Enhanced oxygen reduction at Pd catalytic nanoparticles dispersed onto heteropolytungstate-assembled poly(diallyldimethylammonium)-functionalized carbon nanotubes

Both Keggin-type phosphotungstic acid (HPW) and Pd are not prominent catalysts towards the oxygen reduction (ORR), but their composite Pd-HPW catalyst produces a significantly higher electrochemical activity for the ORR in acidic media. The novel composite catalyst was synthesized by self-assembly of HPW on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged HPW and positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium (PDDA)-wrapped MWCNTs, followed by dispersion of Pd nanoparticles onto the HPW-PDDA-MWCNT assembly. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TEM images show that Pd nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the surface of MWCNTs even when the Pd loading was increased to 60 wt%. Electrochemical activity of the catalysts for the ORR was evaluated by steady state polarization measurements using a rotating disk electrode. Compared with the acid treated MWCNTs, Pd nanoparticles supported on the HPW-assembled MWCNTs show a much higher ORR activity that is comparable to conventional Pt/C catalysts. The high electrocatalytic activities could be related to high dispersion of Pd nanoparticles as well as synergistic effects originating from the high proton conductivity of HPW. The Pd/HPW-PDDA-MWCNTs system as the cathode catalyst in proton exchange membrane fuel cells is demonstrated.     

固载化阳离子金属卟啉/杂多阴离子复合催化剂在分子氧氧化乙苯过程中的催化特性

以交联聚苯乙烯微球(CPS)为基质载体, 采用同步合成与固载的方法, 简捷地制得了固载化阳离子苯基卟啉, 继而通过与钴盐的配合反应, 制备了固载化阳离子钴卟啉. 在此基础上, 以Keggin 型杂多酸磷钨酸(HPW)及磷钼酸(HPMo)为试剂, 凭借阳离子钴卟啉(CoP)与杂多阴离子之间的静电相互作用, 制备与表征了固载化的由阳离子钴卟啉与杂多阴离子复合而成的固体催化剂CoPPW-CPS和CoPPMo-CPS. 将两种复合催化剂用于分子氧氧化乙苯的氧化反应, 考察研究了催化特性. 结果表明: 在分子氧氧化乙苯的氧化反应中, 复合催化剂具有很高的催化活性, 可使乙苯高选择性地转化为苯乙酮, 反应12 h, 苯乙酮的产率达30.1%; 复合催化剂的催化活性比单纯的固载化钴卟啉高75%; CoPPW-CPS的催化活性高于CoPPMo-CPS. 在复合催化剂结构组分中, 固载化的杂多阴离子并无催化活性, 起催化作用的组分是钴卟啉; 但是, 杂多阴离子可有效保护钴卟啉, 使其免于被氧化失活, 从而使其保持稳定的高催化活性. 复合催化剂具有最适宜的投加量, 过量催化剂的加入, 会抑制钴卟啉的催化活性. 复合催化剂还具有良好的循环使用性能.     

Mesoporous zirconium–silica nanocomposite modified with heteropoly tungstophosphoric acid catalyst for ultra-deep oxidative desulfurization

An adsorbent catalyst was proposed to reduce the leaching of active species of the catalyst and enhance the kinetics of the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reaction of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from model diesel fuel. By loading phosphotungstic acid (HPW) species onto a zirconium-modified hexagonal mesoporous silica (Zr-HMS), a novel catalyst was synthesized and utilized for the ODS process. An ultrafast ODS kinetics was specifically identified using 20%HPW/Zr-HMS as catalyst. Within 30 min, more than 95% of the 350 ppm DBT content of the model fuel was oxidized by H₂O₂. The synthesized catalyst retained its sulfur removal ability even after five subsequent ODS reactions and the leaching of HPW species was found to be suppressed successfully. Overall, this new reusable catalyst provided an alternative for highly efficient ultra-deep desulfurization process.     

Promotion of oxidative desulfurization performance of model fuel by 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO2 material

Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) supported on Ce-doped three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) TiO₂ catalysts are studied in catalytic oxidation desulfurization (ODS) of model oil. The structural and textural of as-synthesized catalysts are characterized by N₂ adsorption, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, TEM, FT-IR, XPS, UV–Vis and ICP. These results upheld the existence of periodically arranged macroporous structure of catalyst, with Keggin-type of HPW dispersed homogeneously on TiO₂ matrix. Among these 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO₂ materials, catalyst with 15 wt.% cerium dosage exhibits best ODS performance, which oxidized 99.8% of dibenzothiophene (DBT) into corresponding sulfone within 40 min. The excellent ODS performance of 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO₂ catalyst is related to the common influence of more oxygen vacancies produced by electron transformation between Ce³⁺ and Ce⁴⁺. The chemisorbed oxygen on the surface catalyst will facilitate the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfones. Moreover, the 3DOM structure of catalyst will further promote the mass transfer of reactants and products on the pore channel. The as-prepared catalyst shows excellent reusability in the ODS system, no obviously decrease in catalytic activity even after 6 runs.     

