Chemistry of O‐ and H‐Containing Species on the (001) Surface of Anatase TiO2: A DFT Study

The chemistry of oxygen, hydrogen, water, and other species containing both oxygen and hydrogen atoms on the anatase TiO₂ (001) surface is investigated by DFT. The adsorption energy of atoms and radicals depends appreciably on the position and mode of adsorption, and on the coverage. Molecular hydrogen and oxygen interact weakly with the clean surface. However, H₂O dissociates spontaneously to give two nonidentical hydroxyl groups, and this provides a model for hydroxylation of TiO₂ surfaces by water. The mobility of the hydroxyl groups created by water splitting is initially impeded by a diffusion barrier close to 1 eV. The O₂ adsorption energy increases significantly in the presence of H atoms. Hydroperoxy (OOH) formation is feasible if at least two H atoms are present in the direct vicinity of O₂. In the adsorbed OOH, the O? O bond is considerably lengthened and thus weakened.     

H2分子在LaFeO3表面吸附的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,通过计算表面能确定LaFeO₃(010)表面为最稳定的吸附表面,研究了H₂分子在LaFeO₃(010)表面的吸附性质。LaFeO₃(010)表面存在LaO和FeO₂两种终止表面,但吸附主要发生在FeO₂终止表面,由于LaFeO₃(010)表面弛豫的影响,使得凹凸不平的表面层增加了表面原子与H原子的接触面积,表面晶胞的纵向体积增加约2.5%,有利于H原子向晶体内扩散。研究发现,H₂分子在LaFeO₃(010)表面主要存在3种化学吸附方式:第一种吸附发生在O-O桥位,2个H原子分别吸附在2个O原子上,形成2个-OH基,这是最佳吸附位置,此时H原子与表面O原子的作用主要是H1s与O2p轨道杂化作用的结果,H-O之间为典型的共价键。H₂分子的解离能垒为1.542 eV,说明表面需要一定的热条件,H₂分子才会发生解离吸附;第二种吸附发生在Fe-O桥位,1个H原子吸附在O原子上形成1个-OH基,另一个H原子吸附在Fe原子上形成金属键;第三种吸附发生在O顶位,2个H原子吸附在同一个O原子上,形成H₂O分子,此时H₂O分子与表面形成物理吸附,H₂O分子逃离表面后容易形成氧空位。此外,H₂分子在LaFeO₃(010)表面还可以发生物理吸附。     

An ONIOM and DFT study of water and ammonia adsorption on anatase TiO2 (001) cluster

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at ONIOM DFT B3LYP/ 6‐31G**‐MD/UFF level are employed to study molecular and dissociative water and ammonia adsorption on anatase TiO₂ (001) surface represented by partially relaxed Ti₂₀O₃₅ ONIOM cluster. DFT calculations indicate that water molecule is dissociated on anatase TiO₂ (001) surface by a nonactivated process with an exothermic relative energy difference of 58.12 kcal/mol. Dissociation of ammonia molecule on the same surface is energetically more favorable than molecular adsorption of ammonia (?37.17 kcal/mol vs. ?23.28 kcal/mol). The vibration frequency values also are computed for the optimized geometries of adsorbed water and ammonia molecules on anatase TiO₂ (001) surface. The computed adsorption energy and vibration frequency values are comparable with the values reported in the literature. Finally, several thermodynamical properties (ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°) are calculated for temperatures corresponding to the experimental studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

N2O decomposition on TiO2 (110) from dynamic first-principles calculations

We have carried out a systematic study of N(2)O dissociation on a TiO(2) (110) surface by means of plane-wave pseudopotential density-functional theory calculations. We have made use of both static and dynamic calculations in order to elucidate N(2)O decomposition mechanisms. We find that dissociation is not favorable on the stoichiometric surface. On the other hand, the presence of oxygen bridging vacancies make the N(2)O decomposition possible. The role of the defective surface is to provide electrons to the adsorbed molecule. We find two channels for decomposition, depending on whether the molecule is adsorbed with the O or the N end of the molecule on a vacancy. The first case is energetically downhill and proceeds spontaneously, leading to N(2) ejection from the surface and vacancy oxidation. The second case relies on the formation of an intermediate bridging configuration of the adsorbed molecule and is hindered by a small energy barrier. In this case, molecule breaking produces N(2) in the gas phase and leaves oxygen adatoms on the surface. We relate our results to recent experimental findings.     

