石墨烯/WO3纳米片的制备及对H2S气敏性能的研究

为了改善WO3基材料的气敏性能,通过水热法制备出石墨烯添加量为0.5;、0.8;、1.0;、1.5;(质量分数)的石墨烯/WO3纳米片复合材料.利用XRD和FE-SEM对材料的物相、形貌进行表征,并研究其对H2S的气敏性能.结果表明,复合石墨烯对WO3的结构和形貌产生了较大的影响,石墨烯复合使材料对H2S的灵敏度提高,工作温度降低,石墨烯(0.5wt;)/WO3纳米片复合材料在110 ℃对100 ppm H2S气体灵敏度可达8.3,且响应-恢复时间短.     

Cu掺杂WO3纳米棒的制备及其对正丁醇的气敏响应

通过水热法简易的制备出Cu掺杂WO3纳米棒材料,并运用XRD、SEM、BET等手段对其物相、形貌和比表面积等进行了表征,并研究了其对正丁醇的气敏性能.气敏测试结果表明,所制备的Cu掺杂WO3纳米棒材料对正丁醇具有良好气敏性能.当工作温度为400 ℃时,Cu掺杂WO3材料对100ppm的正丁醇的响应达到了29,约为纯WO3的3倍.同时,Cu掺杂WO3材料对正丁醇的检测限可低至0.1ppm,并且对正丁醇还具有良好的选择性.最后对所制备的Cu掺杂WO3材料进行了气敏机理解释.     

“三明治”PbS纳米晶/rGO复合材料的制备及其对NH_3的室温气敏性能研究

采用一步溶液法制备"三明治"PbS纳米晶/rGO复合材料,通过X射线衍射仪和场发射扫描电子显微镜对样品的晶体结构和表面形貌进行表征,并制作旁热式气敏元器件,测试其气敏特性。研究结果表明在PbS纳米晶/rGO复合材料中,PbS纳米晶均匀负载在rGO片层上,且复合材料存在类似"三明治"的三维结构。该复合材料在室温下对NH_3具有良好检测能力,对1000 ppm NH_3的灵敏度达到3.45,与纯PbS纳米晶及rGO相比,气敏性能得到显著提升,其最低检测极限为1 ppm,且具有良好的氨气选择性。对"三明治"PbS纳米晶/rGO复合材料气敏机理进行分析认为,rGO加入起到载流子传输层的作用,三维结构增加气体扩散速度及吸附面积。三明治状PbS纳米晶/rGO复合材料因其特殊结构及优异的气敏性能,有望在气敏领域得到广泛应用。     

纳米WO3中空球的制备及其气敏性能研究

采用液相沉淀法在乙二醇/水混合体系中以钨酸钠、盐酸及水合肼为反应物制备了WO3纳米中空微球,通过XRD、FTIR、SEM等分析手段对产物的晶型结构、结构官能团和形貌进行了表征,探讨了WO3纳米中空球的形成机理,并对其气敏性能进行了研究.结果表明,制备的具有中空结构的纳米WO3为以单斜WO3和正交WO3为主的多晶相,晶粒度为25.93 nm,水合肼的添加为其中空结构的形成起到了重要作用,气敏性能研究表明,纳米WO3中空球对H2S具有很好的选择性,在工作电压为5.00V时,其灵敏度可达40.90.     

Pt表面修饰WO3纳米线薄膜对高浓度氢气传感性能的研究

本文采用热蒸发法合成了高结晶度的WO3纳米线薄膜,并利用溅射法把Pt纳米颗粒催化剂均匀溅射到纳米线的表面,形成Pt表面修饰WO3纳米线的复合纳米网络结构.气敏传感性能测试结果表明,在工作温度为100～140℃,Pt表面修饰的WO3纳米线薄膜对高浓度氢气具有响应度高(电阻变化率接近100;)、响应时间短(小于1.0s)、可重复性好等特点,能够有效地降低传感器的工作温度,解决高浓度探测时的饱和和失效问题,在工业生产中具有潜在的应用价值.     

