Microsolvated and Chelated Butylzinc Cations: Formation,Relative Stability,and Unimolecular Gas‐Phase Chemistry

Solutions of butylzinc iodide in tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, and N,N‐dimethylformamide were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In all cases, microsolvated butylzinc cations [ZnBu(solvent)_n]⁺, n=1–3, were detected. The parallel observation of the butylzincate anion [ZnBuI₂]^? suggests that these ions result from disproportionation of neutral butylzinc iodide in solution. In the presence of simple bidentate ligands (1,2‐dimethoxyethane, N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐methoxyethylamine, and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine), chelate complexes of the type [ZnBu(ligand)]⁺ form quite readily. The relative stabilities of these complexes were probed by competition experiments and analysis of their unimolecular gas‐phase reactivity. Fragmentation of mass‐selected [ZnBu(ligand)]⁺ leads to the elimination of butene and formation of [ZnH(ligand)]⁺. In marked contrast, the microsolvated cations [ZnBu(solvent)_n]⁺ lose the attached solvent molecules upon gas‐phase fragmentation to produce bare [ZnBu]⁺, which subsequently dissociates into [C₄H₉]⁺ and Zn. This difference in reactivity resembles the situation in organozinc solution chemistry, in which chelating ligands are needed to activate dialkylzinc compounds for the nucleophilic addition to aldehydes.     

Impact of the anion and chalcogen on the crystal structure and properties of 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐pyrimido(thio)nium halides

By the reaction of urea or thiourea, acetylacetone and hydrogen halide (HF, HBr or HI), we have obtained seven new 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐pyrimido(thio)nium salts, which were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, namely, 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium bifluoride, C₆H₉N₂O⁺·HF₂^? or (dmpH)F₂H, 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium bromide, C₆H₉N₂O⁺·Br^? or (dmpH)Br, 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium iodide, C₆H₉N₂O⁺·I^? or (dmpH)I, 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium iodide–urea (1/1), C₆H₉N₂O⁺·I^?·CH₄N₂O or (dmpH)I·ur, 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐sulfanylidene‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium bifluoride–thiourea (1/1), C₆H₉N₂S⁺·HF₂^?·CH₄N₂S or (dmptH)F₂H·tu, 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐sulfanylidene‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium bromide, C₆H₉N₂S⁺·Br^? or (dmptH)Br, and 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐sulfanylidene‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium iodide, C₆H₉N₂S⁺·I^? or (dmptH)I. Three HCl derivatives were described previously in the literature, namely, 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium chloride, (dmpH)Cl, 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐sulfanylidene‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium chloride monohydrate, (dmptH)Cl·H₂O, and 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐sulfanylidene‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐1‐ium chloride–thiourea (1/1), (dmptH)Cl·tu. Structural analysis shows that in 9 out of 10 of these compounds, the ions form one‐dimensional chains or ribbons stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Only in one compound are parallel planes present. In all the structures, there are charge‐assisted N⁺—H…X^? hydrogen bonds, as well as weaker C_Ar⁺—H…X^? and π⁺…X^? interactions. The structures can be divided into five types according to their hydrogen‐bond patterns. All the compounds undergo thermal decomposition at relatively high temperatures (150–300 °C) without melting. Four oxopyrimidinium salts containing a π⁺…X^?…π⁺ sandwich‐like structural motif exhibit luminescent properties.     

Theoretical studies on structures and electronic spectra of linear carbon chains C2nH+ (n = 1−5)

The density functional theory (DFT) and the complete active space self‐consistent‐field (CASSCF) method have been used for full geometry optimization of carbon chains C_2nH⁺ (n = 1–5) in their ground states and selected excited states, respectively. Calculations show that C_2nH⁺ (n = 1–5) have stable linear structures with the ground state of X³Π for C₂H⁺ or X³Σ^? for other species. The excited‐state properties of C_2nH⁺ have been investigated by the multiconfigurational second‐order perturbation theory (CASPT2), and predicted vertical excitation energies show good agreement with the available experimental values. On the basis of our calculations, the unsolved observed bands in previous experiments have been interpreted. CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations also have been used to explore the vertical emission energy of selected low‐lying states in C_2nH⁺ (n = 1–5). Present results indicate that the predicted vertical excitation and emission energies of C_2nH⁺ have similar size dependences, and they gradually decrease as the chain size increases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009     