PFOS在锐钛型TiO2表面吸附行为的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法对全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在锐钛型TiO2表面的化学吸附和物理吸附行为进行了研究,其中化学吸附包含双齿双核(BB)和单齿单核(MM)在内的4种可能的吸附构型.吸附能(Eads)及反应吉布斯自由能(ΔGads)的计算结果表明,PFOS分子易于与TiO2表面发生氢键作用吸附;化学吸附表现为PFOS分子与TiO2表面的水分子(H2O)和羟基(—OH)反应,且与取代—OH相比,H2O取代相对更容易发生,其中,MM1构型(取代一个表面水分子)为化学吸附中的优势构型.PFOS在锐钛矿表面吸附的热力学稳定性和反应自发性顺序如下:H-Bonded(氢键吸附)>MM1(取代一个表面水分子)>BB1(取代两个表面水分子)>MM2(取代一个表面羟基)>BB2(取代一个表面水分子和一个表面羟基).成键结构分析表明,TiO2表面H2O/—OH官能团与PFOS上的磺酸基之间形成了中等强度的氢键;在化学吸附过程中,电荷从PFOS分子向TiO2表面发生转移,生成Ti—O—S化学键,电荷转移主要来自PFOS分子的O和F原子.     

Mechanisms for H2O decomposition on the Si(111)‐7 × 7 surface: A DFT cluster model study

The mechanisms for the complete decomposition of water molecules on the Si (111)‐7 × 7 surface were investigated theoretically. The reaction pathways for dissociation of four water molecules over the adatom and rest atom sites were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with the B3LYP functional. The calculated results demonstrated that the initial O? H bond dissociation from the first H₂O to form the adsorbed OH species is more preferential on the adatom site (Si_a) than the rest atom site (Si_r) of Si (111)‐7 × 7. Four water molecules dissociate successively over the adatom site, backbonds of adatoms which are saturated by OH species can reasonably be the place of insertion of oxygen atoms, yielding a tetrahedral SiO₄ structure with one on top and three inserted oxygen atoms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

Methanol adsorption on the beta-Ga2O3 surface with oxygen vacancies: theoretical and experimental approach

Methanol adsorption on beta-Ga2O3 surface has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by means of density functional theory (DFT) cluster model calculations. Adsorption sites of tetrahedral and octahedral gallium ions with different numbers of oxygen vacancies have been compared. The electronic properties of the adsorbed molecules have been monitored by computing adsorption energies, optimized geometry parameters, overlap populations, atomic charges, and vibrational frequencies. The gallia-methanol interaction has different behaviors according to the local surface chemical composition. The calculations show that methanol can react in three different ways with the gallia surface giving rise to a nondissociative adsorption, a dissociative adsorption, and an oxidative decomposition. The surface without oxygen vacancies is very reactive and produces the methanol molecule decomposition. The molecule is nondissociatively adsorbed by means of a hydrogen bond between the alcoholic hydrogen atom and a surface oxygen atom and a bond between the alcoholic oxygen atom and a surface gallium atom. Two neighbor oxygen vacancies on tetrahedral gallium sites produce the dissociation of the methanol molecule and the formation of a bridge bond between two surface gallium atoms and the methoxy group.     