Encapsulation of N-heterocyclic carbene–gold (I) catalysts within magnetic core/shell silica gels: A reusable alkyne hydration catalyst

In this study, N-heterocyclic carbene–Au(I) complex, chloro[1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene]gold (I), was successfully encapsulated within mesopores of a magnetic core/shell (γ-Fe₂O₃@SiO₂) silica gel through post-pore-size reduction by silylation reactions The post-reduction of the pore size not only minimizes the catalyst leaching during the alkyne hydration reactions but also eliminates any need for covalent modification of the catalyst or support surface. The resulting catalyst exhibits high activity in hydration reactions of various alkynes even under low catalytic loadings. The catalyst can be easily recycled from the reaction mixture using a magnet and can be reused in alkyne hydration reactions up to six times with only 52. wt% Au leaching.     

银离子修饰的介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅催化剂氧化脱硫性能研究

采用银修饰介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅（mesoporous HPW/SiO₂）催化剂,并研究了其在模拟柴油和真实柴油氧化脱硫反应中的催化性能。通过银修饰介孔HPW/SiO₂,结合银离子对有机硫化物的选择吸附性和HPW对有机硫化物的催化氧化活性,以达到选择氧化脱硫的目的。模拟柴油分别采用石油醚、苯、1-辛烯和二苯并噻吩配制,当银离子与HPW的摩尔比为2时,催化剂具有最高的选择催化氧化活性。采用N₂ 吸附-脱附、XRD、UV-vis和EDS表征了银修饰的介孔HPW/SiO₂催化剂,结果表明,银物种分散均匀且以Ag⁺形式存在。真实柴油的脱硫研究表明,相比介孔HPW/SiO₂催化剂,修饰的催化剂介孔Ag₂-HPW/SiO₂脱硫率提高了4.6%,初始硫含量为1800×10^-6的直馏柴油能被脱除至228×10^-6,脱硫率为87.3%。介孔Ag₂-HPW/SiO₂催化剂具有良好的再生性能,经再生处理后,Ag的损失量极少,其三次脱硫率达到84.8%。     

新型HPW/SiO2复合介孔材料的合成与表征

合成了一种新型的HPW/SiO2复合介孔材料,通过XRD,TEM,UV-Vis和FTIR等表征证明,HPW均匀且稳定地包藏到介孔材料由SiO2网络组成的孔壁之中.催化结果表明,其在大分子催化反应中有较高的活性,在酯化反应中连续循环使用未发现活性组分流失,表明其在多相催化和大分子催化反应中有较好的工业应用前景.     

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) composite membranes based on amino-modified halloysite nanotubes that effectively immobilize phosphotungstic acid

In this work, we prepared amino-modified halloysite nanotubes (PEI-DHNTs) via the co-deposition of self-polymerized dopamine and polyethylenimine (PEI) on the surface of nanotubes, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A series of composite proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were prepared by incorporating PEI-DHNTs and phosphotungstic acid (HPW) into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). It was found that both PEI-DHNTs and HPW were well dispersed in the polymer matrix, exhibiting excellent filler-matrix compatibility. The composite membranes demonstrated enhanced proton conductivity, reaching as high as 0.078 S cm⁻¹ with 33.3 wt.% HPW loading, which was ~90% higher than that of SPEEK control membrane. Such improvement was mainly attributed to the strong acid–base pairs formed by PEI-DHNT with both SPEEK and HPW, which shortened proton hopping distance and created more continuous proton conduction pathways. Furthermore, the membrane conductivity remained almost constant after 1 year's immersion in liquid water, indicating the successful immobilization of HPW in the composite membranes.     

