On mackey convergence in locally convex spaces

After some introductory propositions, we give a dual characterization of those locally convex spaces which satisfy the Mackey convergence condition or the fast convergence condition by means of Schwartz topologies. Making use of the universal Schwartz space (l _∞ ,τ(l _∞ ,l ₁)) we prove some representation theorems for bornological and ultrabornological spaces, that is, every bornological spaceE is a dense subspace of an inductive limit lim indE _a, a∈A, ofseparable Banach spacesE _a, and every Mackey null sequence inE is a null sequence in someE _a. IfE is ultrabornological, thenE can be represented as lim indE _a,a∈A, allE _a separable Banach spaces, such that every fast null sequence inE is a null sequence in someE _a.     

Weakly K-analytic spaces and the three-space property for analyticity

Let (E,E^′) be a dual pair of vector spaces. The paper studies general conditions which allow to lift analyticity (or K-analyticity) from the weak topology σ(E,E^′) to stronger ones in the frame of (E,E^′). First we show that the Mackey dual of a space Cp(X) is analytic iff the space X is countable. This yields that for uncountable analytic spaces X the Mackey dual of Cp(X) is weakly analytic but not analytic. We show that the Mackey dual E of an (LF)-space of a sequence of reflexive separable Fréchet spaces with the Heinrich density condition is analytic, i.e. E is a continuous image of the Polish space NN. This extends a result of Valdivia. We show also that weakly quasi-Suslin locally convex Baire spaces are metrizable and complete (this extends a result of De Wilde and Sunyach). We provide however a large class of weakly analytic but not analytic metrizable separable Baire topological vector spaces (not locally convex!). This will be used to prove that analyticity is not a three-space property but we show that a metrizable topological vector space E is analytic if E contains a complete locally convex analytic subspace F such that the quotient E/F is analytic. Several questions, remarks and examples are included.     

Bornological and ultrabornological C(X;E) spaces

Denote by C_s(X;E) the space of the continuous functions defined on the completely regular and Hausdorff space X, with values in the locally convex topological vector space E, when it is endowed with the simple or point-wise convergence topology. We give here some conditions on X and on E under which the space C_s(X;E) is bornological or ultrabornological and characterize in some cases the corresponding associated spaces. We give also a few results concerning the case of the compact connvergence topology.     

Boundedly Compatible Webs and Strict Mackey Convergence

We look for characterizations of those locally convex spaces that satisfy the strict Mackey convergence condition within the context of spaces with webs. We will say that a locally convex space has a boundedly compatible web if it has a web of absolutely convex sets whose members behave like zero neighborhoods in a metrizable locally convex space. It will be shown that these locally convex spaces satisfy the strict Mackey convergence condition. One consequence of this result will be a characterization of boundedly retractive inductive limits. We will also prove that if E is locally complete and webbed, then the strict Mackey convergence condition is equivalent to E having a boundedly compatible web.     

A class of bornological barrelled spaces which are not ultrabornological

N. Bourbaki, [1, p. 35], notices that it is not known if every bornological barrelled space is ultrabornological. In this paper we prove that if E is the topological product of an infinite family of bornological barrelled spaces, of non-zero dimension, there exists an infinite number of bornological barrelled subspaces ofE, which are not ultrabornological. We also give some examples of barrelled normable spaces which are not ultrabornological.Supported in part by the Patronato para el Fomento de la Investigación en la Universidad.     

Barrelledness conditions onC 0 (E)

Some conditions of barrelledness are considered and studied on the spaceC ₀(E), defined as follows: IfE is a real or complex Hausdorff locally convex space and \(P_E \) is a saturated family of seminorms, defining the original topology ofE, then the vector space of all the sequences \(\bar f = \left\{ {\bar f(n): n \in \mathbb{N}} \right\}\) inE, convergent to zero, provided with the locally convex topology $$\bar p(\bar f) = sup\left\{ {p (\bar f(n)): n \in \mathbb{N}} \right\}p \in P_E $$ is defined as the spaceC ₀(E). The main result of the paper is the following characterization:C ₀(E) is quasibarrelled (see [3], p. 367) if and only if,E is quasibarrelled and the strong dual ofE has property (B) (see [5], p. 30, for definition). We obtain. as a consequence, commutativity properties of the operatorC ₀, acting on certain inductive limits (3.3 Theorem). We also prove thatC ₀ does not commute with uncountably strict inductive limits. In particular, there are ultrabornological spacesE for whichC ₀(E) is not quasibarrelled. 3.1. Example provides a complete?-tensor product of two complete ultrabornological spaces which is not quasibarrelled.     

