螺旋管内汽水两相流摩擦阻力特性实验研究

在宽广的实验参数范围内(压力p=8～21 MPa,质量流速G=1200～4000 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1),壁面热流密度q=0～1000 kW·m~(-2))对立式螺旋管内汽水两相流摩擦阻力特性进行了实验研究。实验段由内径为10 mm的不锈钢管弯制而成,其螺旋直径为301mm,节距为49 mm。通过研究,获得了压力、干度、质量流速及热流密度等参数对汽水两相摩擦阻力的影响规律;并在实验数据的基础上,采用Chisholm的B系数法,给出了一个适用于螺旋管高压高质量流速工况汽水两相摩擦阻力的计算关系式。     

立式螺旋管汽液两相流沸腾传热恶化实验研究

本文实验研究了低质量流速(500～800 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1))下的立式螺旋管临界热负荷,对沸腾传热恶化壁温特性和螺旋管临界热负荷影响因素进行分析.并同前人工作汇总,以流量,压力和临界干度为参数,建立了基于局部条件假设的立式螺旋管临界热负荷查询表(Look-Up-Table),共272个点.压力范围6.5～21 MPa,质量流速范围500～1800 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1).     

高质量流速下立式螺旋管内汽液两相传热特性研究

对高质量流速下立式螺旋管内高压汽液两相流沸腾传热特性进行了试验研究,参数范围为:系统压力8.0～15.0MPa;质量流速2500～4000kg/m2s;壁面热流密度200～1000kW/m2;实验段为Φ14的不锈钢管弯制而成的螺旋管直径比为D/d=30.1的管圈,总长为2.335m,考察了热流密度和质量流速对两相传热的影响,分析核态沸腾和两相强制对流沸腾机理在螺旋管内两相传热中所起的作用,得到了局部传热系数的分布特性和平均传热系数计算关联式,首次发现高质量流速区域内螺旋管内汽液两相传热效果亦趋近于相同条件下直管内的换热系数,并对已有的结论进行了分类比较分析.     

R134a卧式螺旋管内沸腾流型与阻力特性实验研究

在蒸发温度为5～15℃,热流密度范围为5～20 kW·m~(-2),工质质量流速变化范围为50～500kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和干度范围为0.01～0.9的条件下,对R134a在卧式螺旋管内的流动沸腾流型及阻力特性进行了实验研究。利用可视化技术对R134a在卧式螺旋管内的流动沸腾流型进行了观察分析,发现了两种新流型,对卧式螺旋管的上升段和下降段分别建立了流型图。获得了阻力特性的基础数据,通过对实验数据回归分析,发展了摩擦阻力系数计算关联式。     

水平细光管内R717流动沸腾换热及干涸研究

本文探究了内径3 mm水平光管内氨(R717)的沸腾两相流换热特性以及环状流的干涸特性.实验工况:饱和温度-10～10℃,热流密度10～30 kW/m2,质量流率40～200 kg/(m2·s),干度0.1～1.实验结果表明,质量流率、饱和温度及热流密度的增加都会强化沸腾换热.增加质量流率会强化环状流内的对流沸腾;增大...     

多孔细径微肋管内CO2流动蒸发换热特性的研究

对亚临界二氧化碳在带有微肋的微细通道内的蒸发换热特性进行了实验研究.实验段为长0.6 m,内径1.7 mm的八孔带0.16 mm高微肋的铝制扁管.实验中参数的变化为:蒸发温度1～15 ℃,质量流速100～300 kg/m2s,热流密度1.67～8.33 kW/m2,干度0.1～0.9.实验结果表明,二氧化碳在带有微肋的微细通道中的蒸发换热系数高于其在光滑微细通道内的换热.二氧化碳的流动蒸发换热系数主要受热流密度和蒸发温度的影响,基本上是换热系数随热流密度及蒸发温度的增加而增加,但同时临界干度前移及滞后,而质量流速对换热系数的影响较弱;压力损失随质量流速和热流密度的增加以及蒸发温度的降低而增加.     

亚临界压力区垂直上升管内传热特性实验研究

本文开展了亚临界压力下垂直上升内螺纹管中水的传热特性的实验研究,并与对应条件下光管内水的传热特性进行了对比、分析.结果发现:内螺纹管和光管中两相饱和流动沸腾换热随热流密度的增加或压力的升高而增大,基本不随质量流速的变化而变化;相同工况下内螺纹管的饱和沸腾换热系数大约为光管的1.1～1.2倍。内螺纹管和光管的过冷沸腾起始干度都随质量流速的减小或者压力的升高或者热流密度的增大而增大;在相同工况下本文实验内螺纹管中的过冷沸腾起始干度比光管中的要小至少0.2。光管中主要发生偏离核态沸腾(DNB),临界干度随热流密度的减小或质量流速的增加或压力的降低而增大;内螺纹管中主要发生烧干,运行参数对临界干度的影响不大。     

非均匀加热立式螺旋管内沸腾传热恶化特性研究

本文主要开展非均匀加热螺旋管内沸腾传热恶化特性实验研究。实验参数范围为:热流密度15~55 kW·m^-2;质量流速190~400 kg·m^-2·s^-1;压力0.8~1.1 MPa。实验包括一个均匀加热实验段及两个非均匀加热实验段,三个实验段尺寸一致,不均匀度分别为1.0,1.2和1.4。实验过程中共获得三种壁温飞升现象,而且发现随着质量流速及不均匀度的增大传热恶化位置逐渐向内侧管圈偏移,并由此导致非均匀加热螺旋管内初始烧干干度随着质量流速的变化规律与均匀加热螺旋管恰好相反。     

微通道内流动沸腾换热特性实验研究

采用实验方法对制冷剂R134a在内径为1.98mm的水平光滑铜管内的流动沸腾换热特性进行研究。试验中,质量流速范围720~900kg/(m~2·s),热流密度范围19~28k W/m~2,系统压力0.7MPa和0.81MPa(饱和温度为26.8℃、31.4℃)和干度范围0~0.65。结果表明:质量流速对换热系数的影响较大,随着质量流速的增大而增大;在低干度区,热流密度对换热系数的影响较大,换热系数随干度的增加近似成单调增加;系统压力对换热系数也有明显的影响;将试验结果与Sun-Mishima公式和Liu-Winterton公式进行比较,发现试验结果与Sun-Mishima公式计算值吻合度较高,最大误差为14.1%。     

高参数小管径内煤油的传热特性研究

本文对酸碱水洗煤油在高热流密度、高流速、高压、小直径圆管条件下进行了试验及理论研究,试验参数为热流密度q=0.8-50 MW/m2、亚临界压力p=2 MPa、超临界压力p=5,15 MPa、质量流速pw=8500-51000 kg/m2·s、圆管内径φ=1.7 mm。通过试验研究,获得了酸碱水洗煤油在亚临界及超临界压力条件下的传热特性、拟沸腾发生的界限条件以及传热恶化时的临界热流密度值及相关影响因素。在对试验结果分析的基础上,建立了临界热流密度关联式,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.