HPW/PDMAEMA‐b‐PMAA/ZIF‐8 Ternary Lamellar Composite and the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue

PDMAEMA‐b‐PMAA block copolymers were prepared by the sequential RAFT polymerization of DMAEMA and tBMA, followed by hydrolysis. Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) was anchored to the PDMAEMA blocks through electrostatic interactions and the as‐obtained HPW/PDMAEMA‐b‐PMAA was added to the synthesis of ZIF‐8. During the formation of ZIF‐8, the PMAA blocks coordinated to the Zn²⁺ ions through their carboxy groups, along with the HPW groups that were anchored to the PDMAEMA blocks. In this way, the block copolymer could consolidate the interactions between HPW and ZIF‐8 and prevent the leakage of HPW. Finally, the HPW/PDMAEMA‐b‐PMAA/ZIF‐8 ternary lamellar composite was obtained and the structure of the HPW/PDMAEMA‐b‐PMAA/ZIF‐8 hybrid material was characterized by using powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a photocatalyst, the HPW/PDMAEMA‐b‐PMAA/ZIF‐8 ternary lamellar composite showed excellent photoactivity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB). The rate of degradation of MB was 0.0240 min^?1, which was 7.5‐times higher than that of commercially available P25 (0.0032 min^?1). In the presence of H₂O₂, the kinetic degradation parameters of the composite reached 0.0634 min^?1, which was about 19.8‐times higher than that of P25.     

Highly efficient heterogeneous acylations of aromatic compounds with acid anhydrides and carboxylic acids by montmorillonite-enwrapped titanium as a solid acid catalyst

Montmorillonite-enwrapped titanium hydroxide species (Ti⁴⁺-mont) acted as a highly efficient heterogeneous acid catalyst for the acylation of aromatic compounds with acid anhydrides or carboxylic acids. The catalytic activity of the Ti⁴⁺-mont was higher than those of other acid catalysts such as zeolites, SO ₄ ^2? /ZrO₂ and p-toluenesulfonic acid. For example, the reaction of anisole with dodecanoic acid in the presence of the Ti⁴⁺-mont catalyst gave 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-dodecanone in 97% yield. Furthermore, the Ti⁴⁺-mont catalyst was easily separated from the reaction mixture and was recyclable.     

Carbon-Based Material-Supported Palladium Nanocatalysts in Coupling Reactions: Discussion on their Stability and Heterogeneity

Scientific interest in carbon-based materials (CBMs) has grown dramatically over the past few decades. Due to a variety of atomic orbital hybrid forms (sp, sp² and sp³ hybridization), carbon can form a variety of materials with diverse structures and characteristics. CBMs used as efficient catalyst supports show extensive promise in organic reactions, which is attributed to their structural similarity with organics, large specific surface area, chemical stability, and photocatalytic properties. This review presents the synthesis of CBM-supported palladium nanocatalysts based on impregnation, template methods, etc. The CBMs include activated carbon (AC), graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their functionalized products, as supports for improving the activity and recyclability of simple Pd nanocatalysts. After surveying the literature where these catalysts have been utilized for carbon–carbon coupling reactions, there is a particular emphasis on Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions. The catalytic mechanism of these Pd nanocatalysts (surface heterogeneous catalysis or homogeneous catalysis caused by Pd leaching) is discussed in detail, especially the effect of Pd leaching on the stability of the catalyst.     

石墨烯氢氧化钴复合催化剂的一步合成及其对酸性橙的催化降解

用一步合成自组装法制备出了氢氧化钴与还原氧化石墨烯（Co（OH）₂/rGO）的复合催化剂,并将其用于水中染料的催化降解实验. 通过X射线衍射（XRD）,激光拉曼（Raman）光谱,透射电镜（TEM）,X射线能量色散谱（EDS）以及X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等一系列分析手段对催化剂的结构形貌进行了详细的表征,表征结果证实氢氧化钴很好地附着在还原石墨烯的表面. 最后初步考察了催化剂催化单过硫酸钾（PMS）降解酸性橙（AO7）的性能. 结果表明,催化剂显示出了高效的催化性能,酸性橙的色度可在12 min内完全去除,总有机碳（TOC）实验也表明染料降解的同时也可获得较高的矿化度. 循环稳定性实验表明在进行到第三次实验时,催化剂仍能保持高的催化活性,将酸性橙在16 min内降解完毕.     

Sulfonated carbon catalyzed oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids by hydrogen peroxide

Sulfonated carbon as a strong and stable solid acid catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance in various acid-catalyzed reactions. Here, sulfonated carbon, as catalyst for oxidation reaction, was prepared via the carbonization of starch followed by sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid. N₂ physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and acid-base titration were used to characterize the obtained materials. The catalytic activity of sulfonated carbon was studied in the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using 30 wt% H₂O₂ as oxidant. This oxidation protocol works well for various aldehydes including aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. The sulfonated carbon can be recycled for three times without obvious loss of activity.     