多孔硅基WO3气敏传感器的制备与性能研究

以钨酸钠和氯化钠为原料,采用水热法在硅基多孔硅上原位生长WO3纳米棒薄膜,制成p型多孔硅基-n型WO3复合结构气敏传感器.为了获得最大比表面积的复合形貌,详细研究了水热反应时间和温度对多孔硅基WO3复合结构显微组织表面形貌的影响.利用扫描电镜、粉末衍射等表征手段测试并分析了多孔硅基表面WO3纳米棒薄膜的形貌以及晶体结构,并测试了复合结构传感器在不同工作温度下的气敏响应特性,结果表明:该气敏传感器在室温下便对有毒气体NO2具有高灵敏度以及稳定的重复性.     

常压干燥法制备铁掺杂二氧化钛气凝胶

以钛酸四丁酯(TRIP)为原料、硝酸铁为掺杂剂、冰醋酸为催化剂、甲酰胺为干燥控制化学添加剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe3+掺杂TiO2醇凝胶,并结合常压干燥工艺,实现了Fe3+掺杂TiO2气凝胶的常压干燥法制备.采用XRD、BET、SEM、IR等对样品进行检测.结果表明:制备态Fe3+掺杂TiO2气凝胶密度为0.24 g/cm3,比表面积为529.17 m2/g,平均孔径约为20.10 nm,晶型为无定形;经850℃空气气氛下煅烧2h后,样品转变为锐钛矿型结构,平均孔径增大到22.32 nm,比表面积为136.22 m2/g.通过甲基橙溶液光催化降解实验,相比未掺杂二氧化钛气凝胶,掺入nFe∶nTi=0.05时,样品具有更高的光催化性能.     

三维有序大孔WO3的制备及其对丙酮的气敏响应

三维有序大孔(3DOM)材料具有高度有序的孔结构和较大的比表面积,这些特点有利于气体在材料表面的传输与扩散,可以作为良好的气敏材料.本文通过聚苯乙烯模板结合煅烧处理的方法制备了3DOM WO3气敏材料,并运用XRD、SEM、BET、XPS等手段对其物相、形貌、比表面积和表面成分等进行了表征.气敏测试结果表明,所制备的3DOM材料对丙酮灵敏度高(在丙酮浓度10 ppm时,S=10),检测限可低至0.2 ppm.此外,3DOM WO3材料对丙酮还具有良好的选择性和长期稳定性.最后,对所制备的3DOM WO3材料进行了气敏机理解释.     

三维Ag2O/WO3复合催化剂的制备及光催化性能研究

WO3是一种带隙约为2.7 eV的过渡金属半导体,可见光就能激发其光催化活性,这极大地提高了太阳光的利用率,但纯WO3纳米材料催化活性偏低,针对这一难题,本文选取了三维网格结构的WO3纳米材料为载体,利用化学搅拌法制备了不同摩尔比的Ag2O/WO3复合光催化剂.选择亚甲基蓝为研究对象,测定了不同摩尔比的Ag2O/WO3复合催化剂的光催化性能.实验表明,当Ag2O和WO3的摩尔配比为1∶2时,该复合催化剂的光催性能最好.过量的Ag2O纳米颗粒会增加Ag2O/WO3内部电子空穴的复合几率,反而导致光催化剂反应活性的降低.     

稀土掺杂钨酸镧钠激光晶体的生长及其性能研究

采用提拉法生长出了纯的和Nd3+、Tm3+、Dy3+、Ho3+、Pr3+离子掺杂的大尺寸优质的NaLa(WO4)2晶体.TG/DTA实验表明NaLa(WO4)2晶体在1251℃同成分熔化,热膨胀实验结果显示该晶体沿(100)和(001)方向的热膨胀系数分别为1.23×10-5K-1和2.49×10-5K-1.在室温下测量了该晶体的红外和拉曼光谱,对晶体的振动性质进行了研究.对稀土离子掺杂的NaLa(WO4)2晶体进行了光谱性质的研究.N3+:NaLa(WO4)2和Tm3+:NaLa(WO4)2晶体800 nm附近的吸收峰半高宽和吸收截面较大,有利于用LD泵浦.采用小型的氙灯泵浦,研究了Nd3+:NaLa(WO4)2晶体的激光特性.当氙灯输入能量为1.28 J时,获得14.77mJ的激光输出能量,光光转换效率为1.15;.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.