Diaquaiodidotetrasarcosinepotassium: an overview of sarcosine metal halogenide structures

The monoclinic crystal structure of tetrasarcosine potassium iodide dihydrate {or catena‐poly[[potassium‐tetra‐μ‐sarcosine‐κ⁴O:O′;κ⁴O:O] iodide dihydrate]}, {[K(C₃H₇NO₂)₄]I·2H₂O}_n or Sar₄·KI·2H₂O (space group C2/c), comprises two crystallographically different sarcosine molecules and one water molecule on general positions, and one K⁺ cation and one I⁻ anion located on twofold axes. The irregular eight‐coordinated K⁺ polyhedra are connected into infinite chains along [001] via sarcosine molecules. This compound is the first sarcosine metal halogenide salt with a 4:1 ratio. A short overview of other sarcosine metal halogenide salts is presented and relationships to similar glycine salts are discussed.     

Mechanistic Studies on the Gas‐Phase Dehydrogenation of Alkanes at Cyclometalated Platinum Complexes

In the ion/molecule reactions of the cyclometalated platinum complexes [Pt(L? H)]⁺ (L=2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy), 2‐phenylpyridine (phpy), and 7,8‐benzoquinoline (bq)) with linear and branched alkanes C_nH_2n+2 (n=2–4), the main reaction channels correspond to the eliminations of dihydrogen and the respective alkenes in varying ratios. For all three couples [Pt(L? H)]⁺/C₂H₆, loss of C₂H₄ dominates clearly over H₂ elimination; however, the mechanisms significantly differs for the reactions of the “rollover”‐cyclometalated bipy complex and the classically cyclometalated phpy and bq complexes. While double hydrogen‐atom transfer from C₂H₆ to [Pt(bipy? H)]⁺, followed by ring rotation, gives rise to the formation of [Pt(H)(bipy)]⁺, for the phpy and bq complexes [Pt(L? H)]⁺, the cyclometalated motif is conserved; rather, according to DFT calculations, formation of [Pt(L? H)(H₂)]⁺ as the ionic product accounts for C₂H₄ liberation. In the latter process, [Pt(L? H)(H₂)(C₂H₄)]⁺ (that carries H₂ trans to the nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic ligand) serves, according to DFT calculation, as a precursor from which, due to the electronic peculiarities of the cyclometalated ligand, C₂H₄ rather than H₂ is ejected. For both product‐ion types, [Pt(H)(bipy)]⁺ and [Pt(L? H)(H₂)]⁺ (L=phpy, bq), H₂ loss to close a catalytic dehydrogenation cycle is feasible. In the reactions of [Pt(bipy? H)]⁺ with the higher alkanes C_nH_2n+2 (n=3, 4), H₂ elimination dominates over alkene formation; most probably, this observation is a consequence of the generation of allyl complexes, such as [Pt(C₃H₅)(bipy)]⁺. In the reactions of [Pt(L? H)]⁺ (L=phpy, bq) with propane and n‐butane, the losses of the alkenes and dihydrogen are of comparable intensities. While in the reactions of “rollover”‐cyclometalated [Pt(bipy? H)]⁺ with C_nH_2n+2 (n=2–4) less than 15 % of the generated product ions are formed by C? C bond‐cleavage processes, this value is about 60 % for the reaction with neo‐pentane. The result that C? C bond cleavage gains in importance for this substrate is a consequence of the fact that 1,2‐elimination of two hydrogen atoms is no option; this observation may suggest that in the reactions with the smaller alkanes, 1,1‐ and 1,3‐elimination pathways are only of minor importance.     

Graphene‐like nets of hydrogen‐bonded water molecules in the dihydrate of 2‐[(2‐ammonioethyl)amino]acetate and the structure of its anhydrous hydroiodide salt

2‐[(2‐Ammonioethyl)amino]acetate dihydrate, better known as N‐(2‐aminoethyl)glycine dihydrate, C₄H₁₀N₂O₂·2H₂O, (I), crystallizes as a three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded network. Amino acid molecules form layers in the ac plane separated by layers of water molecules, which form a hydrogen‐bonded two‐dimensional net composed of fused six‐membered rings having boat conformations. The crystal structure of the corresponding hydroiodide salt, namely 2‐[(2‐ammonioethyl)ammonio]acetate iodide, C₄H₁₁N₂O₂⁺·I⁻, (II), has also been determined. The structure of (II) does not accommodate any solvent water molecules, and displays stacks of amino acid molecules parallel to the a axis, with iodide ions located in channels, resulting in an overall three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded network structure. N‐(2‐Aminoethyl)glycine is a molecule of considerable biological interest, since its polyamide derivative forms the backbone in the DNA mimic peptide nucleic acid (PNA).     

Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquids as Self‐Repairing Acid‐Resistant Corrosion Protection

Corrosion is a global problem for any metallic structure or material. Herein we show how metals can easily be protected against acid corrosion using hydrophobic polyoxometalate‐based ionic liquids (POM‐ILs). Copper metal disks were coated with room‐temperature POM‐ILs composed of transition‐metal functionalized Keggin anions [SiW₁₁O₃₉TM(H₂O)]^n? (TM=Cu^II, Fe^III) and quaternary alkylammonium cations (C_nH_{2 n+1})₄N⁺ (n=7–8). The corrosion resistance against acetic acid vapors and simulated “acid rain” was significantly improved compared with commercial ionic liquids or solid polyoxometalate coatings. Mechanical damage to the POM‐IL coating is self‐repaired in less than one minute with full retention of the acid protection properties. The coating can easily be removed and recovered by rinsing with organic solvents.     

Superfluorinated Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on Supramolecular,Halogen‐Bonded Anions

Unconventional ionic liquid crystals in which the liquid crystallinity is enabled by halogen‐bonded supramolecular anions [C_nF_{2 n+1}‐I⋅⋅⋅I⋅⋅⋅I‐C_nF_{2 n+1}]⁻ are reported. The material system is unique in many ways, demonstrating for the first time 1) ionic, halogen‐bonded liquid crystals, and 2) imidazolium‐based ionic liquid crystals in which the occurrence of liquid crystallinity is not driven by the alkyl chains of the cation.     

Superfluorinated Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on Supramolecular,Halogen‐Bonded Anions

Unconventional ionic liquid crystals in which the liquid crystallinity is enabled by halogen‐bonded supramolecular anions [C_nF_{2 n+1}‐I???I???I‐C_nF_{2 n+1}]^? are reported. The material system is unique in many ways, demonstrating for the first time 1) ionic, halogen‐bonded liquid crystals, and 2) imidazolium‐based ionic liquid crystals in which the occurrence of liquid crystallinity is not driven by the alkyl chains of the cation.     

On the Gas‐Phase Reactivity of Complexed OH+ with Halogenated Alkanes

OH⁺ is an extraordinarily strong oxidant. Complexed forms (L? OH⁺), such as H₂OOH⁺, H₃NOH⁺, or iron–porphyrin‐OH⁺ are the anticipated oxidants in many chemical reactions. While these molecules are typically not stable in solution, their isolation can be achieved in the gas phase. We report a systematic survey of the influence on L on the reactivity of L? OH⁺ towards alkanes and halogenated alkanes, showing the tremendous influence of L on the reactivity of L? OH⁺. With the help of with quantum chemical calculations, detailed mechanistic insights on these very general reactions are gained. The gas‐phase pseudo‐first‐order reaction rates of H₂OOH⁺, H₃NOH⁺, and protonated 4‐picoline‐N‐oxide towards isobutane and different halogenated alkanes C_nH_2n+1Cl (n=1–4), HCF₃, CF₄, and CF₂Cl₂ have been determined by means of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance meaurements. Reaction rates for H₂OOH⁺ are generally fast (7.2×10^?10–3.0×10^?9 cm³ mol^?1 s^?1) and only in the cases HCF₃ and CF₄ no reactivity is observed. In contrast to this H₃NOH⁺ only reacts with tC₄H₉Cl (k_obs=9.2×10^?10), while 4‐CH₃‐C₅H₄N‐OH⁺ is completely unreactive. While H₂OOH⁺ oxidizes alkanes by an initial hydride abstraction upon formation of a carbocation, it reacts with halogenated alkanes at the chlorine atom. Two mechanistic scenarios, namely oxidation at the halogen atom or proton transfer are found. Accurate proton affinities for HOOH, NH₂OH, a series of alkanes C_nH_2n+2 (n=1–4), and halogenated alkanes C_nH_2n+1Cl (n=1–4), HCF₃, CF₄, and CF₂Cl₂, were calculated by using the G3 method and are in excellent agreement with experimental values, where available. The G3 enthalpies of reaction are also consistent with the observed products. The tendency for oxidation of alkanes by hydride abstraction is expressed in terms of G3 hydride affinities of the corresponding cationic products C_nH_2n+1⁺ (n=1–4) and C_nH_2nCl⁺ (n=1–4). The hypersurface for the reaction of H₂OOH⁺ with CH₃Cl and C₂H₅Cl was calculated at the B3 LYP, MP2, and G3_m* level, underlining the three mechanistic scenarios in which the reaction is either induced by oxidation at the hydrogen or the halogen atom, or by proton transfer.     

