Influence of polar modifiers on microstructure of polybutadiene obtained by anionic polymerization. Part 5: Comparison of µ, σ, σ+µ, and σ−µ complexes

A comparison was performed of the influence of polar modifiers forming (separately or simultaneously) σ and μ complexes with a living center during anionic polymerization of 1,3-butadiene — regarding the content and distribution of butadiene isomeric structures. Analysis of the ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and FT-IR data indicated a significant discrepancy in terms of the determination of the polybutadiene microstructure depending on the analytical method applied. Nevertheless, it was observed that the application of polar modifiers forming different types of complexes with organometallic compounds provided the possibility to govern the content of 1,4- and 1,2-butadiene units in a very broad range (0.55 < cis/trans < 1.05 and 10% < vinyl < 90%, respectively) as well as to control diad distribution.     

Influence of polar modifiers on microstructure of polybutadiene obtained by anionic polymerization. Part 3: Lewis acid alkoxide (μ) and Lewis base amine,amine-ether,and ether mixed-type (σ+μ) polar modifiers

The influence of mixtures of sodium mentholate (SMT) as a Lewis acid polar modifier and different Lewis base polar modifiers (amines, amine-ethers, ethers) on the microstructure of polybutadiene obtained by anionic polymerization was studied and compared to the influence of the same polar modifiers used separately. Detailed characterization of the polybutadienes in terms of the content and distribution of butadiene isomeric repeating units was performed by ¹³C NMR and supported by FT-IR-ATR and ¹H NMR data analysis. The results obtained indicated that the use of a mixture of Lewis acid and Lewis base in most cases enhanced formation of 1,2 butadiene structures in comparison to the Lewis bases used separately. However, application of a mixture of SMT and DTP resulted in lower vinyl content than when DTP was applied alone. It is worthwhile to note that the combination of a Lewis acid (SMT) and one of Lewis bases tested (DMEAEE) enabled obtaining very high vinyl polybutadiene (88% ¹H NMR, 96% ¹³C NMR).     

Production and properties of polyacenaphthylene—VI. Influence of polymerization conditions on chain structure

Low molecular weight polyacenaphthylenes produced by azo initiators through thermal or free-radical means are slightly yellow. The colouring is more intense the higher the polymerization temperature. It can be shown through spectroscopic investigations that the colouring is caused by conjugated double bonds in the polymer backbone chain and/or by the location of double bonds next to the ester end-groups. Chain branching influences the chain form and the hydrodynamic volume of the molecule; it can be used to explain the behaviour of the polymers in gel permeation chromatography.     

Reactions of transition metal σ-acetylide complexes: IX. Preparation and properties of some cycloheptatrienylvinylidene complexes

Addition of [C₇H₇][PF₆] to iron, ruthenium or osmium alkynyl complexes has given eight cationic cycloheptatrienylvinylidene derivatives [M{C C(C₇H₇)R}(L)₂ (η-C₅H₅)][PF₆] (M = Fe, Ru or Os; R = Me, Pr, Ph or C₆F₅; L = PPh₃, L₂ = dppm or dppe; but not all combinations). With Fe(C₂Ph)(CO)₂(η-C₅H₅), only [Fe(CO)₂(thf)(η-C₅H₅)][PF₆] was obtained. Reactions of the new complexes are characterised by loss of the C₇H₇ group. The NMR spectra and FAB mass spectra are described in detail.     

Ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone by lithium piperazinyl-aminephenolate complexes: synthesis, characterization and kinetic studies

A series of lithium complexes were prepared from 2(N-piperazinyl-N'-methyl)-2-methylene-4-R'-6-R-phenols ([ONN](RR')) and characterized through elemental analysis, (1)H and (13)C{(1)H} NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Treatment of the ligands with n-butyllithium afforded {Li[ONN](RR')}(3) [R = Me, R' = (t)Bu, (1); R = R' = (t)Bu (2); R = R' = (t)Am, (3), (t)Am = C(CH(3))(2)CH(2)CH(3)], with trimetallic structures in the solid-state as shown by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The reactivity of these complexes in the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), as well as the influences of monomer concentration, monomer/Li molar ratio, polymerization temperature and time, was studied. Rates of polymerization were first order with respect to both monomer and lithium concentrations, and activation energies for the reactions were determined. MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed that transesterification had occurred during the polymerization.     