Inductive limits of spaces of vector- valued integrable functions

For an order-continuous Banach function space Λ and a separated inductive limit E:= ind_n E _n, we prove that ind_n A {E_n} is a topological subspace of Λ {E}; moreover, both spaces coincide if the inductive limit is hyperstrict. As a consequence, we deduce that if E is an LF-space, then L ^p {E} is barrelled for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.     

Uniform approximation: The non-locally convex case

IfS is a compact Hausdorff space of finite covering dimension and (E, τ) is a real or complex topological vector space (not necessarily locally convex), we prove a Weierstrass-Stone theorem for subsets ofC(S;E), the space of all continuous functions fromS intoE, equipped with the topology of uniform convergence overS.     

Deformation theorems on non‐metrizable vector spaces and applications to critical point theory

Let E be a Banach space and Φ : E → ? a ??¹‐functional. Let ?? be a family of semi‐norms on E which separates points and generates a (possibly non‐metrizable) topology ??_?? on E weaker than the norm topology. This is a special case of a gage space, that is, a topological space where the topology is generated by a family of semi‐metrics. We develop some critical point theory for Φ : (E, ??) → ?. In particular, we prove deformation lemmas where the deformations are continuous with respect to ??_??. In applications this yields a gain in compactness when Φ does not satisfy the Palais–Smale condition because one can work with the weak topology. We also prove some foundational results on gage spaces. In particular, we introduce the concept of Lipschitz continuity in this setting and prove the existence of Lipschitz continuous partitions of unity. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

An example of a nuclear space in infinite dimensional holomorphy

LetU be an open subset of a complex locally convex spaceE, andH(U) the space of holomorphic functions fromU toC. If the dualE′ ofE is nuclear with respect to the topology generated by the absolutely convex compact subsets ofE, then it is shown thatH(U) endowed with the compact open topology is a nuclear space. In particular, ifE is the strong dual of a Fréchet nuclear space, thenH(U) is a Fréchet nuclear space.     

Uniform approximation: The non-locally convex case

IfS is a compact Hausdorff space of finite covering dimension and (E, τ) is a real or complex topological vector space (not necessarily locally convex), we prove a Weierstrass-Stone theorem for subsets ofC(S;E), the space of all continuous functions fromS intoE, equipped with the topology of uniform convergence overS.     

An operator representation for weighted spaces of vector valued holomorphic functions

For any weighted space HV(G) of holomorphic functions on an open set G ? ?^Nwith a topology stronger than that of uniform convergence on the compact sets and for any quasibarrelled space E we prove the topological isomorphism $HV(G,E_{b}^{\prime})={\cal L}_b(E,HV(G))$ and derive a similar, more complicated isomorphism for weighted spaces of continuous functions. This generalizes results of [3], [7] and [6] and should be compared with the ∈-product representations for the corresponding spaces of functions with o-growth conditions. At the end we also show the topological isomorphism HV₁(G₁, HV₂(G₂)) = H (V₁ ? V₂)(G₁ × G₂).     

Dunford-Pettis property

The following theorem is proved. If a locally convex space, quasi-complete for Mackey topology, has D-P (Dunford-Pettis) property then it has strict D-P property. Conversely, if (E′, σ(E′, E)) has a σ-compact dense subset and E has strict D-P property, then it has D-P property. Also it is proved that (C_b(X),$\text{F}$) where F=β₀, β, orβ₁, has strict D-P property and (C_b(X), β₀) has D-P property; if X contains a σ-compact dense subset then (C_b(X), β) and (C_b(X), β₁) have D-P property.     

