On conformally related fields in Rosen's bimetric gravitation theory

It is shown that the gravitational energy generation vector is conformally invariant. The necessary and sufficient condition for the conformai invariance of the gravitational field equations is found. The conformal transformations of two simple nongravitational energy tensors are considered. It is shown that the conformal factor for metrics conformal to the background is the solution of a simple differential equation.     

Reformulation of electromagnetic and gravito-electromagnetic equations for Lorentz system with octonion algebra

In this paper, the real, complex octonion algebra and their properties are defined. The electromagnetic and gravito-electromagnetic equations with monopoles in terms of S and $\hbox {S}^{\prime }$ reference systems are presented in vector notations. Additionally, the duality transformations of gravito-electromagnetic situation for two reference systems are also represented. Besides, it is explained that Maxwell-like equations for gravito-electromagnetism are also invariant under Lorentz transformations. By introducing complex octonionic differential operator, a new generalized complex octonionic field term consisting of electromagnetic and gravito-electromagnetic components has been firstly suggested for Lorentz system. Afterwards, a complex octonionic source equation is obtained as in basic way, more compact and elegant notation. By defining a new complex octonionic general potential term, the field equation is attained once again. The components of complex octonionic field and wave equations are written in detailed for S and $\hbox {S}^{\prime }$ reference systems.     

The necessity of torsion in gravity

It is shown that torsion is required for a complete theory of gravitation, and that without it, the equations of gravitation violate fundamental laws. In the first case, we are reminded that, in the absence of external forces, the correct conservation law of total angular momentum arises only if torsion, whose origin is intrinsic spin, is included into gravitation. The second case considers the “mass reversal” transformation. It has been known that under a global chiral transformation and “mass to negative mass” transformation, the Dirac equation is invariant. But global transformations violate special relativity, so this transformation must be made local. It is shown that the torsion is the gauge field for this local invariance.     

Beltrami-de Sitter时空中标量和旋量粒子的量子理论

参照在Minkowski时空中,从粒子的相对论性经典理论过渡到量子理论,建立标量粒子和旋量粒子的相对论性波动方程的方案,在Beltrami-de Sitter时空中建立了de Sitter不变的标量粒子和旋量粒子的相对论性量子力学的基本方程,它们恰恰分别是Beltrami-de Sitter时空中的Klein-Gordon方程和Dirac方程。在Beltrami-anti de Sitter时空的同时类空超曲面簇上求解了这些方程,得到了分立的本征值和相应的本征函数。 关键词：     

Symmetry group of generalized vector field equations

The equations describing an electromagnetic field, a Yang-Mills massless field, and a free massive vector field are generalized in a quaternion setting. The generalized equations are invariant under a six-parameter group of transformations, which do not affect the space-time coordinates. In application to the generalized Maxwell equations the indicated group is isomorphic to Zaitsev's group of outer transformations of the electromagnetic field variables.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 45–48, August, 1977.The author is indebted to S. I. Kruglov, Yu. A. Kurochkin, and E. A. Tolkachev for a critical and stimulating discussion of the present results.     

The group of external transformations of electromagnetic field variables

A quaternion formulation of Maxwell equations in a medium is given. Adding gradient terms to these equations, they become invariant under the transformations of field variables forming a representation of the group S0(3, 3) — the group of external transformations of electromagnetic field variables. A discussion of possible physical applications of the generalized equations of macroscopic electrodynamics is given.     

Electromagnetic and Force Field Equations

In classical physics the electromagnetic equations are described by Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's equations proved to be invariant under gauge, or Lorentz transformations. Also, Einstein's equations of the special theory of relativity are invariant under Lorentz transformations. On the other hand classical mechanics and quantum mechanics laws are invariant under Galilean transformations. This means that, there are two different dynamical structures describing our universe. Einstein's unified field theory failled in putting our universe in one dynamical structure. New electromagnetic and force field equations are going to be derived. They have the same shape like Maxwell's equations, but with different dynamical structure. Those equations are invariant under Galilean transformations and in the density matrix formalism of quantum mechanics.     

Invariant manifolds of an autonomous ordinary differential equation from its generalized normal forms

A method to approximate some invariant sets of dynamical systems defined through an autonomous m-dimensional ordinary differential equation is presented. Our technique is based on the calculation of formal symmetries and generalized normal forms associated with the system of equations, making use of Lie transformations for smooth vector fields. Once a symmetry is determined up to a certain order, a reduction map allows us to pass from the equation in normal form to a related equation in a certain reduced space, the so-called reduced system of dimension s相似文献   

On the theory of small-amplitude vibrations of curved-surface diaphragms

An equation is derived describing small-amplitude vibrations of an arbitrary curved diaphragm, whose surface is considered as a two-dimensional Riemannian space. The derivation is based on the variational principle, from which the motion equation and conservation law follow in a form invariant with respect to arbitrary transformations of coordinates on the diaphragm surface. It has been shown that the wave equation, along with the two-dimensional Laplace-Beltrami operator, includes an additional term proportional to the scalar curvature of the diaphragm surface. As an example, the equations are considered for a spherical diaphragm and a catenoid-shaped diaphragm with a minimal surface of revolution.     

Transposition-invariant equations for the unified field theory

We discuss, within the framework provided by a recently developed variational method, transposition-invariant field equations for unified field theories. Systems that are, in addition, invariant under Weyl-type gauge transformations or lambda transformations are derived. It is found that in a weak field limit two of the systems contain the equations of general relativity and the covariant Maxwell equations for a charge-free region.     