Preparing Pd catalysts based on urea ligand via electrospinning for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions

Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) reactions are important in chemistry. In this work, using electrospinning technology, we prepared a novel type of composite catalyst with ligand structures such as urea-Pd/PAN (polyacrylonitrile) and used them to catalyze SMC reactions in nontoxic systems and “green” conditions (air atmosphere, low temperature, and short reaction time). This method of preparing hybrid materials is simple and easy to operate. The higher catalytic activity of the catalysts is attributed to active centers with rich electrons transferred from ligands with unique structures, which can decrease the activation energy of the rate-determining step (oxidative addition). In addition, urea-Pd/PAN composite catalysts exhibit higher catalytic performance than those reduced by H₂ because of the smaller size of active species and the more-efficient oxidative addition to Pd⁰–ligand complexes compared to Pd⁰.     

H3PW12O40/mpg‐C3N4 as an efficient and reusable catalyst in the alkylation of o‐xylene and styrene

A heterogeneous catalyst (HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄) for the alkylation of o‐xylene and styrene reaction was acquired by the immobilization of phosphotungstic acid (HPW) on mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg‐C₃N₄) through electrostatic interaction. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved that HPW was successfully immobilized on the protonated mpg‐C₃N₄ by electrostatic interaction. The textural properties and morphology of HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄ were characterized by N₂ adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among them, 40% HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄ displays the best catalytic performance in the alkylation reaction with 91.8% yield and 96.5% selectivity to 1, 2‐diphenylethylane. Moreover, protonated mpg‐C₃N₄ not only displays as a support to facilitate great dispersion of HPW but also promotes the alkylation product diffusion effectively. Besides, the HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄ catalyst could be recycled easily without significant loss of catalytic activity, which is demonstrate by the recyclability of HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄ catalyst test.     

Palladium supported on zinc ferrite: an efficient catalyst for ligand free C–C and C–O cross coupling reactions

An efficient superparamagnetic Pd–ZnFe₂O₄ solid catalyst has been synthesized by loading Pd(0) species on zinc ferrite nanoparticles. Sonogashira cross couplings between terminal alkynes and aryl halides were achieved in the absence of any Cu co-catalyst. A Heck–Matsuda coupling reaction of structurally different aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate substrates was preceded at 40 °C in water. Cyanation of aryl halides was successfully done using K₄[Fe(CN)₆] as the cyanide source over Pd–ZnFe₂O₄. The catalyst was also employed for Ullmann type cross coupling reactions. Excellent yield of the products, reusability, and uncomplicated work-up make this catalyst efficient for C–C and C–O coupling reactions. Good yield of products, easy separation, and negligible leaching of Pd from the catalyst surface confirm the true heterogeneity in these catalytic reactions.     