Studies on organolanthanide complexes: VIII. Synthesis and thermal decomposition of new σ-bonded 1,1′-trimethylenedicyclopentadienyl-early lanthanide complexes

1,1′-Trimethylenedicyclopentadienyl-early lanthanide chlorides, [C₅H₄CH₂)₃-C₅H₄]LnCl · THF, in THF at −70°C reacted with aryllithium or alkyllithium, producing seven new THF solvated LnC σ-bonded 1,1′-trimethylenedicyclopentadienyl-early lanthanide complexes. The yttrium analogue was also synthesized. Their structures were determined by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, mass spectra, ¹H NMR and thermoanalyses. The thermal decomposition of the complexes obtained was studied at ambient temperature or 100°C.     

Reactions of transition metal σ-acetylides: VIII. Preparation and properties of some aryldiazo-vinylidene complexes

Fourteen aryldiazovinylidene complexes of ruthenium and osmium have been made by addition of aryldiazonium cations to the appropriate σ-acetylides. Their properties and spectra (including FAB-MS) are described, and reactions with MeOH, hydride and methoxide are reported. Addition to and protonation, alkylation, and cyclomanganation of the aryldiazo functions are also described.     

Unbridged bidentate aluminum complexes supported by diaroylhydrazone ligands: Synthesis,structure and catalysis in polymerization of ε-caprolactone and lactides

A series of novel diaroylhydrazone aluminum complexes have been synthesized and well-defined structurally, and their catalytic performance in the polymerization of ε-caprolactone and lactides have also been evaluated. Complexes [(L^1–4)₂AlMe] ( 1 – 4 ) {[L¹ = (3,5-^tBu₂–2-OMe-C₆H₂)CH=NNCOC₆H₅], [L² = (3,5-^tBu₂–2-OMe-C₆H₂)CH=NNCO(C₆H₄–4-OCH₃)], [L³ = (3,5-^tBu₂–2-OMe-C₆H₂)CH=NNCO(C₆H₄–4-Br)] and [L⁴ = (2-OMe-C₆H₄)CH=NNCO(C₆H₄–4-^tBu)]} were prepared through treatment of AlMe₃ with the corresponding proligands L^1–4H in molar ratios of 1: 1 or 1: 2. Chemical structures of all the complexes were well-defined by elemental analysis, NMR spectra as well as single-crystal X-ray study. Complexes [(L^1–4)₂AlMe] ( 1 – 4 ) in this work represent the first examples of aluminum complexes of aroylhydrazone ligands with crystallographic characterization. Specifically, they are all in monomeric form with a penta-coordinated aluminum center, including two approximately co-planar five-membered metallacycles with aluminum. Introduced bulky tert-butyl substituents in aroylhydrazone ligands could affect the geometry around the central metal which is a distorted square-based pyramid in complexes 1 – 3 while being a trigonal bipyramidal in complex 4 , thus affecting their catalytic behaviors. The complexes can successfully catalyze the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and _L-lactide under mild conditions without any activator. In addition, complexes 1 – 4 could also polymerize rac-lactide, affording atactic polylactides with high conversions and good controllability in relatively short reaction time.     