ESR Studies on the Micellization Behaviors of a Series of Novel Asymmetric Gemini Surfactants

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Palladium‐catalyzed unstrained C(sp3)―N bond activation: the synthesis of N,N‐dimethylacetamide by carbonylation of trimethylamine

This work describes a highly efficient unstrained C(sp³)―N bond activation approach for synthesis of N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) via catalytic carbonylation of trimethylamine using a PdCl₂/bipy (bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine)/Me₄NI catalyst system. A low Pd catalyst dosage (1.0 mol%) is sufficient for high selectivity (98.1%) and yield (90.8%), with a turnover number (TON) of 90.0 mmol of DMAc obtained per mmol of PdCl₂ employed under mild reaction conditions. The influence of reaction parameters such as catalyst precursor dosage, ligand type and promoter on activity is investigated. This work also discusses in detail the halide promoter's role in the reaction, and provides a plausible mechanism based on the intermediates methyl iodide and acetyl iodide. Analyses indicate that the carbonylation of trimethylamine may proceed through an active intermediate acetyl iodide formed by carbonylation of methyl iodide generated from the decomposition of the promoter Me₄NI under reaction conditions. The formation of acetyl iodide favors the cleaving efficiency of the inert unstrained C(sp³)―N bond of trimethylamine. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ligand‐to‐Ligand Charge‐Transfer Transitions of Platinum(II) Complexes with Arylacetylide Ligands with Different Chain Lengths: Spectroscopic Characterization,Effect of Molecular Conformations,and Density Functional Theory Calculations

The complexes [Pt(tBu₃tpy){C?C(C₆H₄C?C)_n?1R}]⁺ (n=1: R=alkyl and aryl (Ar); n=1–3: R=phenyl (Ph) or Ph‐N(CH₃)₂‐4; n=1 and 2, R=Ph‐NH₂‐4; tBu₃tpy=4,4’,4’’‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐2,2’:6’,2’’‐terpyridine) and [Pt(Cl₃tpy)(C?CR)]⁺ (R=tert‐butyl (tBu), Ph, 9,9’‐dibutylfluorene, 9,9’‐dibutyl‐7‐dimethyl‐amine‐fluorene; Cl₃tpy=4,4’,4’’‐trichloro‐2,2’:6’,2’’‐terpyridine) were prepared. The effects of substituent(s) on the terpyridine (tpy) and acetylide ligands and chain length of arylacetylide ligands on the absorption and emission spectra were examined. Resonance Raman (RR) spectra of [Pt(tBu₃tpy)(C?CR)]⁺ (R=n‐butyl, Ph, and C₆H₄‐OCH₃‐4) obtained in acetonitrile at 298 K reveal that the structural distortion of the C?C bond in the electronic excited state obtained by 502.9 nm excitation is substantially larger than that obtained by 416 nm excitation. Density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations on [Pt(H₃tpy)(C?CR)]⁺ (R= n‐propyl (nPr), 2‐pyridyl (Py)), [Pt(H₃tpy){C?C(C₆H₄C?C)_n?1Ph}]⁺ (n=1–3), and [Pt(H₃tpy){C?C(C₆H₄C?C)_n?1C₆H₄‐N(CH₃)₂‐4}]⁺/+H⁺ (n=1–3; H₃tpy=nonsubstituted terpyridine) at two different conformations were performed, namely, with the phenyl rings of the arylacetylide ligands coplanar (“cop”) with and perpendicular (“per”) to the H₃tpy ligand. Combining the experimental data and calculated results, the two lowest energy absorption peak maxima, λ₁ and λ₂, of [Pt(Y₃tpy)(C?CR)]⁺ (Y=tBu or Cl, R=aryl) are attributed to ¹[π(C?CR)→π*(Y₃tpy)] in the “cop” conformation and mixed ¹[d_π(Pt)→π*(Y₃tpy)]/¹[π(C?CR)→π*(Y₃tpy)] transitions in the “per” conformation. The lowest energy absorption peak λ₁ for [Pt(tBu₃tpy){C?C(C₆H₄C?C)_n?1C₆H₄‐H‐4}]⁺ (n=1–3) shows a redshift with increasing chain length. However, for [Pt(tBu₃tpy){C?C(C6H4C?C)_n?1C₆H₄‐N(CH₃)₂‐4}]⁺ (n=1–3), λ₁ shows a blueshift with increasing chain length n, but shows a redshift after the addition of acid. The emissions of [Pt(Y₃tpy)(C?CR)]⁺ (Y=tBu or Cl) at 524–642 nm measured in dichloromethane at 298 K are assigned to the ³[π(C?CAr)→π*(Y₃tpy)] excited states and mixed ³[d_π(Pt)→π*(Y₃tpy)]/³[π(C?C)→π*(Y₃tpy)] excited states for R=aryl and alkyl groups, respectively. [Pt(tBu₃tpy){C?C(C₆H₄C?C)_n?1C₆H₄‐N(CH₃)₂‐4}]⁺ (n=1 and 2) are nonemissive, and this is attributed to the small energy gap between the singlet ground state (S₀) and the lowest triplet excited state (T₁).     