HPW改性Hβ分子筛催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应的性能

PTBT是一种十分重要的有机材料,但传统制备工艺存在能耗较高,工艺复杂,环境污染严重等诸多问题.为解决上述问题,人们提出甲苯和叔丁醇直接一步合成PTBT来代替传统的合成工艺.甲苯和叔丁醇原料来源丰富,用酸性分子筛等催化剂催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应合成PTBT不但能节约成本,简化分离和提纯工艺,还能防止环境污染和设备腐蚀.但催化剂的活性低、稳定性差制约了该反应的工业化进程.甲苯和叔丁醇侧链烷基化反应历程复杂,需要催化剂的酸性和孔道结构的协同作用,因此设计催化活性高、选择性好、稳定性强的催化剂是一项十分具有挑战的研究课题.我们采用浸渍法成功制备了H3PW12O40改性Hβ分子筛催化剂(HPW/Hβ),并采用XRD,SEM,TEM,ICP,FT-IR,BET,NH3-TPD和Py-IR等手段对分子筛催化剂样品进行了表征,并以甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应为探针反应,研究了HPW/Hβ分子筛催化剂的催化性能.由SEM分析可知,HPW/Hβ分子筛催化剂的形貌与Hβ并无明显差异,形状规整,粒度均匀,晶体形貌较好,表明HPW的引入对Hβ颗粒结构无明显影响.由XRD分析可知,与未改性Hβ分子筛相比,HPW/Hβ样品的出峰位置和峰形基本保持一致,表明HPW在Hβ表面呈均匀分散状态,但负载HPW后Hβ结晶度略有下降.由TEM分析可知,负载HPW后的Hβ分子筛依然保持规整的三维立方孔道结构,且孔径均一,表明负载HPW后的Hβ分子筛的骨架结构没有被破坏,黑色阴影部分或者斑点即为夹心型杂多酸阴离子在分子筛Hβ上的固载位.由FT-IR分析可知,HPW和Hβ之间存在键合作用,部分HPW已成功分散到Hβ骨架表面上.由BET分析可知,和Hβ原粉相比较,HPW/Hβ的比表面积、孔容、孔径均有所下降,BET比表面积从492.5下降到379.6 m2/g,而孔径从3.90下降至3.17 nm.这是因为HPW对分子筛孔道具有修饰作用,使分子筛的孔径有所降低.由NH3-TPD和Py-IR酸性表征可知,负载HPW能有效增加Hβ沸石分子筛的酸量,尤其是B酸量.未改性Hβ的B酸含量为84.23μmol/g,而HPW/Hβ的B酸含量为142.97μmol/g,增加了69.74%.由酸性表征可知,Hβ的总酸量小,B酸含量低,因而催化活性弱,甲苯转化率仅为54.0%.另外,Hβ分子筛的12元环直通道的孔道开口尺寸为0.66 nm×0.67 nm,PTBT(动力学直径0.58 nm)和MTBT(动力学直径0.65 nm)都能够从其孔道中扩散出来,因而分子筛孔道的择形作用对产物的选择性作用较小,PTBT的选择性(69.6%)较低.负载HPW能有效增加Hβ分子筛的总酸量,尤其是B酸量,而B酸量增加,有利于反应中正碳离子生成,因而增加催化活性.另外,HPW改性还能提高PTBT的选择性,这是因为HPW对分子筛孔道具有修饰作用,使分子筛的孔径有所降低.而适量减小的孔径使得分子筛的择形作用大大增加,体积较小的PTBT能从孔道中扩散出来,而体积较大的MTBT,由于空间位阻的作用,很难从其中扩散出来,从而增加了对位选择性.通过对HPW/Hβ催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应工艺条件进行考察,确定了适宜的反应条件:环己烷60 mL,催化剂1.0g,n(叔丁醇)/n(甲苯)=3/1,反应温度180℃,反应时间4 h.此条件下甲苯转化率为73.1%,PTBT的选择性为80.8%.     

多酸基深度加氢脱硫催化剂的原位表征和反应性能

采用浸渍法合成了镍盐复合的磷钨酸(HPW)/纳米晶HZSM-5固体酸催化剂,其在催化裂化(FCC)汽油加氢改质反应中显示出了良好地深度加氢脱硫活性。 原位电子自旋共振和原位吡啶吸附红外光谱表征手段的研究结果表明,纳米晶HZSM-5沸石上Ni(Ⅱ)结合3电子还原态的HPW(Ⅲ)是FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应的活性中心。 探讨了多酸基催化剂在FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应中活性改善的原因。     

Preparation,characterization and heterogeneous catalytic applications of GO/Fe3O4/HPW nanocomposite in chemoselective and green oxidation of alcohols with aqueous H2O2

Graphene oxide ‐ Fe₃O₄ ‐ NH₃⁺H₂PW₁₂O₄₀ ^‐ magnetic nanocomposite (GO/Fe₃O₄/HPW) was prepared by linking amino ‐ functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ ‐ NH₂) on the graphene oxide (GO), and then grafting 12 ‐ tungstophosphoric acid (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) on the graphene oxide ‐ magnetite hybrid (GO ‐ Fe₃O₄ ‐ NH₂). The obtained GO/Fe₃O₄/HPW nanocomposite was well characterized with different techniques such as FT ‐ IR, TEM, SEM, XRD, EDX, TGA ‐ DTA, AGFM, ICP and BET measurements. The used techniques showed that the graphene oxide layers were well prepared and the various stages of preparation of the GO/Fe₃O₄/HPW nanocomposites successfully completed. This new nanocomposite displayed excellent performance as a heterogeneous catalyst in the oxidation of alcohols with H₂O₂. The as ‐ prepared GO/Fe₃O₄/HPW catalyst was more stable and recyclable at least five times without significantly reducing its catalytic activity.     

Preparation of polystyrene-supported Lewis acidic Fe(III) ionic liquid and its application in catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide

A polystyrene-supported Lewis acidic iron-containing ionic liquid was proved to be recyclable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for converting CO₂ into cyclic carbonate without utilization of any organic solvent or additive. Excellent yields and selectivity were obtained under mild reaction conditions. Notably, the catalyst could be readily recovered and reused over five times without appreciable loss of catalytic activity. A possible catalytic cycle was proposed. The present protocol has successfully been applied to reactions of aziridines/propargyl amines with CO₂. This kind of the catalyst presented herein would have great potential in industrial application thanks to its featured advantages.