微通道内给定壁面热流的气体换热研究

本文利用实施给定热流边界条件的DSMC方法,对短通道内给定壁面热流边界条件下的气体换热情况进行了模拟.结果表明,壁面热流密度增大导致通道内压力分布非线性程度增加.随着热流密度的增大,截面速度分布趋于平缓,滑移速度增大.给定热流密度的通道壁面温度与气流截面平均温度的差值沿程增大,温度梯度沿程下降,气体稀薄性增大时,通道换热减弱.     

低温板翅式换热器仿真边界条件的设定

采用数值模拟的方法,研究锯齿形板翅式换热器在给定壁温、给定热流密度、冷热流体逆流布置和沿壁面长度方向变壁温这四种边界条件的传热特性,得到了在雷诺数为169、415、2725和4095的低压路氦气流动中,不同边界条件下翅片通道的局部努赛尔数沿无量纲高度方向上的分布。结果表明:对于相同Re数下,给定热流密度条件下的壁面温度分布趋势与实际工况下逆流布置时最为接近,其中间位置处局部Nu数沿无量纲高度方向上的变化曲线最为逼近,且计算得到的传热因子j值也最为贴近,所以,仿真时采用定热流边界条件能更好地真实模拟冷热流体逆流换热时的情况。     

交叉三角形波纹板流道在过渡流状态下的传热与阻力特性

交叉三角形波纹板流道中流动常处于过渡态。本文研究了交叉波纹板中的周期性完全发展流动及热传递。利用周期性降低几何流道的复杂性以及简化模拟对象。为了模拟这个拓扑结构中的过渡流,利用了已经验证的低雷诺数k-ε,湍流模型来说明流动中的湍流流动。得到了三维复杂计算区的温度、速度以及湍流场。计算了在恒壁温和恒热流密度两种边界条件下的摩擦系数和平均Nusselt数及其与雷诺数的关系。湍流中心从上层壁面的波纹处移向下层壁面的波纹处并逐步增强。     

液氮滴撞击壁面相变行为的数值研究

采用Level Set-VOF方法建立单液氮滴撞击壁面的数值模型,探索壁面润湿性(30°—150°)、撞击速度(0.1和1.6 m/s)及壁面温度(300—500 K)对液滴撞壁演化过程中相变行为的影响,并理论推导了气膜生长数学模型.结果表明:增强壁面润湿性、提高撞击速度有利于液滴沿径向铺展,从而增大了换热面积并降低热阻,使换热性能得到显著提升;提高壁面温度增大了换热温差,热流密度随之上升;三相接触线处热阻较小导致边缘处热流密度高于中心处,不同润湿壁面上热流分布的差异性因初始速度的增大而缩小,呈现明显的速度效应;在膜沸腾区,传热过程主要集中在撞击初期,气膜是主要换热热阻;基于质量守恒和能量守恒建立气膜生长数值模型,模型预测结果与本文模拟结果和其他研究结果非常吻合.     

适用复杂几何壁面的耗散粒子动力学边界条件

耗散粒子动力学(DPD)是一种针对介观流体的高效的粒子模拟方法,经过二十多年发展已经在诸如聚合物、红细胞、液滴浸润性等方面有了很多研究应用.但是因为其边界处理手段的不完善,耗散粒子动力学模拟仍局限于相对简单的几何边界问题中.本文提出一种能自适应各种复杂几何边界的处理方法,并能同时满足三大边界要求:流体粒子不穿透壁面、边界处速度无滑移、边界处密度和温度波动小.具体地,通过给每个壁面粒子赋予一个新的矢量属性—局部壁面法向量,该属性通过加权计算周围壁面粒子的位置得到;然后通过定义周围固体占比概念,仅提取固体壁面的表层粒子参与模拟计算,减少了模拟中无效的粒子;最后在运行中,实时计算每个流体粒子周围固体粒子占比,判断是否进入固体壁面内,如果进入则修正速度和位置.我们将这种方法应用于Poiseuille流动,验证了该方法符合各项要求,随后还在复杂血管网络和结构化固体壁面上展示了该边界处理方法的应用.这种方法使得DPD模拟不再局限于简单函数描述的壁面曲线,而是可以直接从各种设计图纸和实验扫描影像中提取壁面,极大地拓展了DPD的应用范围.     