Effects of metal ions and ligands on transesterification: synthesis,structures, and catalytic activities of a series of cation–anionic complexes with dipyridylamine ligands

A series of cation–anion complexes derived by 2,2′-dipyridylamine (Hdpa) and carboxylate ligands with formulas [Ni(Hdpa)₂(CH₃COO)]Cl(CH₃OH) (1), [Co(Hdpa)₂(CH₃COO)]Cl(CH₃OH) (2), [Ni(Hdpa)₂(CH₃CH₂CH₂COO)]Cl (3), [Co(Hdpa)₂(CH₃CH₂CH₂COO)]Cl (4), [Ni(Hdpa)₂(C₆H₅COO)]Cl (5), and [Co(Hdpa)₂(C₆H₅COO)]Cl (6), were synthesized and characterized by IR, elemental analysis, MS(ESI), TG analysis, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectra. X-ray single crystal structural analysis showed that the coordination geometries of metal ions in these complexes are similar and they are cation–anion species. The hydrogen-bonding structures are 1-D chains through the N–H···Cl bonds. There are weak stacking interactions between pyridine rings in 1–4, while there are no stacking interactions in 5 and 6. We have investigated the transesterification of phenyl acetate with methanol catalyzed by 1–6 under mild conditions; 1–4 are homogeneous catalysts while 5 and 6 are heterogeneous catalysts due to their poor solubility in methanol. Cobalt complexes exhibit higher catalytic activities than corresponding nickel complexes. Complex 4 is the best catalyst of these six complexes.     

Aluminum complexes based on 1,10-phenanthroline-containing diols: synthesis and application as initiators of polymerization of ε-caprolactone

Russian Chemical Bulletin - The reaction of the O,N,N,O-type ligands, namely, 4,7-bis(4-R-phenyloxy)-2,9-(HOCR′2-CH2)2-1,10-phenanthrolines, LH2 (R = But (1–4), Me (5–8), R′...     

Anionic polymerization of ϵ-caprolactam-lix effect of the ratio of reacting components,of the medium and of the ring size on the initial stage of the anionic polymerization of lactams

Effects of the concentrations and ratio of reacting components and of temperature on the kinetics of reaction of N-propionyllactam (I) with potassium salt of lactam (KL) were studied for derivatives of ϵ-caprolactam, 8-octanelactam and 12-dodecanelactam. For ϵ-caprolactam, the initial rates of propagation, acylation of open-chain amide groups and condensation of growth centres were estimated. At the ratio of the starting components [I]₀/[KL]₀ = 0.5-3, the participation of the polymerization reaction is constant, amounting to ca 45% of the overall consumption of 1. The condensation reaction is 14–36% of the total consumption of I; its initial rate passes through a maximum at [I]₀/[KL]₀ = 2. With increasing permittivity of the medium, the total rate of consumption of I increases; in two media with the same bulk permittivity, however, the rates may differ by as much as one order of magnitude.     

Electrochemical studies on organometallic compounds: XXVIII. Catalysis of the electrochemical reduction of benzyl chloride by niobium(III) anionic complexes and formation of carboncarbon bonds

The dicyclopentadienylniobium(III) dichloride anion has been shown to be an effective catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of benzyl chloride. Indirect cathodic reduction yields diphenylethane.     

Polymerizability of cycloalkenes in “living” ring-opening metathesis polymerization initiated by Schrock complexes: 3. effect of monomer structure.

The kinetics of the “living” and “controlled” ring-opening metathesis homo- and copolymerization of several cycloalkenes initiated by Mo-based Schrock complexes were investigated in the context of a general study devoted to the relation between the monomer structure on its reactivity. First, the polymerizability of these monomers was measured as a function of both their ring strain and their bulkiness. In a second part, the intrinsic reactivity of both the monomers and the corresponding active centers was evaluated from the determination of the rate constants of homopropagation and the various reactivity ratios. The steric hindrance created by the monomer substituents has only a small effect on the intrinsic reactivity of the cycloalkene. The latter mainly depends on the ring strain exactly as does the polymerizability. Steric crowding around the acyclic double bonds of the polymer chain is another factor affecting the reactivity of the active propagating centers; the latter is indeed found to depend on the capability of these acyclic double bonds to compete with the double bond of the cyclic monomer for the complexation to the transition metal.     

