for different values of magnetic field have the same crossing point (at T _* ≈ 2.7 K) for all samples studied. At the same time, C(H) curves taken for different temperatures have a crossing point at a characteristic field H _* ≈ 3.7 T. These effects are manifestations of the crossing-point phenomenon, which is supposed to be inherent for strongly correlated electron systems.