Density Functional Theory Studies on the Adsorption of NH2NO2 on Al13 Cluster

Density functional theory method with full geometry optimization was used to study the adsorption of nitroamine (NH₂NO₂) on Al₁₃ cluster. Both dissociative and nondissociative adsorption structures were predicted with different NH₂NO₂ molecule orientations on Al₁₃ cluster surfaces. In dissociative chemisorption, the main decomposition products of NH₂NO₂ are O atom(s) and NH₂NO or NH₂N species. The O atoms being ruptured from the N?CO bond form strong Al?CO bonds with the neighboring Al around the adsorbed sites. In addition, the species obtained as a result of O atom elimination remains bonded to the surface. The largest adsorption energy is ?737.66?kJ/mol when the NH₂NO₂ molecule decomposes into two O atoms and a NH₂N fragment. For nondissociative adsorption, the seriously deformed nitroamine forms various N?CO?CAl bonding configurations with Al. The significant charge transfer occurs for all adsorption configurations. The most charge transfer is 2.068 e from the Al cluster surface to the fragments of the decomposed NH₂NO₂. The change of the electronic structures is obvious due to the adsorption or dissociation of NH₂NO₂ molecule. Nitroamine readily oxidizes the aluminum surface of the Al₁₃ cluster.     

Conversion of N2O to N2 on MgO （001） Surface with Vacancy： A DFT Study

The adsorption and decomposition of NzO at regular and defect sites of MgO (001) surface have been studied using cluster models embedded in a large array of point charges (PCs) by DFT/B3LYP method. The results indicate that the MgO (001)surface with oxygen vacancies exhibits high catalytic reactivity toward N2O adsorptive-decomposition. It is different from the regular MgO surface or the surface with magnesium vacancies.Much elongation of O—N bond of N2O after adsorption at oxy-gen vacancy site with O end down shows that O—N bond has been broken with concurrent production of N2, leaving a regu-lar site instead of the original oxygen vacancy site (F center ).The MgO (001) surface with magnesium vacancies hardly ex-hibits catalytic reactivity. It can be concluded that N2O dissoci-ation likely occurs at oxygen vacancy sites of MgO (001) sur-face, which is consistent with the generally accepted viewpoint in the experiments. The potential energy surface (PES) reflects that the dissociation process of N2O does not virtually need to surmount a given energy barrier.     

O2在具有氧和镁缺陷MgO(001)表面的吸附

在密度泛函理论的框架下，采用嵌入点电荷簇模型研究了O2在具有氧缺陷和镁缺陷MgO(001)表面上的吸附.用电荷自洽的方法确定了点电荷的值.计算结果表明，O2倾向吸附在具有氧缺陷的MgO(001)表面上.通过和我们近期研究过的O2在低配位的边、角上吸附结果相比较，发现具有氧缺陷的MgO(001)表面更加有利于O2的吸附和解离. Mülliken电荷分析表明，电荷由底物向吸附的O2反键轨道上转移是导致O2键强削弱的主要原因.势能曲线表明，O2在具有氧缺陷的MgO(001)表面上发生解离所需要克服的能垒比在角阳离子端发生解离所需克服的能垒有大幅度降低.     

The adsorption and activation of formic acid on different anatase TiO_2 surfaces

Formic acid photodegradation is one of the most important reactions in organic pollution control, and helps to improve the hydrogen generation efficiency in titanium dioxide catalyzed water photodecomposition. Based on density functional theory and Reax FF molecular dynamics, the adsorption, diffusion and activation of formic acid on the different anatase TiO_2(101),(001),(010) surfaces are investigated.The result shows that the adsorption of COOH on anatase TiO_2 surface shrinks the energy gap between the dehydrogenation intermediate COOH and HCOO. On the anatase TiO_2(101) surface, the formic acid breaks the O–H bond at the first step with activation energy 0.24 eV, and the consequent break of α-H become much easier with activation energy 0.77 eV. The dissociation of α-H is the determination step of the HCOOH decomposition.     