Influence of dissolution processing of PVA blends on the characteristics of their hydrogels synthesized by radiation—Part I: Gel fraction,swelling, and mechanical properties

In this work several hydrogels were obtained with two different poly(vinyl alcohol)s/PVAs as the main polymer in aqueous solutions containing 10% of PVA, 0.6% of agar, and 0.6% of κ-carrageenan (KC), cross-linked by gamma-rays from a ⁶⁰Co irradiation source. The PVAs tested have different degrees of hydrolysis and viscosities at 4% with values closed to 30 mPa s. The aqueous polymeric solutions were prepared using two distinct processes: the simple process of heating–stirring and that of making use of an autoclave. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the dissolution process by means of both methods on the hydrogels’ properties obtained. These were investigated by means of degree of cross-linking/gel fraction, degree of swelling in water, and some mechanical properties. The results that are obtained for hydrogels synthesized from solutions of PVA, agar, KC, and blends thereof prepared by both dissolution processes showed higher degrees of swelling for hydrogels from the autoclaved polymer solutions than those from the solutions prepared by simple heating–stirring process. Furthermore, their hydrogels containing totally hydrolyzed PVA displayed higher tensile strength and lower elongation properties.     

Influence of Polar Modifiers on Microstructure of Polybutadiene Obtained by Anionic Polymerization. Part 2: Lewis Base (σ) Amine-Ether and Ether-Type Polar Modifiers

The influence of Lewis base (σ complex) amine-ether and ether-type polar modifiers on the microstructure of polybutadiene obtained by anionic polymerization was studied. Analysis of FT-IR-ATR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectral data for polybutadienes obtained in the presence of the complexing agents showed that increase of concentration of all tested polar modifiers very strongly promoted formation of 1,2 butadiene isomeric structures, especially increasing the content of vinyl–vinyl and vinyl–trans-1,4 diads.     

Anion ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide by initiation of sodium 4-amino-N-(2-pyrimidinyl)benzene sulfonamide and influence of moisture on polymerization

Polyethylene oxide with sulfadiazine and hydroxyl end groups (PEOsf) were prepared by anion ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide initiated by sodium 4-amino-N-(2-pyrimidinyl)benzene sulfonamide (SF-Na). The product was characterized in detail by NMR, IR, GPC and DSC. Its molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are in the range of 1200-1 500 and 1.04-1.06 respectively, and the latter is nearly monodistribution. The trace of the moisture from air could accelerate the polymerization, and the mechanism is discussed.     

Influence of Ni nanoparticle addition and spark plasma sintering on the TiNiSn–Ni system: Structure,microstructure, and thermoelectric properties

The electronic and thermal properties of thermoelectric materials are highly dependent on their microstructure and therefore on the preparation conditions, including the initial synthesis and, if applicable, densification of the obtained powders. Introduction of secondary phases on the nano- and/or microscale is widely used to improve the thermoelectric figure of merit by reduction of the thermal conductivity. In order to understand the effect of the preparation technique on structure and properties, we have studied the thermoelectric properties of the well-known half-Heusler TiNiSn with addition of a small amount of nickel nanoparticles. The different parameters are the initial synthesis (levitation melting and microwave heating), the amount of nickel nanoparticles added and the exact pressing profile using spark plasma sintering. The resulting materials have been characterized by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and microprobe measurements and their thermoelectric properties are investigated. We found the lowest (lattice) thermal conductivity in samples with full-Heusler TiNi₂Sn and Ni₃Sn₄ as secondary phases.     

DFT study of the ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone by grafted lanthanide complexes: 1--Effect of the grafting mode on the reactivity of borohydride complexes

The influence of the grafting mode of a borohydride lanthanum complex on a silica surface on the energetic (kinetic and thermodynamic parameters) of the Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP) reaction of ε-caprolactone has been studied in the framework of density functional theory (DFT). For all considered grafted catalysts (monografted, bigrafted, or bigrafted after breaking of a Si-O-Si bridge), it is shown that lanthanum borohydride grafted complexes are efficient in lactone polymerization. Moreover, the reaction pathways (leading to a -CH(2) OBH(2) chain end) are predicted to be energetically similar for the three grafting modes, indicating that all grafted modes can account for the activity for silica treated at 700 °C. The catalytic activity of the grafted complexes is also very similar to that of the homogeneous complexes.