光滑粒子流体动力学方法固壁处理的一种新型排斥力模型

与传统网格法相比, 光滑粒子流体动力学方法不能直接施加壁面边界条件, 这就限制了该方法在工程中的应用.为此, 本文基于Galerkin加权余量法并结合传统排斥力方法, 推导出一种新的排斥力公式来施加壁面边界条件.该方法不含未知参数, 能在不减小边界粒子尺寸的情形下有效地防止流体粒子穿透壁面, 同时可避免邻近边界的流体粒子的速度及压力振荡. 分别通过静止液柱算例、液柱坍塌算例、容器中液体静止算例及溃坝算 例来验证本文方法的有效性, 并与传统边界处理方法进行对比, 结果表明: 本文方法克服了传统方法存在的缺陷, 是一种有效的固壁边界处理方法. 关键词： 光滑粒子流体动力学法 固壁边界 排斥力 加权余量法     

回收湿焓的新风换气节能空调换热部件的两相流模拟

本文着眼于一种回收湿焓的新风换气节能空调,基于Volume of Fluid算法,建立其核心换热部件波纹板换热器板外两相流传热传质的计算模型,并利用该模型模拟分析了壁面热流密度、喷淋水入口温度、喷淋水量、气相进口速度及板间距等因素对板外传热性能的影响。结果表明:热流密度对壁面温度、两相界面温度的影响是线性的;壁面热流密度增大、冷却水喷淋密度减小、气相进口速度提高、板间距减小对传热传质效果具有强化作用。     

微通道内流动沸腾气泡生长特性数值研究

利用FLUENT软件,采用VOF多相流模型对水在矩形微通道内流动沸腾过程中气泡的生长进行了数值模拟,分析了壁面热流密度、入口质量通量和接触角对气泡生长速率的影响,并得到了气泡周围的温度和压力分布。结果表明,壁面热流密度和质量通量的增大导致气泡生长速度的增加,而最小的接触角有最大的气泡生长速度,气泡边界上的温度梯度和压力梯度都较大。     

耗散粒子动力学中施加无滑移边界条件的新方法

在耗散粒子动力学(DPD)中施加无滑移边界条件是较困难的,本文提出了一种新的处理方法来实现无滑移边界条件.通过选取合适的壁面与流体粒子之间的保守力系数可以控制近壁面区的粒子数,从而可以使密度波动降低至极小值,实现无滑移边界条件.通过该方法模拟泊肃叶流动求得的流体性质与通过使用Lees-Edwards边界条件模拟剪切流动所求得的流体性质一致,证明了该方法的可靠性.     

类Apollo返回舱外形肩部热流的数值影响因素分析

预测类Apollo返回舱外形在高焓来流下的气动热特性,研究网格Reynolds数、壁面温度、多种化学反应模型以及限制器对预测热流的影响.采用ESI-CFD-FASTRAN软件作为数值模拟平台,使用基于温度梯度及分子扩散效应的热流模型;空间离散采用Roe-FDS格式,时间推进采用点隐式;采用等温壁面条件.数值计算表明:（1）热流在返回舱头部驻点处达到一个极值,沿着壁面热流不断下降,经过返回舱肩部热流有突越上升;（2）满足网格Reynolds数小于10的网格获得的热流较为准确;（3）使用Gupta模型计算得到的热流与Park85模型得到的类似,但是获得的热流分布类似;（4）采用湍流模型获得的头部肩部热流结果与层流结果相同;（5）二阶minmod限制器实现了高阶格式,其计算得到的热流结果在肩部略高,但是整体分布略低于不带限制器的格式.因此,在计算中采用满足网格Reynolds数壁面网格,采用带限制器的高阶格式计算获得的热流分布更加准确;由于头部热流主要贡献并非来源于湍流,因此对于肩部热流采用层流模型足够准确.      