NO在MgO(001)缺陷表面吸附解离的量子化学研究

在密度泛函理论框架下,采用嵌入点电荷簇模型研究了NO在MgO(001)完整和缺陷表面上的吸附。研究结果表明:具有氧缺陷结构表面的催化活性较高,有利于NO键的削弱;当另一个NO分子进攻已吸附的NO分子时,NO键将进一步削弱,直致断裂,并伴有N2O产生,这与UPS和MIES实验观察到的现象一致。Mulliken布居分析指出,底物电子向NO转移,并填充到NO的*反键轨道上,从而导致NO键的削弱,并形成NO-。这也是可能导致形成NO-的原因。研究还表明,具有镁缺陷的MgO(001)表面对NO的解离没有催化活性。     

The interaction of oxygen with TiC(001): photoemission and first-principles studies

High-resolution photoemission and first-principles density-functional slab calculations were used to study the interaction of oxygen with a TiC(001) surface. Atomic oxygen is present on the TiC(001) substrate after small doses of O(2) at room temperature. A big positive shift (1.5-1.8 eV) was detected for the C 1s core level. These photoemission studies suggest the existence of strong O<-->C interactions. A phenomenon corroborated by the results of first-principles calculations, which show a CTiTi hollow as the most stable site for the adsorption of O. Ti and C atoms are involved in the adsorption and dissociation of the O(2) molecule. In general, the bond between O and the TiC(001) surface contains a large degree of ionic character. The carbide-->O charge transfer is substantial even at high coverages (>0.5 ML) of oxygen. At 500 K and large doses of O(2), oxidation of the carbide surface occurs with the removal of C and formation of titanium oxides. There is an activation barrier for the exchange of Ti-C and Ti-O bonds which is overcome only by the formation of C-C or C-O bonds on the surface. The mechanism for the removal of a C atom as CO gas involves a minimum of two O adatoms, and three O adatoms are required for the formation of CO(2) gas. Due to the high stability of TiC, an O adatom alone cannot induce the generation of a C vacancy in a flat TiC(001) surface.     

Interactions between hydrogenated diamond surface and adsorbates with different concentration of NO2 molecules: A first‐principles study

To elucidate the effects of NO₂ and H₂O molecules on the surface conductivity of hydrogenated diamond film, models of various adsorbates containing different molecular ratio of NO₂ and H₂O on hydrogenated diamond (100) surfaces were constructed. The adsorption energies, equilibrium geometries of adsorbates, density of states, and atomic Mulliken populations were studied by using first‐principles method. The results showed that H₂O molecule in the adsorbate could weaken the interactions between the adsorbates and hydrogenated diamond surface significantly. Compared with H₂O molecule, NO₂ molecule relaxes more dramatically when adsorbed on hydrogenated diamond surface. In addition, density of states for C(100):H–2NO₂, C(100):H–NO₂, and C(100):H–NO₂ + H₂O systems are very similar to each other, which indicates an obvious peak at valence band maximum level for all the three samples. It can be attributed to mainly single occupied molecule orbital of NO₂ molecule and slightly C–H bond of C(100):H substrate. When the adsorbates contain one NO₂ and two H₂O molecules, the peak shifts slightly into valence band, but its intensity increases significantly. All the samples exhibit p‐type surface conductivity when adsorbed with pure NO₂ molecules, and the surface conductivity remains as H₂O molecules added into the NO₂ adsorbate layer. However, for oxygenated diamond surface, very week interactions generate between diamond surface and various adsorbates. All the oxygenated diamond (100) surfaces with various adsorbates containing different NO₂ and H₂O molecules on it exhibit an insulating property.     