1‐Aryl‐4‐Silylmethyl[60]fullerenes: Synthesis,Properties, and Photovoltaic Performance

The efficient nucleophilic addition of aryl Grignard reagents (aryl=4‐MeOC₆H₄, 4‐Me₂NC₆H₄, Ph, 4‐CF₃C₆H₄, and thienyl) to C₆₀ in the presence of DMSO produced 1,2‐arylhydro[60]fullerenes after acid treatment. The reactions of the anions of these arylhydro[60]fullerenes with either dimethylphenylsilylmethyl iodide or dimethyl(2‐isopropoxyphenyl)silylmethyl iodide yielded the target compounds, 1‐aryl‐4‐silylmethyl[60]fullerenes. The properties and structures of these 1‐aryl‐4‐silylmethyl[60]fullerenes (aryl=4‐MeOC₆H₄, thienyl) were examined by electrochemical studies, X‐ray crystallography, flash‐photolysis time‐resolved microwave‐conductivity (FP‐TRMC) measurements, and electron‐mobility measurements by using a space‐charge‐limited current (SCLC) model. Organic photovoltaic devices with a polymer‐based bulk heterojunction structure and small‐molecule‐based p–n and p–i–n heterojunction configurations were fabricated by using 1‐aryl‐4‐silylmethyl[60]fullerenes as an electron acceptor. The most efficient device exhibited a power‐conversion efficiency of 3.4 % (short‐circuit current density: 8.1 mA/ cm², open‐circuit voltage: 0.69 V, fill factor: 0.59).     

tert‐Butyl Iodide Mediated Reductive Fischer Indolization of Conjugated Hydrazones

A novel reductive Fischer indolization of readily available N‐aryl conjugated hydrazones with tert‐butyl iodide has been developed. In this reaction, tert‐butyl iodide is used as anhydrous HI source, and the generated HI acts as a Brønsted acid and a reducing agent. This operationally simple method allows access to various indole derivatives. Furthermore, the procedure can be applied to the synthesis of biologically active compounds.     

Formation of H3O+ from alcohols and ethers induced by intense laser fields

The processes of H₃O⁺ production from alcohols (ethanol, 2‐propanol, 1‐propanol, 2‐butanol) and ethers (diethyl ether and ethyl methyl ether), and their deuterium‐substituted species, by intense laser fields (800 nm, 100 fs, ～1 × 10¹⁴ W/cm) were investigated through time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. H₃O⁺ formation was observed for all these compounds except for ethyl methyl ether. From the analysis of TOF signals of H_(3?n)D_nO⁺ (n = 0, 1, 2, and 3) that have expanding tails with increasing flight time, it has been confirmed that the reaction proceeds through metastable dissociation from the intermediate species C₂H_(5?m)D_mO⁺(m = 0–5). The common shape of the H_(3?n)D_nO⁺ signal profiles contains two major distributions in the time constant, i.e., fast and slow components of <50 ns and ～500 ns, respectively. The H_(3?n)D_nO⁺ branching ratio is interpreted to be the result of complete scrambling of four hydrogen atoms at the C? C site in C₂H₄‐OH⁺, and partial exchange (18–38%) of a hydrogen atom in the OH group with four other hydrogen atoms within 1 ns prior to H_(3?n)D_nO⁺ production. Ab initio calculations for the isomers and transition states of C₂H₅O⁺ were also performed, and the observed H_(3?n)D_nO⁺ production mechanism has been discussed. In addition, a stable isomer having a complex structure and two isomerization pathways were discovered to contribute to the H₃O⁺ formation process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Weak hydrogen and halogen bonding in 4‐[(2,2‐difluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium iodide and 4‐[(3‐chloro‐2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium iodide