Group of quaternion translations of the Dirac-Kähler equation

It is shown that a system of quaternion equations equivalent to the Dirac-Kähler equation is invariant with respect to transformations of field functions inducible by translations in quaternion coordinate space.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 89–92, October, 1989.     

关于伸缩变换与麦克斯韦方程组对称性的讨论

指出麦克斯韦方程组在坐标伸缩变换下不具有不变性.     

PROLONGATION STRUCTURES OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS IN HIGHER DIMENSIONS

It is shown that the prolongation structure theory for nonlinear (evolution) equations with two independent variables can be generalized to the systems with many independent variables. By means of the nonlinear realization theory of gauge symmetries, the fundamental equations for prolongation structures and the requirements for the generalized Lax representations of the nonlinear systems in higher dimensions have been given. Based upon the invariances of the prvlongation structures or the generalized Lax representation under certain transformations, the general condition satisfied by the auto-Backlund transformations has been proposed and searching for a kind of auto-Backlund transformations has been transferred to solving the regular Riemann-Hilbert problem.     

Conformal invariance of Maxwell's equations with magnetic charges

It is shown that Maxwell's equations when there exist isolated magnetic charges are invariant under conformal transformations.     

Inverse scattering method and vector higher order non-linear Schrödinger equation

A generalized inverse scattering method has been developed for arbitrary n-dimensional Lax equations. Subsequently, the method has been used to obtain N-soliton solutions of a vector higher order non-linear Schrödinger equation, proposed by us. It has been shown that under a suitable reduction, the vector higher order non-linear Schrödinger equation reduces to the higher order non-linear Schrödinger equation. An infinite number of conserved quantities have been obtained by solving a set of coupled Riccati equations. Gauge equivalence is shown between the vector higher order non-linear Schrödinger equation and the generalized Landau–Lifshitz equation and the Lax pair for the latter equation has also been constructed in terms of the spin field, establishing direct integrability of the spin system.     

A complete action for the spinning string

We present an action for the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond model from which follow both the field equations and the gauge and supergauge constraints. This is done by coupling the free-field action to two-dimensional supergravity in a geometrically clear way. The constraints arise as the supergravity field equations, the supergravity fields playing the role of Lagrange multipliers. The action is invariant under local supersymmetry transformations and, as a consequence, the field equations and the constraints are consistent. The commutator structure of the local supersymmetry algebra is exhibited. It is also shown that there exists a special gauge in which the action, the field equations and the constraints take the free-field from of the usual formulation of the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond model.     

Noether equations and conservation laws

The purpose of the paper is to present a rigorous derivation of the relation between conservation laws and transformations leaving invariant the action integral. The (space-)time development of a physical system is represented by a cross section of a product bundleM. A Lagrange function is defined as a mapping where is the bundle space of the first jet extension ofM. A symmetry transformation is defined as a bundle automorphism ofM, carrying solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equation into solutions of the same equation. An important class of symmetry transformations is that of generalized invariant transformations: they are defined by specifying their action on the Euler-Lagrange equation. The generators of generalized invariant transformations are solutions of a system of linear, homogeneous partial differential equation (Noether equations). The set of all solutions of these equations has a natural structure of Lie algebra. In a simple manner, the Noether equations give rise to differential conservation laws.Supported by Air Force Office of Scientifie Research and Aeronautical Research Laboratories.On leave of absence from the Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland.     

Unified Field Theory from Enlarged Transformation Group. The Consistent Hamiltonian

A theory has been presented previously in which the geometrical structure of a real four-dimensional space time manifold is expressed by a real orthonormal tetrad, and the group of diffeomorphisms is replaced by a larger group. The group enlargement was accomplished by including those transformations to anholonomic coordinates under which conservation laws are covariant statements. Field equations have been obtained from a variational principle which is invariant under the larger group. These field equations imply the validity of the Einstein equations of general relativity with a stress-energy tensor that is just what one expects for the electroweak field and associated currents. In this paper, as a first step toward quantization, a consistent Hamiltonian for the theory is obtained. Some concluding remarks are given concerning the need for further development of the theory. These remarks include discussion of a possible method for extending the theory to include the strong interaction.     

Solutions of the Maxwell equations and photon wave functions

Properties of six-component electromagnetic field solutions of a matrix form of the Maxwell equations, analogous to the four-component solutions of the Dirac equation, are described. It is shown that the six-component equation, including sources, is invariant under Lorentz transformations. Complete sets of eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian for the electromagnetic fields, which may be interpreted as photon wave functions, are given both for plane waves and for angular-momentum eigenstates. Rotationally invariant projection operators are used to identify transverse or longitudinal electric and magnetic fields. For plane waves, the velocity transformed transverse wave functions are also transverse, and the velocity transformed longitudinal wave functions include both longitudinal and transverse components. A suitable sum over these eigenfunctions provides a Green function for the matrix Maxwell equation, which can be expressed in the same covariant form as the Green function for the Dirac equation. Radiation from a dipole source and from a Dirac atomic transition current are calculated to illustrate applications of the Maxwell Green function.     

Dimensional reduction of symmetries

It has been shown that ordinary (d−2)-dimensional quantum field theories are equivalent to corresponding quantum field theories defined on a (d+2)-dimensional superspace with two anticommuting variables. This dimensional reduction is a consequence of superrotation invariance in the superspace. In this letter we study general conformal transformations in the superspace and the properties of field theories which are invariant under such transformations. We show that the symmetries are dimensionally reduced.