Surface dependence of CO2 adsorption on Zn2GeO4

An understanding of the interaction between Zn(2)GeO(4) and the CO(2) molecule is vital for developing its role in the photocatalytic reduction of CO(2). In this study, we present the structure and energetics of CO(2) adsorbed onto the stoichiometric perfectly and the oxygen vacancy defect of Zn(2)GeO(4) (010) and (001) surfaces using density functional theory slab calculations. The major finding is that the surface structure of the Zn(2)GeO(4) is important for CO(2) adsorption and activation, i.e., the interaction of CO(2) with Zn(2)GeO(4) surfaces is structure-dependent. The ability of CO(2) adsorption on (001) is higher than that of CO(2) adsorption on (010). For the (010) surface, the active sites O(2c)···Ge(3c) and Ge(3c)-O(3c) interact with the CO(2) molecule leading to a bidentate carbonate species. The presence of Ge(3c)-O(2c)···Ge(3c) bonds on the (001) surface strengthens the interaction of CO(2) with the (001) surface, and results in a bridged carbonate-like species. Furthermore, a comparison of the calculated adsorption energies of CO(2) adsorption on perfect and defective Zn(2)GeO(4) (010) and (001) surfaces shows that CO(2) has the strongest adsorption near a surface oxygen vacancy site, with an adsorption energy -1.05 to -2.17 eV, stronger than adsorption of CO(2) on perfect Zn(2)GeO(4) surfaces (E(ads) = -0.91 to -1.12 eV) or adsorption of CO(2) on a surface oxygen defect site (E(ads) = -0.24 to -0.95 eV). Additionally, for the defective Zn(2)GeO(4) surfaces, the oxygen vacancies are the active sites. CO(2) that adsorbs directly at the Vo site can be dissociated into CO and O and the Vo defect can be healed by the oxygen atom released during the dissociation process. On further analysis of the dissociative adsorption mechanism of CO(2) on the surface oxygen defect site, we concluded that dissociative adsorption of CO(2) favors the stepwise dissociation mechanism and the dissociation process can be described as CO(2) + Vo → CO(2)(δ-)/Vo → CO(adsorbed) + O(surface). This result has an important implication for understanding the photoreduction of CO(2) by using Zn(2)GeO(4) nanoribbons.     

Interaction of dioxygen with the platinum Pt19/SnO2/H2 cluster: DFT calculation

The adsorption of the O₂ molecule onto the surface of the Pt₁₉ platinum cluster deposited onto the tin dioxide crystal surface in the presence of dissociated hydrogen molecule has been calculated by the density functional theory method within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PBE) with periodic boundary conditions and a projector-augmented plane-wave (PAW) basis set. It has been demonstrated that the oxygen molecule can be adsorbed without a barrier onto the free surface of the Pt₁₉/SnO₂/H₂ cluster to form a superoxy isomer with one Pt-O bond (the energy of elimination of the oxygen molecule is 0.75 eV), which converts almost without a barrier to more stable peroxide isomers with two Pt-O bonds (the energy of elimination of the O₂ molecule is 1.2?1.7 eV). The energy of elimination of the oxygen molecule from the isomers with two-coordinated oxygen positions at the cluster edges is 2.10?2.53 eV. The isomers with mono- and tricoordinated oxygen positions are less energetically favorable than the isomers with two-coordinated oxygen positions. The process of addition of the oxygen molecule to the platinum cluster and elimination of the water molecule formed in the reaction Pt₁₉/SnO₂/H₂ + O₂ → Pt₁₉/SnO₂/O + H₂O is energetically favorable by 1.6 eV.     

A DFT study of H2O dissociation on metal‐precovered Fe (100) surface

The H₂O adsorption and dissociation on the Fe (100) surface with different precovered metals are studied by density functional theory. On both kinds of metal‐precovered surface, H₂O molecules prefer adsorb on hollow sites than bridge and top sites. The impurity energy difference is proportional to the adsorption energy, but the adsorbates are not sensitive to the adsorption orientation and height relative to the surface. The Hirshfeld charge analysis shows that water molecules act as an electron donor while the surface Fe atoms act as an electron acceptor. The rotation and dissociation of H₂O molecule occur on the Co‐ and Mn‐precovered surfaces. Some H₂O molecules are dissociated into OH and H groups. The energy barriers are about 0.5 to 1.0 eV, whose are consistence with the experimental data. H₂O molecules can be dissociated more easily at the top site on Co‐precovered surface 1 than that at bridge site on Mn‐precovered surface 2 because of the lower reaction barrier. The dispersion correction effects on the energies and adsorption configurations on Co‐precovered surface 1 were calculated by OBS + PW91. The dispersion contributions can improve a bit of the bond energy of adsorbates and weaken the hydrogen bond effect between adsorption molecules a little.     