To enable a comparison between a C—H…X hydrogen bond and a halogen bond, the structures of two fluorous‐substituted pyridinium iodide salts have been determined. 4‐[(2,2‐Difluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium iodide, C₈H₁₀F₂NO⁺·I⁻, (1), has a –CH₂OCH₂CF₂H substituent at the para position of the pyridinium ring and 4‐[(3‐chloro‐2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium iodide, C₉H₉ClF₄NO⁺·I⁻, (2), has a –CH₂OCH₂CF₂CF₂Cl substituent at the para position of the pyridinium ring. In salt (1), the iodide anion is involved in one N—H…I and three C—H…I hydrogen bonds, which, together with C—H…F hydrogen bonds, link the cations and anions into a three‐dimensional network. For salt (2), the iodide anion is involved in one N—H…I hydrogen bond, two C—H…I hydrogen bonds and one C—Cl…I halogen bond; additional C—H…F and C—F…F interactions link the cations and anions into a three‐dimensional arrangement.     

二（2-乙基己基）二硫代磷酸溶剂萃取铊的热动力学

在Tl₂SO₄＋Na₂SO₄＋二（2-乙基己基）二硫代磷酸＋n-C₈H₁₈＋水体系中， 测定了0.1－2.0 mol•kg^－1离子强度范围内Tl^＋ 的平衡摩尔浓度。水相中电解质Na₂SO₄ 控制溶液离子强度， 有机相中萃取剂取278.15 K至303.15 K范围内的恒定摩尔浓度。通过外推法和多项式近似得到了不同温度下的标准萃取常数K⁰，计算了萃取过程的热动力学量。     

Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by Surface‐Active Ruthenium and Rhodium Complexes in Water

An improved, high‐yield, one‐pot synthetic procedure for water‐soluble ligands functionalized with trialkyl ammonium side groups H₂N(CH₂)₂NHSO₂‐p‐C₆H₄CH₂[NMe₂(C_nH_2n+1)]⁺ ( [HL ⁿ ]⁺ ; n=8, 16) was developed. The corresponding new surface‐active complexes [(p‐cymene)RuCl( L ⁿ )] and [Cp*RhCl( L ⁿ )] (Cp*=η⁵‐C₅Me₅) were prepared and characterized. For n=16 micelles are formed in water at concentrations as low as 0.6 mM , as demonstrated by surface‐tension measurements. The complexes were used for catalytic transfer hydrogenation of ketones with formate in water. Highly active catalyst systems were obtained in the case of complexes bearing C₁₆ tails due to their ability to be adsorbed at the water/substrate interface. The scope of these catalyst systems in aqueous solutions was extended from partially water soluble aryl alkyl ketones (acetophenone, butyrophenone) to hydrophobic dialkyl ketones (2‐dodecanone).     

Benzylic C(sp3)H Perfluoroalkylation of Six‐Membered Heteroaromatic Compounds

Successful benzylic C(sp³)? H trifluoromethylation, pentafluoroethylation, and heptafluoropropylation of six‐membered heteroaromatic compounds were achieved as the first examples of a practical benzylic C(sp³)? H perfluoroalkylation. In these reactions, BF₂C_nF_2n+1 (n=1–3) functioned as both a Lewis acid to activate the benzylic position and a C_nF_2n+1 (n=1–3) source. The perfluoroalkylation proceeded at both terminal and internal positions of the alkyl chains. Perfluoroalkylated products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields, even on gram scale, and in a sequential procedure without isolation of the intermediates. By using this method, trifluoromethylation of a bioactive compound, as well as introduction of a CF₃ group into a bioactive molecular skeleton, proceeded regioselectively.