On the strongest locally convex Lebesgue topology on Orlicz spaces

Let L^φ be an Orlicz space defined by an Orlicz function φ taking only finite values with ${{\rm lim\ inf}\atop {u\rightarrow \infty}}{\varphi(u)\over u} >0$ (not necessarily convex) over a complete, σ-finite and atomless measure space and let L^φ)_n ^～ stand for the order continuous dual of Lφ. Then the strongest locally convex Lebesgue topology τ on Lφ (= the Mackey topology τ(Lφ, (Lφ)_n ^～) is equal to the restriction of the strongest Lebesgue topology η on $L^{\overline\varphi}$ , where $\overline\varphi$ is the convex minorant of φ and τ is generated by a family of norms defined by some convex Orlicz functions.     

Symetries isometriques applications a la dualite des espaces reticules

We show that ifE is a non-reflexive Banach lattice, there exists for everyn a dual of finite even order ofE which contins isometicallyl _n ^/l . We show that itE is a Banach lattice which is isometric to the dual of a Banach spaceX, then the order intervals are σ (E, X)-compact. We prove then that under various conditions, a Banach lattice which is a dual as a Banach space, is a dual as a Banach lattice. In particular, this is true when the predual ofE is unique.      

Certain locally convex topologies on the discrete vector-valued Lebesgue spaces

Let Γ be a set and (E, ‖·‖ _E ) be a nontrivial Banach space. In this paper, through generalizing to vector-valued discrete Lebesgue spaces ? ¹(Γ,E), we show that the topology β ¹(Γ,E) introduced by Singh is, in fact, a type of strict topology. This observation enables us to conclude various basic properties of β ¹(Γ,E). Then, we consider the discrete semigroup algebra ? ¹(S,E) under certain locally convex topologies. As an application of our results, we show that the semigroup algebra (? ¹(S,E), β ¹(S,E)) with the convolution as multiplication is a complete semi-topological (but not topological) algebra.     

Countable-Codimensional Subspaces of c0-Barrelled Spaces

A Hausdorff locally convex space is said to be c₀-barrelled (respectively ω-barrelled) if each sequence in the dual space that converges weakly to 0 (respectively that is weakly bounded), is equicontinuous. It is proved that if a c₀-barrelled space E has dual E′ weakly sequentially complete, then every subspace of countable codimension of E is c₀-barrelled. We prove that the hypothesis on E′ cannot be dropped and we supply an example of a complete c₀-barrelled space with dual weakly sequentially complete that is not ω-barrelled.     

A space of vector-valued measures and a strict topology

Let X be a completely regular Hausdorff space and let E be a real locally convex Hausdorff space. Katsaras [2] has studied the topologies ₀, , and ₁, for the vector-valued case on C_rc(X,E), the space of all continuous E-valued functions on X with relatively compact range. The corresponding dual spaces are the spaces M_t (B,E'), M (B,E'), and M (B,E') of all t-additive, all -additive, and all -additive members of M(B,E'), the dual space of C_rc (X,E') under the uniform topology. In this paper we study the subspace M_e(B,E') of M(B,E'). A locally convex topology _e is defined on C_rc(X,E) that yields M_e (B,E') as a dual space. It is proved that if E is strongly Mackey then (C (X,E),_e) is strongly Mackey.The author is grateful to Professor J. Schmets for useful suggestions.     

数域中tame 核的p-秩

Let E/F be a Galois extension of number fields with Galois group G=Gal(E/F), and let p be a prime not dividing #G. In this paper, using character theory of finite groups, we obtain the upper bound of #K₂O_E if the group K₂O_E is cyclic, and prove some results on the divisibility of the p-rank of the tame kernel K₂O_E, where E/F is not necessarily abelian. In particular, in the case of G=C_n, D_n, A₄, we easily get some results on the divisibility of the p-rank of the tame kernel K₂O_E by the character table. Let E/Q be a normal extension with Galois group D_l, where l is an odd prime, and F/Q a non-normal subextension with degree l. As an application, we show that f|p-rank K₂O_F, where f is the smallest positive integer such that p^f≡±1(mod l).