跨流域高超声速绕流环境Boltzmann模型方程统一算法研究

如何准确可靠地模拟从外层空间高稀薄流到近地面连续流的航天器高超声速绕流环境与复杂流动变化机理是流体物理的前沿基础科学问题. 基于对Boltzmann方程碰撞积分的物理分析与可计算建模, 确立了可描述自由分子流到连续流区各流域不同马赫数复杂流动输运现象统一的Boltzmann模型速度分布函数方程, 发展了适于高、低不同马赫数绕流问题的离散速度坐标法和直接求解分子速度分布函数演化更新的气体动理论数值格式, 建立了模拟复杂飞行器跨流域高超声速飞行热环境绕流问题的气体动理论统一算法. 对稀薄流到连续流不同Knudsen数0.002 ≤Kn_∞ ≤1.618、不同马赫数下可重复使用卫星体再入过程(110–70 km)中高超声速绕流问题进行算法验证分析, 计算结果与典型文献的Monte Carlo直接模拟值及相关理论分析符合得较好. 研究揭示了飞行器跨流域不同高度高超声速复杂流动机理、绕流现象与气动力/热变化规律, 提出了一个通过数值求解介观Boltzmann模型方程, 可靠模拟高稀薄自由分子流到连续流跨流域高超声速气动力/热绕流特性统一算法.     

A theoretical study on the unsteady aerothermodynamics for attached flow models

The principle of the unsteady aerothermodynamics was theoretically investigated for the attached flow. Firstly, two simplified models with analytic solutions to the N-S equations were selected for the research, namely the compressible unsteady flows on the infinite flat plate with both time-varying wall velocity and time-varying wall temperature boundary conditions. The unsteady temperature field and the unsteady wall heat flux (heat flow) were analytically solved for the second model. Then, the interaction characteristic of the unsteady temperature field and the unsteady velocity field in the simplified models and the effects of the interaction on the transient wall heat transfer were studied by these two analytic solutions. The unsteady heat flux, which is governed by the energy equation, is directly related to the unsteady compression work and viscous dissipation which originates from the velocity field governed by the momentum equation. The main parameters and their roles in how the unsteady velocity field affects the unsteady heat flux were discussed for the simplified models. Lastly, the similarity criteria of the unsteady aerothermodynamics were derived based on the compressible boundary layer equations. Along with the Strouhal number Stu, the unsteadiness criterion of the velocity field, StT number, the unsteadiness criterion of the temperature field was proposed for the first time. Different from the traditional method used in unsteady aerodynamics which measures the flow unsteadiness only by the Stu number, present results show that the flow unsteadiness in unsteady aerothermodynamics should be comprehensively estimated by comparing the relative magnitudes of the temperature field unsteadiness criterion StT number with the coefficients of other terms in the dimensionless energy equation.     

Heat transfer analysis in the flow of Walters' B fluid with a convective boundary condition

Radiative heat transfer in the steady two-dimensional flow of Walters' B fluid with a non-uniform heat source/sink is investigated. An incompressible fluid is bounded by a stretching porous surface. The convective boundary condition is used for the thermal boundary layer problem. The relevant equations are first simplified under usual boundary layer assumptions and then transformed into a similar form by suitable transformations. Explicit series solutions of velocity and temperature are derived by the homotopy analysis method(HAM). The dimensionless velocity and temperature gradients at the wall are calculated and discussed.     