Theoretical calculation of the dehydrogenation of ethanol on a Rh/CeO2(111) surface

We applied periodic density-functional theory (DFT) to investigate the dehydrogenation of ethanol on a Rh/CeO2 (111) surface. Ethanol is calculated to have the greatest energy of adsorption when the oxygen atom of the molecule is adsorbed onto a Ce atom in the surface, relative to other surface atoms (Rh or O). Before forming a six-membered ring of an oxametallacyclic compound (Rh-CH2CH2O-Ce(a)), two hydrogen atoms from ethanol are first eliminated; the barriers for dissociation of the O-H and the beta-carbon (CH2-H) hydrogens are calculated to be 12.00 and 28.57 kcal/mol, respectively. The dehydrogenated H atom has the greatest adsorption energy (E(ads) = 101.59 kcal/mol) when it is adsorbed onto an oxygen atom of the surface. The dehydrogenation continues with the loss of two hydrogens from the alpha-carbon, forming an intermediate species Rh-CH2CO-Ce(a), for which the successive barriers are 34.26 and 40.84 kcal/mol. Scission of the C-C bond occurs at this stage with a dissociation barrier Ea = 49.54 kcal/mol, to form Rh-CH(2(a)) + 4H(a) + CO(g). At high temperatures, these adsorbates desorb to yield the final products CH(4(g)), H(2(g)), and CO(g).     

氢在Ni(511)台阶面的吸附与解离研究

The adsorption and dissociation of hydrogen on stepped surface (511) of nickel are studied with the embedded-atom model (EAM) method. The adsorption energy, the length of the adsorption bond and the adsorption height for a single hydrogen atom are calculated. Three kinds of stable sites are found for hydrogen adsorption. There are the double-fold bridge site B on the step edge, the three-fold hollow site H3′ on the step surface and the four-fold hollow sites H1 and H2 on the terrace surface. Compared with a hydrogen atom adsorbed on low-index (001) surface, there are two other adsorption sites near the step: the two-fold bridge site B on the step edge and the three-fold hollow site H3′ on the step surface. At the same time, the absorbability of the hydrogen atom at the site H1 is intensified. The results show that hydrogen adsorption on Ni (511) is affected by the existence of the step. The active barriers, adsorption energy and corresponding bond length for dissociation of a hydrogen molecule on the stepped surface are presented. The results show that the dissociation is easier at the bottom of the step. It is shown that the steps are the active sites for hydrogen adsorption and dissociation.     

Nitrogen/gold codoping of the TiO2(101) anatase surface. A theoretical study based on DFT calculations

The interaction between implanted nitrogen atoms, adsorbed gold atoms, and oxygen vacancies at the anatase TiO(2)(101) surface is investigated by means of periodic density functional theory calculations. Substitutional and interstitial configurations for the N-doping have been considered, as well as several adsorption sites for Au adatoms and different types of vacancies. Our total energy calculations suggest that a synergetic effect takes place between the nitrogen doping on one hand and the adsorption of gold and vacancy formation on the other hand. Thus, while pre-implanted nitrogen increases the adsorption energy for gold and decreases the energy required for the formation of an oxygen vacancy, pre-adsorbed gold or the presence of oxygen vacancies favors the nitrogen doping of anatase. The analysis of the electronic structure and electron densities shows that a charge transfer takes place between implanted-N, adsorbed Au and oxygen vacancies. Moreover, it is predicted that the creation of vacancies on the anatase surface modified with both implanted nitrogen and supported gold atoms produces migration of substitutional N impurities from bulk to surface sites. In any case, the most stable configurations are those where N, Au and vacancies are close to each other.