Multiple temperature model for the information preservation method and its application to nonequilibrium gas flows

The information preservation (IP) method has been successfully applied to various nonequilibrium gas flows. Comparing with the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, the IP method dramatically reduces the statistical scatter by preserving collective information of simulation molecules. In this paper, a multiple temperature model is proposed to extend the IP method to strongly translational nonequilibrium gas flows. The governing equations for the IP quantities have been derived from the Boltzmann equation based on an assumption that each simulation molecule represents a Gaussian distribution function with a second-order temperature tensor. According to the governing equations, the implementation of IP method is divided into three steps: molecular movement, molecular collision, and update step. With a reasonable multiple temperature collision model and the flux splitting method in the update step, the transport of IP quantities can be accurately modeled. We apply the IP method with the multiple temperature model to shear-driven Couette flow, external force-driven Poiseuille flow and thermal creep flow, respectively. In the former two cases, the separation of different temperature components is clearly observed in the transition regime, and the velocity, temperature and pressure distributions are also well captured. The thermal creep flow, resulting from the presence of temperature gradients along boundary walls, is properly simulated. All of the IP results compare well with the corresponding DSMC results, whereas the IP method uses much smaller sampling sizes than the DSMC method. This paper shows that the IP method with the multiple temperature model is an accurate and efficient tool to simulate strongly translational nonequilibrium gas flows.     

振荡流共轭换热格子——Boltzmann模拟

振荡流共轭换热现象广泛存在于热声热机等工程应用中.基于双分布格子-Boltzmann模型,对平行平板间振荡流共轭换热进行了数值模拟.通过假定共轭界面处流体和固体的未知内能分布函数均为对应的平衡态滑移修正格式,提出了一种处理共轭换热边界的新方法.模拟结果表明,该方法可以保证共轭界面上温度连续和热流连续.分析了不同流体与固体导热系数比情况下振荡流共轭换热的速度场、温度场以及热流分布的特点.     

滑移流区内微环缝槽道中的层流流动与换热

本文针对微环缝槽道采用速度滑移和温度跳跃边界条件求解了不可压缩气体的Ｎ－Ｓ方程和能量方程,理论分析了微环缝槽道在单侧或双侧不同热流密度加热条件下的流动与层流换热特性,讨论了Ｋｎ数、内外径比对流动阻力及换热特性的影响。结果表明：滑移流区微环继通道内的流阻和Ｎｕｓｓｅｌｔ数明显低于连续流区;且随着Ｋｎ数的增加,流阻和Ｎｕｓｓｅｌｔ数均减小;但其随内外径比ｒ＊的变化趋势与连续流区相似。     

Analytical study of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for a boundary layer flow of Oldroyd-B fluid

We investigate the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for a two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow of an incompressible Oldroyd-B fluid over a linearly stretching sheet. Mathematical formulation of the boundary layer problems is given. The nonlinear partial differential equations are converted into the ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles are obtained through optimal homotopy analysis method(OHAM). The influences of the physical parameters on the velocity and the temperature are pointed out. The results show that the temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness are smaller in the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model than those in the Fourier's law of heat conduction.     

DNS of turbulent flow with hemispherical wall roughness

The present study of the effect of roughness density on the mean flow turbulence parameters is motivated by the need for new generation of boundary conditions for multiphase computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) models applied to boiling flows. Effect of roughness element density on the turbulent flow in a channel is quantified through direct numerical simulations (DNSs). The Navier--Stokes equations are solved using finite element method and bubbles are approximated as rigid near-hemispherical obstacles at the wall. Six different cases were analysed including channel flow with smooth wall and channel flow with rough wall for five different bubble nucleation site densities. Friction factor and the law of the wall was calculated and compared with the previously published results. Existing correlations for nucleating bubble site density dependency on a wall heat flux were used to obtain a relation between the heat flux and the friction factor, leading to the law of the wall dependency on the heat flux. This separate effect study provides new guidelines on how the heat flux in subcooled boiling regime affects the turbulence behaviour near the wall and guides the computational fluid dynamics model development for boiling two-phase flows.